肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤102例临床分析

目的：探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（RAML）的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析102例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,按肿瘤直径分为3组：A组21例（〈4cm）,B组（≥4～≤8cm）63例,C组（〉8cm）18例。结果：A组中17例（81％）患者无任何症状,其中3例行肿瘤剜除术,其余患者定期随访。B组中50例（79％）患者有临床症状,44例行肿瘤剜除术,8例行肾部分切除术,4例行肾切除术,2例行肾癌根治切除术,5例患者定期随访。C组中16例（88％）患者有临床症状,所有病例都进行了手术治疗,其中4例行肿瘤剜除术,6例行肾部分切除术,2例行肾癌根治切除术,1例行选择性肾动脉栓塞术后择期行肾切除术,在6例行肾切除术的患者中,有一例因伴发下腔静脉瘤栓而同时行了下腔静脉瘤栓取出术。所有病例术后病理检查均证实为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤。结沦：肿瘤直径〈4cm的患者多无临床症状,可临床随访;肿瘤直径≥4cm的患者应积极行手术治疗,以保留肾单位的手术为首选。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤治疗方式的选择及疗效（附94例报告）

目的探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（renal angiomyolipoma,RAML）干预治疗方式的选择及其疗效。方法回顾性分析近5年收治的94例RAML患者的临床资料,其中男25例,女69例,平均年龄42岁,肿瘤平均直径为6.6cm。单发RAML73例,多发RAML21例。结果 RAML破裂出血并行急诊手术4例,其中2例行患肾全切术,2例行选择性动脉栓塞术控制出血后择期行保留肾单位手术（nephron-sparing surgery,NSS）;择期手术90例,其中NSS71例,患肾全切术13例,选择性动脉栓塞术2例,射频消融术4例。开放及后腹腔镜下NSS对于直径在7cm以下的RAML在手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而术后住院天数两者的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。随访3～48个月,未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论 NSS是RAML的治疗首选,其中腹腔镜NSS对于体积较小的肿瘤具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优势。选择性动脉栓塞对于控制RAML急性破裂出血有独特优势,也用于多发肿瘤及RAML复发等情况。射频消融对于直径较小的RAML微创而有效。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床分析(附19例报告)

目的 探讨保留肾单位早期小肾癌手术治疗方式和疗效.方法 回顾性分析19例行保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者临床资料,其中双侧肾癌3例,孤立肾肾癌2例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌 6 例,对侧肾正常肾癌8 例;肿瘤平均直径5.2 cm.19 例中 10 例行肿瘤剜除术,9例行肾部分切除术.结果 19例患者随访12～84个月,平均42个月,无外科并发症和肿瘤远处转移.1 例术后15个月发现肿瘤局部复发行肾癌根治切除术,1例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全.结论 保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌安全有效,尤其适于局限性低分期小肾癌患者.     

乏脂肪肾错构瘤的诊治体会

目的探讨乏脂肪肾错构瘤（renal hamartoma,RH）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析18例乏脂肪RH的临床、影像学资料和治疗方法。结果6例CT误诊为肾癌,其中4例行肾癌根治术;14例行手术探查,5例行肾切除术,3例行肾部分切除术,6例行肿瘤剜除术。术后病理均为RH,所有患者随访3～60个月,均未见肿瘤复发。结论对乏脂肪的RH,术前需仔细分析病史及影像学资料,尽量提高该病的诊断率。治疗上,直径〈24cm单发无症状的乏脂肪RH可密切随访观察,而〉4cm者不论有无症状均应及时手术治疗。首选保留肾单位手术。乏脂肪RH经治疗后,预后良好。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T_1期肾肿瘤（附22例报道）

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析22例行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术的T1期肾肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男8例,女14例,平均年龄48岁。双侧肾肿瘤1例,单侧双瘤灶1例;左侧13例,右侧10例。肿瘤平均直径3cm。所有患者均行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。结果 22例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间135min,平均肾动脉阻断时间29min,平均出血量55ml,平均住院时间10d。术中未见外科并发症,术后仅1例发生漏尿。术中切缘组织病理均阴性。24个瘤灶术后病理证实为肾透明细胞癌19例、多房囊性肾细胞癌2例、肾嗜酸细胞瘤2例、肾嫌色细胞腺癌1例。随访时间1～28个月,平均10个月,肿瘤无局部复发及远处转移。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤安全、可行,其远期疗效尚待长期随访。     

肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的临床诊治分析

目的提高肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤（renal oncocytoma,RO）的诊疗水平。方法回顾分析13例RO患者临床资料。13例患者中,男4例,女9例;肿瘤单发12例,单侧多发1例;肿瘤最大直径为1.0～6.9cm,平均3.3cm;肿瘤位于左肾上极2例,左肾中极2例,左肾下极3例,右肾上极4例,右肾中极1例,右肾下极1例。所有患者术前均行B超、IVU检查,12例行CT检查,3例行MRI检查。结果 12例术前诊断为肾癌,1例考虑为RO。13例中8例行根治性肾切除术,5例行肾部分切除术。术后病理均证实为RO。随访1～183个月无肿瘤复发或转移。结论 RO是一种临床少见的良性肿瘤,术前确诊较困难,与肾癌较难鉴别,诊断有赖于病理组织学和免疫组化检查,保留肾单位手术为首选治疗方法。     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术19例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法对19例肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术,其中男16例,女3例,平均年龄53岁,平均肿瘤直径2.8cm。术后评估局部复发及并发症情况。结果 19例患者手术均成功,平均随访29（14～38）个月,无局部复发和肿瘤转移。结论保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全、有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

孤立肾肾癌保留肾单位手术(附8例报告)

目的:探讨孤立肾肾癌保留肾单位手术的治疗方法和疗效。方法:对1992年2月~2004年12月共8例经手术和病理证实为肾细胞癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析,8例均为孤立肾癌,8例中5例行肿瘤剜除术,2例行肾部分切除术,1例离体肾肿瘤切除加自体肾移植术。结果:本组术后无外科并发症,平均随访10个月,无局部复发和肿瘤转移。结论:孤立肾患者保留肾单位的肾癌手术安全可靠,疗效满意。     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术患者的护理

随着现代微创外科技术的不断发展,腹腔镜缝合技术逐渐娴熟,有效的腹腔镜器械的应用,以及长期手术经验的积累,使得后腹腔镜下施行复杂切除手术成为可能.对于直径<4 cm的肾肿瘤行保留肾单位手术已成为新的趋势 [1] .我院2005年5月-2007年10月采用后腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术治疗患者13例,短期随访效果满意,现报道如下.     

后肾始基腺瘤的临床及影像学表现

目的:探讨后肾始基腺瘤(Metanephric adenoma,MA)的临床及影像学表现,提高对MA的认识.方法:回顾性分析5例经病理证实MA患者的临床及影像学资料,结合相关文献进行讨论.结果:本组5例,女4例,男1例.年龄34～73岁,平均51岁.表现为腹痛1例,查体发现4例.B超诊断肿瘤呈实性低回声占位1例,中回声占位2例,高回声占位2例.5例均显示肿瘤内部乏血供.CT平扫检查示5例肾皮质实性占位,2例肿瘤钙化,增强扫描5例均呈轻至中度强化,1例呈延迟强化,1例行CTA检查示肿瘤乏血供.2例行MRI检查,肿瘤T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈等或低信号.肿瘤直径0.8～4.7 cm,平均2.6 cm.行根治性肾切除术3例,保留肾单位切除术2例.5例病理均诊断为MA.5例随访10～27月,平均19月,未见复发及转移.结论:MA是一种少见的肾脏良性肿瘤,综合临床及影像学表现有助于做出正确诊断,最终诊断有赖病理学检查.保留肾单位切除术可作为主要手术方式,但需术后长期随访观察.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.