深圳市福田区2005—2009年中小学生龋齿动态分析

目的了解深圳市福田区中小学生龋齿流行状况,为采取防治措施提供科学依据。方法对福田区2005—2009年中小学生龋齿情况进行分析。结果 2005—2009年福田区中小学生龋患率为18.31%,16.03%,23.81%,27.37%和32.65%。中小学生总龋患率为23.71%,小学龋患率为31.09%,初中龋患率为15.96%,高中龋患率为17.01%,三者的差异具有统计学意义(χ2=905.85,P0.01)。女生的龋患率高于男生,两者差异具统计学意义(χ2=3.88,P0.05)。结论福田区中小学生龋齿患病率呈上升趋势,应加强学生龋齿防治工作。     

兰州市中小学生龋患现状分析

分析兰州市2014年中小学生龋病的患病现状,为制定龋病防治措施提供依据.方法 利用2014年兰州市学生体质与健康状况调研的数据资料,对兰州市城乡7,9,12,14岁4个年龄组1 411名中小学生龋齿患病情况进行分析.结果 2014年兰州市男、女生乳牙龋患率分别为57.83%和57.40%,均随年龄增长而下降;男、女生恒牙龋患率分别为39.03%和51.78%,均随年龄增长而上升.城、乡男生乳牙龋患率分别为53.27%,62.57%,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.476,P<0.05);城、乡女生乳牙龋患率分别为55.70%,58.87%,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.732,P>0.05);城、乡男生恒牙龋患率分别为35.10%,42.73%,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.178,P<0.05);城、乡女生恒牙龋患率分别为44.20%,59.55%,差异有统计学意义(x2=10.897,P<0.05).结论 兰州市中小学生龋病防治任务艰巨,今后防龋工作的重点应放在农村.     

2003年平阴县城乡部分中小学生龋齿患病与充填情况调查

[目的 ]了解中小学生龋齿患病与充填情况 ,促进中小学生龋齿的防治工作。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 3年对平阴县城乡部分中小学生进行调查。 [结果 ]乳牙调查 2 0 5 5人 ,龋患率为 2 2 0 4% ;恒牙调查 2 93 4人 ,龋患率为 3 89% ;龋患率女生高于男生 ,男生与女生均随年龄的增长而升高。乳牙龋齿与恒牙龋齿的充填率分别为 13 3 6%、18 2 2 %。 [结论 ]平阴县中小学生的龋患率不高 ,龋齿的充填率也不高。应继续加强口腔卫生的健康教育 ,进一步提高龋齿的充填率     

河南省中小学生患龋现状及其对生长发育的影响

分析河南省中小学生龋齿患病现状及对生长发育的影响,为促进中小学生健康成长提供参考.方法 选取2014年河南省学生体质健康调研7,9,12,14岁4个年龄组的学生,对龋齿和生长发育数据进行统计学处理,分析龋患情况以及无龋组和患龋组之间身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)和血红蛋白的差异.结果 中小学生乳牙和恒牙患龋率分别为46.2%和20.3%,其中男、女生乳牙患龋率分别为45.9%和46.6%,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.47,P=0.50);男、女生恒牙患龋率分别为15.9%和24.7%,差异有统计学意义(x2=173.45,P=0.00).城、乡学生乳牙患龋率分别为44.6%和47.8%(x2=11.15,P=0.00),城、乡学生恒牙患龋率分别为20.9%和19.6%.龋均乳牙为1.62,恒牙为0.45,男、女生乳牙龋均分别为1.61和1.62,男、女生恒牙龋均分别为0.32和0.58;4个年龄组学生的身高、体重、BMI和血红蛋白均值都表现为无龋组高于患龋组.结论 河南省中小学生龋齿患病率较高,龋齿影响学生的生长发育.     

临夏州东乡族838名中小学生龋齿患病现状分析

目的了解临夏州东乡族7～14岁学生龋齿患病情况,为开展学校卫生工作和制定预防控制策略提供依据。方法对临夏州东乡族7岁、9岁、12岁和14岁4个年龄组838名中小学生龋患现状进行对比分析。结果临夏州东乡族7～14岁中小学生总龋患率为26.49%,女生龋患率高于男生(χ2=18.08,P0.001)。龋齿患病集中在小学阶段,尤其是小学低年级学生。与2010年相比,东乡族中小学生总乳龋患率下降4.45个百分点,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.451,P0.05);男女生分别下降6.07个百分点和3.18个百分点,其中男生下降差异有显著性(χ2=9.157,P0.05)。结论临夏州东乡族中小学生龋齿患病率明显下降,女生高于男生,但龋齿患病率仍然较高,应引起有关部门的高度重视,加强口腔卫生健康教育。     

深圳市福田区中小学生贫血状况分析

目的了解深圳市福田区中小学生贫血状况,为今后防治工作提供科学依据. 方法随机选取深圳市福田区监测点校与非监测点校中小学生(7、9、12、14、17岁五个年龄组)1 404人,作血红蛋白含量测定. 结果中小学生贫血率为8.33%,女生贫血率高于男生,两者间差异有非常显著性(χ2=8.77,P＜0.01);同时发现,中小学生贫血率呈现出随年龄增长而上升的趋势,但差异无显著性. 结论深圳市福田区中小学生贫血防治工作取得了较大的成效,但贫血防治工作仍不应忽视.     

2010—2012年深圳市某高中学生恒牙龋齿患病情况调查

目的了解我市高中生恒牙龋齿患病情况,制定相应的防治措施,为我市开展同类调查研究提供参考。方法对深圳市某高中高一、高二年级2010年—2012年体检龋齿数据进行统计分析。结果 2010年—2012年龋患率24.63%（男生19.88%,女生29.17%）,女生总龋患率高于男生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;总龋均0.56,患者龋均2.29,龋补牙率为72.79%（男生67.68%,女生75.93%）,女生龋补率高于男生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;龋患率随着年级的增长而增高,高二年级总龋患率（26.18%）高于高一年级（23.13%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,提示龋齿有进展趋势;2010年—2012年高一新生龋患率及龋均逐年增加,提示应加强中小学生龋齿防治工作。结论深圳市高中生龋齿发病率较高,应引起有关部门重视,我市中小学生及高中生龋齿防治工作有待加强。     

中山市2016-2017年12岁学生龋齿患病情况

了解广东省中山市12岁学生龋齿患病现状,为教育和卫生行政部门制订适宜的口腔卫生防治策略提供科学依据.方法 采用2016-2017学年中山市中小学生体检数据资料,对22 783名12岁年龄组学生龋齿的患病状况进行分析.结果 12岁学生乳牙患龋率为8.19%,男生高于女生(X2=31.13,P<0.01);其中,乳牙龋补构成比为11.52%,乳龋均为0.13.12岁学生恒牙患龋率为25.85%,女生高于男生(x2=159.89,P<0.01);其中恒牙龋补构成比为37.16%,恒龋均为0.49.乳龋患率乡村高于城市,乳龋补率城市高于乡村(x2值分别为49.21,80.47,P值均<0.01),均表现为男生高于女生(x2值分别为28.10,7.74,P值均<0.01);恒龋患率和恒龋补率均表现为城市高于乡村x2值分别为72.83,47.21,P值均<0.01),女生高于男生(x2值分别为8.91,15.58,P值均<0.01),恒龋失率女生高于男生(x2=80.47,P<0.01).结论 中山市12岁学生龋病情况较为普遍,龋病严重程度相对较低.但城乡的龋齿充填比例仍较低,口腔保健水平有待提高.     

某校974例小学生龋患情况及与错(牙合)畸形关系的调查

目的:为制定小学生龋齿和错(牙合)畸形的防治计划提供科学依据.方法:整群调查974例7～13岁小学生龋齿及错(牙合)畸形罹患情况.结果:总龋患率为65.1%,错殆矫治率为零.龋患率总体各年龄组有显著差异(χ'2=136.83,P0.01).7～8岁组乳磨牙龋患率达90.2%.恒牙龋患率随着年龄增长呈逐渐增高趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ'2=331.05,P0.01),以13岁组发病率为高,达88.2%.龋齿合并错殆畸形发病率各年龄段有显著性差异(χ'2=243.1,P0.01),以13岁组为高,发病率为83.9%,其中12～13岁组错(牙合)Ⅰ型的比例为68.2%.各年龄组乳磨牙龋患率Ⅴ高于Ⅳ,差异有统计学意义(χ'2=12.35,P0.01).男生总体龋患率高于女生(χ'2=40.51,P0.01).结论:小学生龋齿和错(牙合)畸形的患病率较高,应加强口腔卫生和正畸知识的早期宣传普及工作,提高全民的口腔健康水平.     

江西省中小学生龋患现状分析

目的研究江西省中小学生龋齿的患病现状,为今后江西省中小学生的龋齿防治提供依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法,对江西省2 400名中小学生进行龋齿检查。结果江西省中小学生的龋患率为37.3%,12岁恒牙龋均为(0.27±0.96)。随着年龄的增长,乳牙龋患率和龋均逐渐降低(P0.001),恒牙龋患率和龋均大体呈上升趋势(P0.001)。城、乡男生乳牙龋患率和龋均,城、乡女生乳牙龋患率比较,城市均大于乡村(P0.001),乡村男生乳、恒牙龋患率和龋均均小于乡村女生(P0.05)。乳、恒牙龋患构成比分别高达88.8%和89.2%,龋补构成比仅为2.9%和5.8%。7、9岁小学生的乳龋患构成比均大于12岁小学生,乳龋补构成比均小于12岁小学生(P0.01)。城市男、女生的乳、恒牙龋失补状况大体优于乡村男、女生。结论江西省中小学生的龋患情况较为严重,口腔保健水平极其低下。应加大口腔健康宣教力度,提高家长和学生口腔保健的"知-信-行"水平,构建多级口腔保健网络等。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.