亚硝酸钠治疗动脉瘤破裂后脑血管痉挛：临床及TCD随访研究

１６例动脉瘤破裂致严重蛛网膜下腔出血患者，急性期行开颅动脉瘤夹闭后常规留置颈动脉池引流。随机分成单纯血性脑脊液引流组和亚硝酸钠治疗组，作ＴＣＤ、ＣＴ及临床随访观察。结果发现亚硝酸钠能舒张痉挛血管，在脑血管痉挛高峰期作用尤显，为减少急性期动脉瘤术后脑血管痉挛的并发症提供了新的治疗手段。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的诊治分析

目的：探讨脑血管造影（DSA）、颅脑CT、经颅多普勒（TCD）的临床诊断价值,以及动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流的临床治疗效果。方法61例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术,观察组在此基础上术后第2天行腰大池持续引流,观察2组患者的临床疗效,并比较术后第1、5、10天M C A血流速度、脑脊液压力、红细胞计数的变化。结果观察组总有效率达90·32％,对照组为76·67％,观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组大脑中动脉血流速度明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组脑脊液压力、红细胞计数均明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）。结论 DSA、颅脑C T扫描、T CD可以明确诊断动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛,并能够评价血管痉挛的程度;采取动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛有满意效果。     

动脉瘤破裂夹闭术后腰大池引流对蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗

目的探讨持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床价值。方法将122例SAH患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,两组均给予常规药物治疗和早期动脉瘤夹闭术,同时64例治疗组在麻醉后即给予持续腰大池脑脊液引流。58例对照组则在术后给予反复多次腰椎穿刺释放脑脊液。比较两组脑脊液中红细胞数变化及术后脑血管痉挛程度、脑积水并发症、GOS分级评定疗效。结果治疗组在清除蛛网膜下腔出血、减轻脑血管痉挛和脑积水发生率、治疗结果等方面均明显优于对照组,腰大池引流相关并发症极少。结论持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血安全、有效,适宜推广应用。     

法舒地尔联用尼莫地平预防动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛的疗效观察

目的探讨法舒地尔联用尼莫地平对预防动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的疗效及不良反应。方法在入院后即常规给予尼莫地平静脉持续泵入的同时,将50例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者在作动脉瘤栓塞治疗后,均给予腰大池引流及"3H"疗法,并随机分成2组,治疗组加用盐酸法舒地尔30mg静滴,3次/d,连用14d,观察2组血管痉挛的发生情况及不良反应。结果治疗组症状性脑血管痉挛1例,无症状性脑血管痉挛3例,对照组症状性脑血管痉挛3例,无症状性脑血管痉挛10例,2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不良反应方面2组比较差异无统计学意义。结论法舒地尔联用尼莫地平在预防动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血所致血管痉挛的疗效优于单用尼莫地平,安全性亦较高。     

破裂性大脑中动脉瘤开颅夹闭与血管内栓塞的对比研究

目的评价开颅夹闭与血管内栓塞治疗破裂性大脑中动脉瘤的早期疗效。方法对我科收治的破裂性大脑中动脉瘤患者,随机分为两组,A组(21例)予开颅夹闭术,B组(17例)予血管内栓塞术;比较两组的早期疗效。结果两组术前Hunt-Hess分级、年龄、性别无明显差异(P0.05)。住院时间、术后脑梗死发生率、死亡率无明显差异(P0.05);术后一月改良Rankin评分差异显著(P0.05)。A组无死亡病例;B组1例血管内栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂死亡,1例术后大面积脑梗死死亡。结论破裂性大脑中动脉瘤开颅动脉瘤夹闭术后早期患者的症状改善状况优于血管内栓塞术,考虑原因为开颅夹闭术清除了动脉瘤周围的血肿,持续外引流蛛网膜下腔的积血及血性脑脊液。     

手术夹闭与血管内弹簧栓塞对动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性血管痉挛的发生率与预后的影响

目的报告近10年来采用不同治疗方法(开颅夹闭与血管内弹簧圈栓塞)对动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性血管痉挛与预后的影响。方法分析1990～2000年MayoClinic医院连续收治的415例动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血,其中339例动脉瘤采用手术夹闭,76例采用弹簧圈栓塞。术后用经颅多普勒超声筛查、脑血管造影确诊脑血管痉挛的发生情况;平均随访6个月,统计血管痉挛引起的神经功能障碍或死亡情况,以及格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)。结果症状性脑血管痉挛总的发生率为37%,其中手术夹闭组39%,弹簧圈栓塞组30%,两组间的差异无统计学意义。与手术夹闭组比较,弹簧圈栓塞组…     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者开颅夹闭术与介入栓塞术后认知功能的对比研究

目的探讨开颅夹闭术与介入栓塞术对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者认知功能的影响。方法分析2015年7月—2017年12月,行开颅夹闭术或介入栓塞术治疗的122例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料。采用简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表对所有患者的认知功能进行评定;每例患者共进行4次MMSE评分:入院时(治疗前)、术后近期(术后2周)、中期(术后2个月)、远期(术后1年)。将患者按照手术治疗方式分为开颅夹闭组(42例)和介入栓塞组(80例),分别对比两组患者术前、近期、中期和远期的MMSE评分;并对不同时期认知功能障碍发生率进行比较。结果两组患者术前MMSE评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);介入栓塞组在术后早期、中期及远期的MMSE评分均明显高于开颅夹闭组(均P<0.05)。开颅夹闭组患者在术后近期及中期的认知功能障碍发生率均明显高于介入栓塞组(均P<0.05);但在术后远期,两组患者认知功能障碍发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论行开颅夹闭术的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,术后近期及中期的认知功能障碍发生率明显高于介入栓塞术患者。介入栓塞治疗动脉瘤有助于减轻认知功能的损害。     

早期显微外科手术夹闭动脉瘤22例治疗体会

目的探讨动脉瘤显微外科手术时机、术中处理及术后治疗方法。方法分析22例在72h内行显微外科手术,术前术中采用了过度换气、脱水药物、侧脑室穿刺释放脑脊液等多种方法降低颅内压。术后采用"3H"疗法并应用尼莫地平。结果成功夹闭动脉瘤21例,动脉瘤包裹1例。Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级20例中,治愈17例,轻残2例,重残1例;Ⅳ级2例中,重残1例,死亡1例。结论早期显微手术夹闭动脉瘤,可早期预防动脉瘤破裂后蛛网膜下腔出血引起的脑血管痉挛,有效地防止脑缺血或脑梗死和动脉瘤再出血的发生。     

腰大池持续引流在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后的应用

目的探讨采用腰大池置管持续引流对动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血术后患者的治疗效果。方法 300例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血手术后的病人分为两组,腰大池置管引流治疗组187例,其中动脉瘤夹闭术后172例,栓塞术后15例;对照组113例。比较两组治疗后的并发症发生率。结果治疗组术后脑血管痉挛发生率及脑积水的发生率分别为27.5%和10.7%,均明显低于对照组的68.1%和37.1%(P<0.05或P<0.01),两组穿刺部位血肿分别为3.6%和5.7%,无明显差异。结论腰大池持续引流能够有效地减轻颅内动脉瘤术后出现的脑血管痉挛、脑积水等严重并发症的发生率,且操作简单、安全、并发症少,治疗效果满意。     

不同处理方式对蛛网膜下腔出血预后的影响

目的 探讨开颅动脉瘤夹闭术和血管内栓塞治疗术对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的影响。方法 自2009年1～9月,连续入选在我院神经内科急诊就诊,发病72小时内明确诊断的动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血患者,分为开颅动脉瘤夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗两组,比较两组患者术后7 d的美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分和病死率,采用改良的Ranking量表（modified Ranking Scale,mRS）评定两组患者术后30 d预后不良率。结果 研究中共入选86例患者,其中开颅动脉瘤夹闭术51例,血管内栓塞治疗术35例。两组术后7 dNIHSS评分、GCS评分及病死率差异无统计学意义。开颅动脉瘤夹闭组治疗30 d不良预后率（mRS＞2分）高于血管内栓塞治疗组（35.3% vs 14.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P =0.031）。结论 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后早期进行血管内栓塞治疗术的短期预后优于开颅动脉瘤夹闭术。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血并发脑血管痉挛患者血清血管内皮生长因子表达的变化

目的:探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)并发脑血管痉挛(CVS)与血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的关系.方法:27例动脉瘤性SAH患者为试验组(SAH组),再依据是否并发不同程度CVS分为:无CVS亚组(11例),轻度CVS亚组(9例)、中度CVS亚组(4例)和重度CVS亚组(3例);另设10名健康体检者为对照组.采用ELISA法检测血清VEGF水平.结果:SAH各时间点各组血清VEGF水平为①SAH组发病第1天起即明显高于对照组;②无CVS组不增高.SAH后第1、3、5、7天时血清VEGF水平为①轻度CVS组与中度CVS组相同时间点比较,差异无统计学意义;②重度CVS组明显高于轻度和中度CVS组.SAH后出现脑梗死患者血清VEGF水平明显高于未出现脑梗死患者.结论:SAH后出现CVS患者和出现脑梗死的患者血清VEGF水平明显增高,血清VEGF水平能反映脑血管痉挛的程度.     

Clinical evaluation of the effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

The clinical efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. Between 1990 and 1993, 84 patients were treated for cerebral vasospasm in National Defense Medical College Hospital. Angioplasty was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 18 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in 12 patients. Intra-arterial papaverine infusion was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 10 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in four patients. The other 40 patients were treated with standard conservative therapy including hypervolemic and hypertensive hemodilution. The outcomes of these patients were analyzed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The outcome tended to be better for patients treated with angioplasty, but not for those treated with papaverine infusion, than for those treated conservatively. Recurrence of vasospasm was more frequent after papaverine infusion than after angioplasty. Undesirable complications such as abrupt development of unconsciousness were experienced during papaverine infusion but not during angioplasty. We conclude that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is superior to intra-arterial papaverine infusion for prevention and treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

Clinical evaluation of the effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

The clinical efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papav~rine infusion for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. Between 1990 and 1993, 84 patients were treated for cerebral vasospasm in National Defense Medical College Hospital. Angioplasty was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 78 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in 72 patients. Intra-arterial papaverine infusion was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 70 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in four patients. The other 40 patients were treated with standard conservative therapy including hypervolemic and hypertensive hemodilution. The outcomes of these patients were analyzed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The outcome tended to be better for patients treated with angioplasty, but not for those treated with papaverine infusion, than for those treated conservatively. Recurrence of vasospasm was more frequent after papaverine infusion than after angioplasty. Undesirable complications such as abrupt development of unconsciousness were experienced during papaverine infusion but not during angioplasty. We conclude that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is superior to intra-arterial papaverine infusion for prevention and treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Neural Res 1999; 21: 195-203]     

Arterial spasm following perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a pediatric patient

Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal hemorrhage is a benign form of subarachnoid hemorrhages. This entity is well recognized as a distinct type of subarachnoid hemorrhage in adults. However, perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in pediatric patients is not well recognized. Angiographic changes such as vasospasm are uncommon in patients, especially in pediatric patients suffering from this type of hemorrhage. This case study reports a 12-year-old male who suffered from perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral carotid angiography performed on the tenth day of the posthemorrhagic period revealed severe vasospasm affecting the basilar artery. The patient, treated symptomatically, was discharged after improvement. One year later, magnetic resonance angiography revealed completely normal features.     

血浆PTX3对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的预测价值

目的 分析血浆正五聚蛋白3(Pentraxin 3,PTX3)对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的预测价值。方法 收集本院2016年2月-2019年2月186例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者作为研究对象,经颅多普勒检测仪检测大脑中动脉(Middle cerebral artery,MCA)流速,MCA平均流速(Mean velocity of MCA,MCA Vm)>120 cm/s,且同侧Lindegaard≥3为血管痉挛组(92例),其余为无血管痉挛组(94例); 收集2组一般资料; 酶联免疫吸附(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测血浆中PTX3水平; 绘制受试者工作特性曲线(Receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)分析血浆中PTX3对动脉瘤性蛛网膜者发生脑血管痉挛的诊断价值; 以血浆PTX3水平<4.73 ng/mL和≥4.73 ng/mL分为PTX3低表达组和PTX3高表达组,分析血浆PTX3水平与一般资料的关系; Logistic分析影响动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生脑血管痉挛的因素。结果 无血管痉挛组与血管痉挛组年龄、治疗方法、高血压病史、Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级存在明显差异(P<0.05); 与无血管痉挛组比较,血管痉挛组血浆PTX3水平升高(P<0.05); ROC曲线显示,血浆PTX3水平预测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生脑血管痉挛的ROC曲线下面积为0.777,截断值为4.73 ng/mL,其敏感性为68.50%、特异性为74.50%; 血浆PTX3水平与年龄、治疗方法、Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级关系密切(P<0.05); Logistic分析显示,PTX3、年龄、Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级是影响动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生脑血管痉挛的独立危险因素。结论 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛患者血浆PTX3水平升高,PTX3对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者发生脑血管痉挛具有一定诊断价值。     

Decreased serum sodium levels predict symptomatic vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background: Symptomatic vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Hyponatremia and dehydration due to natriuresis after subarachnoid hemorrhage are related to symptomatic vasospasm. Therefore, most institutions are currently targeting euvolemia and eunatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients to avoid complications. We retrospectively investigated the predictors of symptomatic vasospasm with respect to water and sodium homeostasis, while maintaining euvolemia and eunatremia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: We monitored changes in serum sodium levels, serum osmolarity, daily sodium intake, daily urine volume, and daily water balance for 14 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin scale at 1 month after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results: Among 97 patients, 27 (27.8%) had symptomatic vasospasm. Patients with symptomatic vasospasm were older than those without symptomatic vasospasm; the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm affected outcomes. Serum sodium levels were sequentially significantly decreased, but within the normal range from 1 day before the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm. Serum osmolarity of the spasm group was lower than that of the non-spasm group. Conclusions: Symptomatic vasospasm occurs more often in older patients and affects outcomes. A decrease in serum sodium levels occurs a day before symptomatic vasospasm. This observation may help predict symptomatic vasospasm.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血及相关并发症的诊治

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的血管内治疗及相关并发症处理。方法对动脉瘤性SAH患者早期诊断,采用血管内治疗并对其并发症进行处理。结论本组40例动脉瘤行栓塞治疗,其中栓塞达90%者26例,95%栓塞11例,完全栓塞3例。死亡4例,1例保守治疗后出院。结论动脉瘤性SAH的早期诊治及围手术期治疗极其重要,是降低死亡率及致残率的关键,介入治疗受血管痉挛的影响小。     

Detection of Vasospasm Complicating Lobar Hematoma by Transcranial Doppler Sonography

Although symptomatic vasospasm complicating aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is well known, vasospasm rarely follows nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. This reports a patient who suffered delayed neurological deterioration following a parietal lobe hemorrhage that extended into the subarachnoid space. Transcranial Doppler findings were consistent with middle cerebral artery vasospasm, which was confirmed by angiography.     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血致呼吸停止的危险因素分析

目的 分析原发性蛛网膜下腔出血致呼吸停止的危险因素.方法 选取2010-01-2013-03于本院治疗的46例原发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者为研究对象,将呼吸停止发生率进行统计,对不同CT分级、是否再出血、是否并发感染及血管痉挛者的呼吸停止发生率进行比较,并将上述因素与呼吸停止的相关性进行分析.结果 46例原发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者13例出现呼吸停止,发生率28.26%;CT分级较高者呼吸停止发生率高于CT分级较低者,再出血者发生率高于未再次出血者,并发感染者发生率高于无感染者,血管痉挛者高于无血管痉挛者,且上述指标均与呼吸停止的发生有显著相关性,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.结论 高CT分级、再出血、并发感染及血管痉挛均是原发性蛛网膜下腔出血致呼吸停止的危险因素,对于存在上述因素的患者应给予更多重视.     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血血管痉挛治疗的临床探讨

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血合并脑血管痉挛患者临床资料67例。结果 23例并发脑血管痉挛,6例发生一侧肢体功能障碍,3例发生脑血栓形成。经治疗后61例C-反应蛋白恢复正常,6例明显下降,4例肢体功能恢复正常,1例恢复到4级,1例死亡。结论炎症因子在脑血管痉挛中明显升高;钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平加抗氧化剂依达拉奉中药川芎嗪联合治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血所致的脑血管痉挛有较好疗效。