补肾活血法组方中药防治肾间质纤维化的实验研究

目的探讨依据补肾活血法组方对进展性肾间质纤维化的防治作用。方法制作大鼠肾间质纤维化模型,将大鼠分为假手术组,高、低剂量治疗组和模型组。观察肾间质病变的程度及角蛋白、波形蛋白和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白在肾间质的表达情况。结果治疗组肾间质损害程度明显轻于模型组（P〈0．01）;波形蛋白、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白阳陆细胞表达明显少于模型组,角蛋白的表达明显多于模型组（P〈0．01）。结论补肾活血法中药使肌成纤维细胞的表达减少,上皮细胞的表达增强,说明抑制并逆转了肾小管上皮细胞肌成纤维细胞转分化,阻止了肾间质纤维化的进程。     

来氟米特对肾大部切除大鼠肾皮质α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的影响

目的探讨来氟米特对肾大部切除大鼠肾脏功能的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组和手术组,术后3d再将手术组大鼠随机分为来氟米特组和模型组。8周后测尿蛋白和血肌酐;取肾组织做病理检查;用免疫组织化学检查肌成纤维细胞标志抗原———α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)。结果模型组大鼠肾脏出现肾小球硬化和肾间质纤维化;和假手术组相比α-SMA表达明显升高;来氟米特组肾脏纤维化明显减轻,α-SMA表达比模型组明显下降。结论来氟米特可抑制肌成纤维细胞增生和浸润,减轻肾脏纤维化从而保护肾功能。     

复方积雪草煎剂对单侧输尿管结扎小鼠肾小管间质骨架蛋白α-SMA、vimentin表达的影响

目的：通过对复方积雪草煎剂对单侧输尿管结扎（unilateral ureteral occlusion，UUO）小鼠模型肾小管间质骨架蛋白α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin，α-SMA）、波形蛋白（vimentin）表达影响的研究，探讨其防治肾间质纤维化的作用和机理。方法：采用小鼠UUO模型，用复方积雪草水煎剂进行灌胃干预，血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor，ACEI）福辛普利作为对照。MASSON染色观察肾组织病理及间质纤维化；肾组织中α-SMA、vimentin表达采用免疫组化和Westem-blotting方法检测；基因表达采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法。结果：UUO模型组和治疗组小鼠肾间质纤维化程度以及α-SMA、vimentin蛋白表达和基因表达水平均较假手术组显著增高，而复方积雪草煎剂、福辛普利治疗组肾间质纤维化和间质骨架蛋白的表达均较模型组显著降低。结论：复方积雪草可显著抑制肾小管上皮细胞或间质细胞的表型转化，提示降低肌成纤维细胞的积聚是其防治肾间质纤维化的重要机制之一。     

结缔组织生长因子在单侧肾静脉结扎大鼠肾组织中的表达

目的:探讨结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在单侧肾静脉结扎大鼠肾组织中的表达及与肾小管上皮细胞表型转化的关系.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机均分为模型组和对照组,模型组25只行左侧肾静脉结扎术,分别于术后5、10、15、20、25d处死大鼠(每组5只).对照组只分离但不结扎.模型组大鼠取双侧肾脏行HE和Masson染色,观察各时间点肾小管间质的改变;采用免疫组化SABC法检测角蛋白(CK)、CTGF和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)在肾组织内的表达和分布;应用计算机图像分析系统对各项结果进行半定量分析.结果:随结扎时间的延长,模型组大鼠小管间质纤维化逐渐加重,且CTGF、α-SMA的表达逐渐增加;CTGF与α-SMA的表达呈正相关;二者与胶原蛋白的表达均呈正相关.结论:肾静脉结扎导致CTGF的表达增加,CTGF可能通过促进间质中肌成纤维细胞的形成而参与肾间质纤维化.     

肾安胶囊对5/6肾大部切除大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的探讨肾安胶囊对肾大部切除大鼠肾脏功能的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组和手术组,术后3天再将手术组大鼠随机分为肾安胶囊组和Nx组。8周后测尿蛋白和血肌酐;取肾组织做病理检查;用免疫组织化学检查肌成纤维细胞标志抗原(α-平滑肌肌动蛋白α-SMA)。结果Nx组大鼠肾脏出现肾小球硬化和肾间质纤维化;和Sham组相比α-SMA表达明显升高;肾安胶囊组肾脏纤维化明显减轻(P<0.05),α-SMA表达比Nx组明显下降。结论肾安胶囊可抑制肌成纤维细胞增殖和浸润,减轻肾脏纤维化从而保护肾功能。     

黄芪当归合剂对大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响及机制探讨

目的探讨黄芪当归合剂（A＆A）对肾间质纤维化模型大鼠的影响并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法采用单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）致大鼠肾间质纤维化模型。将大鼠随机分为3组：假手术组、模型组、黄芪当归合剂治疗组。手术后第9d处死各组大鼠,分别经免疫组化方法观察各组大鼠肾组织的血小板源性生长因子-B（PDGF-B）的表达部位、表达水平及铲平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达情况。Masson染色评定各组肾小管间质损害程度。结果模型组PDGF-B、α-SMA、PCNA的表达及肾小管间质损伤指数明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）,而黄芪当归合剂组均明显低于模型组（P〈0．05）。各项指标作相关分析PDGF-B与肾小管间质损伤指数（r=0．870,P〈0．01）、α-SMA（r=0．956,P〈0．01）、PCNA（r=0．881,P〈0．01）呈显著正相关。结论黄芪当归合剂可能通过下调PDGF-B的表达减轻肾小管间质纤雏化。     

复方红景天制剂对弥漫性肾间质损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨复方红景天制剂对肾间质损伤的保护作用。方法：制作由大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻（UU0）所致的肾间质纤维化动物模型。以α－平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）作为肌纤维母细胞（MFB）的特异性标志物，观察肾小管上皮细胞及间质内MFB的表达情况。26只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、对照组和口服复方红景天制剂组，10天后全部处死，取肾组织采用HE，PAS及免疫组织化学α－SMA染色、，行病理学及组织化学观察。结果：在实验结束时对照组间肾间质病变显，肾小管上皮细胞及间质α－SMA表达明显增加，而口服复方红景天制剂组则明显轻于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：α-SMA是MFB较好的标志物，MFB在UUO导致的肾间质纤维化中扮演了重要角色。复方红景天制剂具有抗肾间质纤维化的作用，对肾间质损伤有较好的保护作用。     

血小板源性生长因子-B在肾间质纤维化模型大鼠肾组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨血小板源性生长因子-B（PDGF-B）在肾闰质纤维化中的表达及意义,比较黄芪当归合剂（A8LA）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）的肾脏保护作用并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法采用单侧输尿管结扎致肾间质纤维化大鼠模型。将大鼠随机分为4组：假手术组、模型组、黄芪当归合剂组、霉酚酸酯组。手术后第9天处死各组大鼠,经免疫组化方法观察各组PDGF-B的表达部位、表迭水平及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—SMA）、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达情况。Masson染色评定各组肾小管间质损害程度。结果模型组PDGF-B、α-SMA、PCNA的表达及肾小管阃质损伤指数明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）,而黄芪当归合剂组、霉酚酸酯组均明显低于模型组（P〈0．05）。黄芪当归合剂组与霉酚酸酯组相比两组差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。各项指标作相关分析．PDGF-B与肾小管间质损伤指数（r=0．870,P〈0．01）、α—SMA（r=0．956,P〈0．01）,PCNA（r=0．881,P〈0．01）呈显著正相关。结论PDGF-B在肾间质纤维化的病程进展中起重要促进作用,黄芪当归合剂、霉酚酸酯则可能通过下调PDGF-B的表达减轻肾间质纤维化。     

血小板衍生生长因子与CD68在单侧输尿管结扎大鼠肾间质中的表达及意义

目的研究血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF-BB）及CD68（巨噬细胞标志物）阳性细胞在单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）大鼠肾间质中的表达。方法制作大鼠肾间质纤维化模型,于术后第7、14天用免疫组化方法检测肾间质中PDGF-BB、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达及CD68阳性细胞（巨噬细胞）浸润,并进行相关性分析。结果与假手术组比较,模型组肾间质中PDGF-BB、和α-SMA的表达水平明显升高（P〈0.05）,CD68阳性细胞浸润明显增多（P〈0.05）,模型组CD68阳性细胞在第14天时较第7天时减少。α-SMA与PDGF-BBT CD68的表达呈正相关（r1=0.92,P〈0.01,r2=0.98,P〈0.01）。结论PDGF-BB和巨噬细胞参与肾间质纤维化早期改变。     

扶正化瘀方抗肾间质纤维化作用机理的研究

目的探讨扶正化瘀方影响转化生长因子p（TGF-β）1信号转导与肾小管上皮细胞转分化的抗氯化汞中毒大鼠肾间质纤维化的作用机理。方法SD雄性大鼠44只，随机分为正常组、模型组、扶正化瘀方组（FZHY组）与维生素E组（Vit．E组），以8mg／kg氯化汞水溶液灌胃9周制备大鼠肾间质纤维化模型。从造模开始扶正化瘀方组以扶正化瘀方4．6g／kg大鼠体重灌胃，Vit．E组以100mg，kg大鼠体重VitE水溶液灌胃，1次／天，共9周。免疫荧光法观察肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白、E-cadherin、TGF-β1表达，Western blot观察肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白、E-cadherin、TGF-β1、TβR-1、Smad2、P-Smad2蛋白表达。结果与正常组相比，模型组肾组织E-cadherin表达明显降低，扶正化瘀方干预后其表达明显升高；模型组α-SMA、TGF-β1、TBR—1、P—Smad2表达明显升高，扶正化瘀方干预能降低其表达。各组大鼠Smad2表达无明显差异。结论扶正化瘀方可抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化从而减轻肾间质纤维化，其机制与抑制纤维化肾脏TGF-β及其Ⅰ型受体的表达、下调Smad2活性，抑制TGF—β／Smads病理信号转导有关。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.