Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture

Cigarette smoking has been associated with a high prevalence of sleep-related complaints. However, its effects on sleep architecture have not been fully examined. The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on sleep architecture. Polysomnography was used to characterize sleep architecture among 6,400 participants of the Sleep Heart Health Study (United States, 1994-1999). Sleep parameters included total sleep time, latency to sleep onset, sleep efficiency, and percentage of time in each sleep stage. The study sample consisted of 2,916 never smokers, 2,705 former smokers, and 779 current smokers. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a longer initial sleep latency (5.4 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9, 7.9) and less total sleep time (14.0 minutes, 95% CI: 6.4, 21.7). Furthermore, relative to never smokers, current smokers also had more stage 1 sleep (relative proportion = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.33) and less slow wave sleep (relative proportion = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.95). Finally, no differences in sleep architecture were noted between former and never smokers. The results of this study show that cigarette smoking is independently associated with disturbances in sleep architecture, including a longer latency to sleep onset and a shift toward lighter stages of sleep. Nicotine in cigarette smoke and acute withdrawal from it may contribute to disturbances in sleep architecture.     

Associations Between Objective and Self-Report Measures of Traffic and Crime Safety in Latino Parents of Preschool Children

Differences in subjective and objective safety may be explained by moderators that shape parental perceptions of the environment. This study examined associations between subjective and objective measures of traffic and crime safety in preschool parents (N?=?240) and potential moderators. Community cohesion, social control, and physical activity parenting practices were measured. Objective measures of crime and traffic were measured at the block-group level. Linear models revealed perceived traffic was negatively associated with the traffic hazards (b?=??0.03; 95?% CI: ?0.05, ?0.01; p?=?.041). Acculturation moderated the relationship between perceptions of disorder and crime (b?=?0.001; 95?% CI: 0.000, 0.003; p?=?.044). Poor community cohesion moderated the relationship between perceptions of disorder and crime (b?=?0.0015; 95?% CI: 0.0002, 0.0028; p?=?.028). Perceived traffic safety was associated with the traffic hazard index in parents of boys (b?=??0.04; 95?% CI: ?0.07, ?0.01; p?=?.027). Acculturation and community cohesion can be used to align misperceptions of safety to actual safety to promote outdoor play.     

The validity of sleeping hours of healthy young children as reported by their parents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of sleeping hours of young children as reported by their parents. The subjects were 21 healthy children aged 3 to 4 years. They were asked to attach a small instrument for calculating sleeping hours objectively, over 3 consecutive nights. Parents reported the sleeping hours of their children during the study periods. The mean values were used in the analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients and paired t-tests were used to evaluate the correlations and differences between the reported and objectively measured sleeping hours. The correlation coefficient and difference between the reported and assumed (objective sleeping hours representing the difference between times for falling asleep and waking) sleeping hours were 0.90 (p<0.001) and 0.79 hours (95% confidence interval: 0.59-0.99), respectively. The correlation coefficient and difference between the reported and actual (the assumed sleeping hours minus the sum of epochs being scored as awake during the assumed sleep) sleeping hours were 0.90 (p<0.001) and 0.92 hours (0.73-1.10), respectively. Although parents tended to overestimate the sleeping hours of their children, the correlation between the reported and objective sleeping hours is high, which indicates that reported sleeping hours could be used in a survey that requires data on relative differences in sleeping hours amongst a given population.     

学龄前儿童电子媒体的使用与睡眠模式及质量的相关性研究

目的分析广州市学龄前儿童电子媒体的使用与睡眠模式及质量的相关性,为改善儿童睡眠质量提供依据。方法 2016年采用随机整群抽样方法选取广州市876名3~5岁儿童作为研究对象,采用自编调查问卷调查其电子设备的使用情况,采用儿童睡眠习惯问卷调查其睡眠习惯及睡眠质量。结果每天使用媒体设备的儿童与未每天使用的儿童相比,入睡时间更晚[β(95%CI)为11.4 min(6.0~16.8)],夜间睡眠和总睡眠时长更短[β(95%CI)分别为:-0.20 h(-0.31^-0.08),-0.20 h(-0.04^-0.02)),且呈现较高的就寝习惯不良[β(95%CI)为0.61(0.17~1.05)]、睡眠焦虑[β(95%CI)为0.38(0.06~0.70)]及白天嗜睡[β(95%CI)为0.59(0.13~1.06),P<0.05]得分。单次使用时间≥30 min的儿童与<30 min的儿童相比入睡时间晚[β(95%CI)为9.0 min(3.0~14.4)]、总入睡时间较短(β(95%CI)为-0.20 h(-0.36^-0.03)),就寝习惯不良、睡眠时间不规律、睡眠焦虑及白天嗜睡得分较高[β(95%CI)分别为0.68(0.23~1.12),0.32(0.10~0.53),0.38(0.06~0.71),0.70(0.23~1.18)],2岁前即开始规律使用媒体设备的儿童与2岁后使用的儿童相比入睡延迟分量表得分较高[β(95%CI)为0.17(0.03~0.30)],2岁前开始使用电子媒体设备、每天使用及平均每次使用时间超过30 min的儿童总睡眠量表得分都较高[β(95%CI)分别为1.67(0.26~3.11),1.91(0.80~3.02),2.01(0.88~3.14)],即总体睡眠质量略差。结论儿童使用电子媒体设备过早及过多与不良睡眠习惯及质量均相关,应引起高度重视。     

学龄前儿童体力活动、久坐行为与睡眠问题的相关性

目的 探究学龄前儿童体力活动(Physical activity,PA)、久坐行为(Sedentary behavior, SB)与睡眠问题的相关性,为预防、改善该群体睡眠问题提供参考。方法 2020年9—12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取北京市6所幼儿园406名学龄前儿童作为研究对象,采用Acti Graph GT3X+三轴加速度计客观测量PA,采用《儿童休闲活动调查问卷》调查SB,采用CSHQ睡眠习惯量表测评睡眠问题,运用线性分析、logistic 回归模型处理数据。结果 学龄前儿童睡眠问题检出率71.08%;PA与睡眠抗阻、睡眠时长不规律、睡眠夜醒、异态睡眠、CSHQ综合评分具有显著负向线性相关(β=-0.141、-0.452、-0.324、-0.201、-0.150 ,P<0.05);SB与睡眠抗阻、入睡潜伏期延长、睡眠夜醒、CSHQ综合测评具有显著正向线性相关(β=0.196、0.223、0.210、0.910,P<0.05)。对PA、SB联合分析,在PA(或SB)等级固定时,CSHQ测评合格率会因另一方等级的提高而降低（或升高）,在高PA+低SB(OR=2.119,95%CI:1.464~3.368,P<0.05)和低PA+高SB（1reference）两个极端组合时,CSHQ测评合格率获得优势分别为最高和最低;高PA+高SB(OR=1.750,95%CI:1.320~2.664)比低SB+低PA (OR=1.640,95%CI:1.412~2.743)CSHQ测评合格率获得优势更高。结论 体力活动与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著的负相关,久坐行为与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著正相关,二者联合则具有抵消或协同的交互效应。     

Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study

A cross-sectional relation between short sleep and obesity has not been confirmed prospectively. The authors examined the relation between sleep duration and changes in body mass index and waist circumference using the Whitehall II Study, a prospective cohort of 10,308 white-collar British civil servants aged 35-55 years in 1985-1988. Data were gathered in 1997-1999 and 2003-2004. Sleep duration and other covariates were assessed. Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were assessed between the two phases. The incidence of obesity (body mass index: > or =30 kg/m(2)) was assessed among nonobese participants at baseline. In cross-sectional analyses (n = 5,021), there were significant, inverse associations (p < 0.001) between duration of sleep and both body mass index and waist circumference. Compared with 7 hours of sleep, a short duration of sleep (< or =5 hours) was associated with higher body mass index (beta = 0.82 units, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38, 1.26) and waist circumference (beta = 1.88 cm, 95% CI: 0.64, 3.12), as well as an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio(adjusted) = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.24). In prospective analyses, a short duration of sleep was not associated with significant changes in body mass index (beta = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.26, 0.14) or waist circumference (beta = 0.44, 95% CI: -0.23, 1.12), nor with the incidence of obesity (odds ratio(adjusted) = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.82). There is no temporal relation between short duration of sleep and future changes in measures of body weight and central adiposity.     

The Dental Aesthetic Index and dental health component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need as tools in epidemiological studies

The present study assesses the validity and reproducibility of two occlusal indices for epidemiological studies--the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (DHC-IOTN) for the identification of orthodontic treatment needs. The total of 131 study models was examined by an examiner (orthodontic specialist) for the determination of the DAI and DHC-IOTN. Thirty days later, further assessment was performed to determine the reproducibility. The duration of each exam was measured in seconds with a stopwatch. The indices were compared by a panel of three experts in orthodontics to evaluate validity. The intra-examiner reliability evaluation resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 for the DAI (95% CI = 0.64 to 1.0) and 0.87 for the DHC-IOTN (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.96). The time spent on the evaluation of the DHC-IOTN was less than the time spent on that of the DAI (P < 0.001). The accuracy of the indices, as reflected by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, was 61% for the DAI (95% CI = 51 to 70; p = 0.037) and 67% for the DHC-IOTN (95% CI = 58 to 77; p = 0.001). Both indices presented good reproducibility and validity.     

Randomized controlled trial of melatonin for children with autistic spectrum disorders and sleep problems

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is often used for autistic children with sleep disorders, despite a lack of published evidence in this population. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover trial of melatonin was undertaken in 11 children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). RESULTS: Seven children completed the trial. Sleep latency was 2.6 h [95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.28-2.93] baseline, 1.91 h (95% CI 1.78-2.03) with placebo and 1.06 h (95% CI 0.98-1.13) with melatonin. Wakings per night were 0.35 (95% CI 0.18-0.53) baseline, 0.26 (95% CI 0.20-0.34) with placebo and 0.08 (95% CI 0.04-0.12) with melatonin. Total sleep duration was 8.05 h (95% CI 7.65-8.44) baseline, 8.75 h (95% CI 8.56-8.98) with placebo and 9.84 h (95% CI 9.68-9.99) with melatonin. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study was small owing to recruitment difficulties, it still provides evidence of effectiveness of melatonin in children with sleep difficulties and ASD, which we predict a larger study would confirm.     

河南城市学龄前儿童睡眠状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解河南城市学龄前儿童睡眠状况及其影响因素,为该地区学龄前儿童保持合理睡眠时间和睡眠干预提供参考。方法 2019年5—6月采用分层整群抽样的方法在河南对4 226名3～6岁学龄前儿童家长进行儿童睡眠状况及影响因素的调查,并采用χ²检验、logistic回归分析等方法进行分析。结果 河南城市学龄前儿童平均睡眠时长为（9.46±1.98）h,睡眠不足的比例为56.60%。在体力活动时间、视屏时间、抚养者、父亲学历、母亲学历等方面睡眠不足的比例相比较均有统计学意义（χ² = 46.853、48.424、27.763、19.654、20.063,P＜0.001）。Logistic回归分析表明,河南城市＞4～4.5岁（OR = 1.313,95%CI:1.064～1.567）、＞4.5～5岁（OR = 1.982,95%CI:1.627～2.355）、＞5～5.5岁（OR = 2.052,95%CI:1.674～2.435）、＞5.5～6岁（OR = 2.374,95%CI:1.812～2.944）学龄前儿童、体力活动时间＜60 min/d（OR = 1.745,95%CI:1.483～2.011）、体力活动时间60～120 min/d（OR = 1.481,95%CI:1.251～1.722）、外祖父母等抚养（OR = 1.222,95%CI:1.061～1.381）、母亲学历初中及以下（OR = 1.364,95%CI:1.147～1.595）、母亲学历高中（OR = 1.171,95%CI:1.024～1.321）者其学龄前儿童的睡眠不足发生率较高,呈正相关关系。结论 河南学龄前儿童睡眠不足问题凸显,年龄、体力活动、视屏时间、抚养者、母亲学历等是导致睡眠不足的影响因素,应针对影响因素给予干预和改善。     

高原地区青中年人群睡眠与慢性病共病的关联

目的 探讨高原地区青中年人群睡眠时长、睡眠质量、睡眠打鼾和慢性病共病的关联.方法 2018年5月-2019年8月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取拉萨市城关区30岁及以上人群进行问卷调查,采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析睡眠与慢性病共病之间的相关性.结果 共纳入5 505名30～＜60岁青中年人,年龄为(44.7...     

安徽省某地区农村独居老年人主观幸福感及影响因素研究

目的 了解安徽省某地区农村独居老年人主观幸福感（subjective well-being,SWB）现状及影响因素,为提升老年人SWB提供理论依据。方法 整群抽取安徽省某地区的679名农村独居老人,采用纽芬兰纪念大学主观幸福感量表和社会支持评定量表及自编一般情况调查表进行调查。结果 679名农村独居老年人的SWB平均得分为（32.05±10.87）分,总体上处于中等水平。多重线性回归分析显示,独居老年SWB受到月收入、慢性病、体育锻炼和社会支持的影响。月收入为500～1 500元（β=3.243,95%CI:0.824～5.663）、月收入>1 500元为（β=2.940,95%CI:2.010～7.890）、体育锻炼（β=2.254,95%CI:0.610～3.898）、主观支持（β=1.314,95%CI:1.029～1.600）和支持利用度（β=0.486,95%CI:0.082～0.890）与SWB正相关,慢性病（β=-3.586,95%CI:-5.852～-1.321）和客观支持（β=-0.387,95%CI:-0.734～-0.039）与SWB负相关。结论 农村独居老年人SWB受到多种因素影响,应采取针对以上影响因素的措施来提升SWB。     

Relationship between self-rating and polygraphic sleep parameters — analysis of compiled data from 12 young Japanese adults —

An examination of the relationship of the self-rating sleep score to polygraphic sleep parameters was conducted. The self-rating sleep questionnaire, OSA, includes five sleep quality factors: sleepiness (Fl), sleep maintenance without interruption (F2), worry about daily life or poor emotional condition (F3), integrated or perceived sleep feeling (F4) and sleep initiation or induction (F5). Polygraphic sleep parameters including each sleep stage in minutes were used. If intercorrelation coefficients exceeded 0.8, only one of the related parameters was selected for multivariate analysis. Twelve male students slept a total of 88 nights, among which the first night was not included, in an experimental room. When absolute values of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of not less than 0.4 were tentatively selected, the following pairs were extracted: F2 score and S1 (-0.423) or S3+S4 (0.409), F5 score and sleep latency (-0.439). Deeper sleep was closely associated with sleep maintenance without interruption. Agreement between self-rating and a polygraphic sleep parameter was recognized between the F5 score and sleep latency. Each OSA factor score was predicted by other polygraphic sleep parameters using multiple regression analysis. MT significantly contributed to the Fl, F3 and F4 scores. The number of stage shifts per night significantly contributed to the Fl and F3 scores, and the number of sleep spindles significantly contributed to the F5 score. Though prediction of sleep quality by polygraphic sleep parameters is limited, the association between concrete subjective and objective sleep parameters was clarified as mentioned above, and their practical meaning was partially elucidated.     

贵阳高校新生睡眠质量与体重指数的相关性分析

目的 研究高校新生的睡眠质量及体重指数现状,探讨二者的相关性。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表和自编调查问卷,对12323名新生进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重。结果 体重过轻、正常体重、超重、肥胖的检出率分别为21.75%、65.70%、9.15%、3.42%,性别、家庭所在地、学校类型及午睡习惯不同,BMI得分差异均有统计学意义;平均睡眠时间为（7.03±1.04）小时,PSQI得分为 0~17 分,总均分为（5.31±2.63）分,睡眠障碍检出率为18.32%;不同BMI分组下睡眠障碍检出率差异有统计学意义,肥胖组的睡眠障碍检出率最高;多因素logistic 回归分析显示,性别（OR=0.707, 95%CI:0.650~0.768）、家庭所在地（OR=1.151, 95%CI:1.053~1.256）、肥胖（OR=1.458, 95%CI:1.187~1.790）、午睡习惯（OR=1.380, 95%CI:1.251~1.522）是新生睡眠障碍的影响因素（P值均＜0.05）。结论 高校新生睡眠质量问题与肥胖关系密切,合理的体重及良好的睡眠习惯控制有助于改善睡眠质量。     

Measles antibody seroprevalence rates among immunized Inuit, Innu and Caucasian subjects

Measles antibody seroprevalence was compared in Innu, Inuit, and Caucasian peoples of northern Newfoundland, Canada, who were immunized with a single dose of M-M-R-II (Merck Research Laboratories) vaccine. Healthy, volunteer schoolchildren (n = 606) were enrolled. Measles antibody was measured with a whole virus measles-specific IgG EIA. Native (Innu and Inuit) schoolchildren (n = 253) had a significantly higher seropositive rate (83%) after a single dose of measles vaccine compared to Caucasian (n = 353) children (76%; p = 0.025), and higher mean antibody levels after immunization compared to Caucasian children (1.74 EIA units, vs. 1.63; p = 0.06). Caucasian children were more likely to have been immunized after age 15 months (20.6% vs. 9.6%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean time interval between immunization and blood sampling for natives versus Caucasian (8.0 years vs. 7.95 years; p = 0.49). After adjustment for time from immunization and age at immunization, there remained a marginally significant racial difference in seropositivity (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 0.96, 2.83, p = 0.068). The unadjusted odds ratio for seropositivity (comparing natives vs. non-natives, combining negative and equivocal results) was 1.66 (95% CI 1.06-2.59, p = 0.018). The higher measles-seropositive rate found among native compared to non-native Canadian children suggests that genetic and/or environmental factor(s) affect circulating antibody levels following immunization. The determination of these sources of variability may lead to the development of more efficacious vaccines or delivery strategies.     

Donor nephrectomy: less fatigue and better quality of life following laparoscopic kidney removal compared with an open procedure by mini-incision: blind randomised study

OBJECTIVE: Determining possible differences in living donor nephrectomy procedures: laparoscopy against mini-incision concerning discomfort to the donor and the maintenance of good graft function. DESIGN: Blind randomized study. METHOD: In two university medical centres, one hundred living kidney donors were randomly assigned to either total laparoscopic donor nephrectomy or mini-incision muscle-splitting open donor nephrectomy. Primary outcome was physical fatigue measured with the 'Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory' (MFI-20) during one-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes were physical function measured with the 'Short form-36' questionnaire, postoperative hospital stay, amount of pain, operating times and graft and patient survival. RESULTS: Donors who underwent laparoscopy experienced less fatigue (difference: -1.3; 95% CI: -2.4 - (-0.1)) and physical function was better (difference: 6.2; 95% CI: 2.0-10.3) during one-year follow-up. Those donors who underwent laparoscopy required less morphine (16 mg versus 25 mg; p = 0.005) and the duration of hospital stay was shorter (3 versus 4 days; p = 0.003). The laparoscopic procedure resulted in a longer operation time (221 versus 164 min; p < 0.001) a longer first warm ischaemia time (6 versus 3 min; p < 0.001) and less blood loss (100 versus 240 ml; p < 0.001). Recipient renal function and one-year graft survival rates did not differ. The number of preoperative and postoperative complications did not differ significantly between both surgery techniques. Conversions did not occur. CONCLUSION: Donor nephrectomy through laparoscopy led to less fatigue and a better quality of life compared with the open procedure. The safety factors for donors and recipients were comparable for both techniques. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is therefore the better surgical choice for kidney donor programmes with living donors.     

广州地区健康体检人群睡眠模式及其与糖尿病关系的分析

  目的  了解广州地区成年人睡眠模式的特征，并探讨睡眠模式对糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM）患病的影响。  方法  回顾性分析2012年11月至2013年12月在广东省人民医院参加体检的5 666名广州市职工的生活方式调查和体检资料。采用潜在类别分析（latent class analysis，LCA）对人群睡眠的潜在模式及分布特征进行探索性分析，通过多因素Logistic回归模型分析睡眠模式与DM的关系。  结果  LCA识别出5种睡眠模式，分别为“睡眠时间过短伴失眠”（类别1，5.6%）、“睡眠不足伴日间功能轻度减退”（类别2，20.4%）、“睡眠状况良好”（类别3，47.7%）、“睡眠不足伴日间功能障碍”（类别4，4.7%）、“睡眠不足伴夜间睡眠质量差”（类别5，21.6%）。调整相关混杂因素后，与类别3相比，类别1（OR=2.28，95%CI:1.51~3.43，P<0.001）、类别4（OR=2.48，95%CI:1.54~4.00，P<0.001）和类别5（OR=1.31，95%CI:1.01~1.71，P=0.045）人群罹患DM的风险升高。  结论  成年人群的睡眠因素之间存在关联，并表现为不同的睡眠模式；不良睡眠模式可增加DM患病风险。     

Prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity according to anthropometric parameters and the association with sexual maturation in adolescent schoolchildren

The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in schoolchildren according to anthropometric parameters and sexual maturation. A cross-sectional study was performed in 1,405 children of both genders aged 10-14 years, living in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2007. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were assessed. Sexual maturation was self-assessed. Early sexual maturation was defined as the chronological age below the median age for the referred stage. Prevalence of overweight was 20.4% (95%CI: 18.3-22.6), and abdominal obesity was 14.9% (95%CI: 13.1-16.9) and 12.6% (95%CI: 10.9-14.4) according to WC and WHtR, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation among BMI, WC, and WHtR (rho ? 0.8; p < 0.001). In both genders, the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity was higher in the final stages of sexual maturation (p < 0.05). The high prevalence of overweight requires urgent preventive measures and control. Therefore, the inclusion of sexual maturation for the assessment of nutritional status is recommended.     

Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts and the risk of colon-rectum, lung, and other cancers

We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the relationship between cancer of the colon-rectum (n = 326), lung (n = 252), brain (n = 37), and pancreas (n = 37), and exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from public drinking water. Subjects were exposed to PCE when it leached from the vinyl lining of drinking-water distribution pipes. Relative delivered dose of PCE was estimated using a model that took into account residential location, years of residence, water flow, and pipe characteristics. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for lung cancer were moderately elevated among subjects whose exposure level was above the 90th percentile whether or not a latent period was assumed [ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 3.7 (1.0-11.7), 3.3 (0.6-13.4), 6.2 (1.1-31.6), and 19.3 (2.5-141.7) for 0, 5, 7, and 9 years of latency, respectively]. The adjusted ORs for colon-rectum cancer were modestly elevated among ever-exposed subjects as more years of latency were assumed [OR and CI, 1.7 (0.8-3.8) and 2.0 (0.6-5.8) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively]. These elevated ORs stemmed mainly from associations with rectal cancer. Adjusted ORs for rectal cancer among ever-exposed subjects were more elevated [OR and CI, 2.6 (0. 8-6.7) and 3.1 (0.7-10.9) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively] than were corresponding estimates for colon cancer [OR and CI, 1.3 (0.5-3.5) and 1.5 (0.3-5.8) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively]. These results provide evidence for an association between PCE-contaminated public drinking water and cancer of the lung and, possibly, cancer of the colon-rectum.     

基于倾向性评分探讨睡眠时相提前综合征与2型糖尿病的关系

目的 探讨睡眠时相提前综合征(advanced sleep phase syndrome, ASPS)和2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)间的关联性,为深入理解睡眠的健康效应及预防和干预T2DM提供理论依据。方法 本研究数据来源于美国国家健康和营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES)(2017―2018年)数据库。ASPS由工作日的就寝时间和晨起时间定义。T2DM根据服用降糖药物来定义。使用基于倾向性评分的逆概率加权法(inverse probability treatment weight, IPTW)和重叠加权法(overlap weights, OW)尽可能地控制潜在混杂变量后,分析ASPS和T2DM的关联性。结果 共有6 048名研究对象被纳入研究,其中759人患有T2DM,411人被诊断为ASPS,分别占12.5%、6.8%。T2DM在ASPS组中的患病率比非ASPS组高(20.0%vs. 12.0%,t=21.295,P<0.001)。IPTW控...     

Oral health of school children in Ceuta. Influences of age, sex, ethnic background and socioeconomic level

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is that of gauging the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and malocclusion among the school-age population of Ceuta and the spread thereof by age, sex, ethnic background and father's occupation. METHODS: Prevalence survey of a multistage, stratified, random sample of schoolchildren 7, 12 and 14 years of age (n = 347) in order to calculate DMFT and dmft indexes--permanent and deciduous dentition--, CPITN and malocclusion. Assessment of the statistical significance of the differences encountered according to age, sex, ethnic background and socioeconomic status using the Chi-Square, Student T and Snedecor F tests. To calculate, among schoolchildren ages 12 and 14, the odds ratios of showing a DMFT index over 4 and their 95% confidence intervals by gender, ethnic background and the socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Dmft (decayed, filled and missing teeth) was 3.02 at 7 and DMFT was 3.91 at 12 and 4.46 at 14. Odds ratios of DMFT > 4 were 2.26 by gender (95% CI = 1.27-4.05), 2.17 by ethnic group (95% CI = 1.18-3.99) and 1.8 by SES (95% CI = 0.85-3.81). In schoolchildren of low SES--unemployed father's--OR by ethnic group was 1.37 (95% CI = 0.28-7.0). No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of malocclusion and periodontal disease--except by age. CONCLUSIONS: Dmft and DMFT values are in Ceuta higher than the mean national values and the proposed value of the WHO for the year 2000. Risk of DMFT higher than the median is 2.3 in girls compared with boys, 2.17 in Moslem compared with non Moslem and 1.8 in low SES schoolchildren--unemployed father's--compared to other SES schoolchildren. The increased risk related to ethnic background is influenced by SES.