女性性工作者性传播感染相关因素研究

[目的]认识云南女性性工作者最近一年性传播感染(sexually transmitted Infections,STIs)现状和感染STIs的相关因素,为针对女性性工作者开展STIs的有效干预提供依据。[方法]采用典型抽样的方法确定调查地点,以目前从事商业性服务的女性为调查对象。利用自行设计问卷进行面对面的调查,由调查员询问女性性工作者最近一年的STIs感染情况和相关状况。[结果]2436名女性性工作者中最近一年出现过性传播感染的比例为32.8%。不同的年龄、婚姻状况、户口所在地和民族之间感染STIs的比例存在统计学差异(P﹤0.05),女性性工作者年龄越小感染STIs的比例越高;同居者感染STIs的比例高于未婚者;户口为云南省的女性性工作者感染STIs的比例高于外省。[结论]女性性工作者自述最近一年出现过性传播感染的比例可能低于实际情况,STIs感染者中具有当地的年轻女性性工作者、有同居者更容易感染等特征。     

云南部分地区女性性工作者性传播感染现状调查

[目的]了解云南女性性工作者性传播感染(STIs)情况,为女性性工作者STIs的预防和控制提供依据.[方法]采用典型抽样的方法确定调查地点,以STIs的女性性工作者为调查对象.利用自行设计问卷进行面对面的调查,由调查员询问女性性工作者最近一次STIs的相关症状和病种.[结果]456名女性性工作者中最近一次出现的性传播感染相关症状中以白带增多为主,感染病种以阴道炎最多,不同层次的女性性工作就医者出现生殖器或肛门部位增生物的比例和感染淋病的比例均存在统计学差异(P相似文献   

长沙市芙蓉区星级宾馆女性性工作者安全套使用及影响因素研究

目的了解长沙市芙蓉区星级宾馆女性性工作者人口学特征和安全套使用情况及其影响因素。方法选取该区星级宾馆的229名女性性工作者进行面对面问卷调查。结果回收172份有效问卷。长沙市芙蓉区星级宾馆女性性工作者平均年龄22岁，未婚占79．7％，初中以上文化程度占90．1％，来自城镇占66．3％，从事商业性眼务工作时间不超过两年的占88．4％；最近一个月来安全套的使用率为80．7％；对性病／艾滋病知识的掌握和安全套使用的自我效能是女性性工作者安全套使用的重要影响因素。结论在实施行为干预中，应该加强性病／艾滋病知识的宣传培训，重点提高女性性工作者使用安全套的自我效能，进一步提高女性性工作者安全套的使用率。     

2007年玉林市城区部分女性性工作者调查

[目的]了解女性性工作者的基本情况和艾滋病相关行为与梅毒、艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况,为今后的艾滋病防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]2007年4~6月,在玉林市城区娱乐场所对部分女性性工作者进行调查。[结果]调查362人,年龄16~46岁,平均26岁;初中以下文化的占80.11%,未婚的占62.98%;艾滋病知识知晓率为70.68%;艾滋病病毒感染率为1.10%,梅毒感染率为2.49%;第1次与客人发生性关系时年龄16~46岁,平均21岁;1周内有14次及以上性行为的占49.86%,最近1次性行为时安全套使用率为84.81%;53.31%最近1年出现过性病相关症状,其中58.03%的去性病专科门诊、综合医院就诊。[结论]女性性工作者具有更多的艾滋病传播危险因素。     

跨境缅甸籍女性性工作者HIV感染及其影响因素分析

目的了解跨境缅甸籍女性性工作者的HIV感染情况及其影响因素,为跨境人员HIV干预工作提供科学依据。方法 2011年7月1日至9月30日期间,典型抽样抽取暂住于瑞丽市姐告特区的缅甸籍女性性工作者,由经培训的双语外展人员用自行设计并经预实验修正的问卷进行现场调查,内容包括人口学特征、艾滋病知识、高危性行为、毒品使用情况等。同时采集血样进行HIV检测。结果共调查100名缅甸籍女性性工作者,8人(8.0%)HIV阳性,平均年龄22.0±6.0岁;65.0%未婚,59.0%小学及以下文化水平。性传播及安全套保护作用的知晓率分别为81.0%和57.0%。通常情况下,发生性行为不使用安全套的对象国籍分布为缅甸籍(67.5%)高于中国籍(32.5%)。HIV感染影响因素Logistic回归分析显示变量X6(过去一年在缅甸安全套使用情况)是HIV感染的影响因素(P=0.048,OR=2.293)。结论跨境缅甸籍女性性工作者HIV感染率高,艾滋病性传播及安全套保护作用相关知识知晓率较低,与中国籍和缅甸籍性伴均发生高危性行为,是造成艾滋病跨境及区域传播的重要危险因素之一,纳入中方一侧当地综合干预并开展跨境合作十分重要。     

社区女性性工作者性行为特征与安全套使用影响因素分析

目的了解社区女性性工作者性行为特征以及安全套使用的影响因素,为制定社区性病艾滋病(STD/AIDS)的防治策略提供依据。方法对广东省中部某镇承认有商业性行为的所有女性性工作者进行面对面的问卷调查,了解其艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为状况和商业性行为中影响安全套使用的社会、经济、文化因素。结果共调查139名社区女性性工作者,主要来自发廊、按摩店和出租屋等处,平均年龄为(21.0±4.7)岁,初中及初中以下文化程度占91.5%;首次性交年龄平均为18岁,从事商业性服务工作的平均年龄为20岁。最近7 d平均有付费性伴4人,安全套使用率为86.2%,但能正确使用的只有23.2%。在商业性行为中没有使用安全套的原因主要是“客人不愿意用”和“固定熟客”。多因素Logistic回归分析表明影响安全套使用的因素是文化程度(OR=14.519,P<0.01)。结论社区女性性工作者开始商业性性行为的年龄低,频率高,能正确使用安全套的比例低,文化程度是安全套使用的影响因素。应加强STD/AIDS和安全套正确使用知识的宣传教育,减缓和阻止STD/AIDS通过性乱人群向一般人群传播。     

女性性工作者艾滋病知、信、行调查分析

目的 了解某市娱乐场所女性性工作者艾滋病知识知晓情况和艾滋病相关的行为状况.方法 对女性性工作者进行面对面的问卷调查,应用SPSS10.0软件进行资料统计分析.结果 共调查118名女性性工作者,平均年龄(21.08±4.28)岁.艾滋病相关知识的总知晓率为54.81%.首次商业性服务平均年龄为(19.61±2.98)岁.118名女性性工作者与付费顾客发生性行为时每次都使用安全套者占80.5%.4.2%的女性性工作者有吸毒史.在过去半年中,63.6%出现过生殖、泌尿系统异常症状,半数以上自行买药或不做处理.结论 女性性工作者对艾滋病知识知晓率仍然偏低,存在多种易感染艾滋病的不安全行为,必须进一步加大对此人群艾滋病的知识宣传和妇女保健干预工作,控制艾滋病经性途径传播.     

女性性工作者艾滋病知、信、行调查分析

目的了解某市娱乐场所女性性工作者艾滋病知识知晓情况和艾滋病相关的行为状况。方法对女性性工作者进行面对面的问卷调查,应用SPSS10.0软件进行资料统计分析。结果共调查118名女性性工作者,平均年龄(21.08±4.28)岁。艾滋病相关知识的总知晓率为54.81%。首次商业性服务平均年龄为(19.61±2.98)岁。118名女性性工作者与付费顾客发生性行为时每次都使用安全套者占80.5%。4.2%的女性性工作者有吸毒史。在过去半年中,63.6%出现过生殖、泌尿系统异常症状,半数以上自行买药或不做处理。结论女性性工作者对艾滋病知识知晓率仍然偏低,存在多种易感染艾滋病的不安全行为,必须进一步加大对此人群艾滋病的知识宣传和妇女保健干预工作,控制艾滋病经性途径传播。     

娱乐场所女性服务人员性传播感染及其相关知信行调查

[目的]了解娱乐场所女性服务人员性传播感染情况及其相关知识、态度、行为信息,以提高性病／艾滋病（STD／AIDS）的干预效果。[方法]随机选择松江区25家娱乐场所的125名女性服务人员进行面对面问卷调查和性传播病原体感染检测。[结果]125名娱乐场所女性服务人员中性传播感染32人,感染比率25．6％;24岁及以下年龄组性传播感染比率为35．0％,明显高于24岁以上年龄组的16．9％（P〈0．05）;首次性行为年龄小于20岁的女性服务人员性传播感染比率为32．4％,20岁及以上者为16．7％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;过去一个月,每次性行为坚持使用安全套的比率较低,仅为43．2％。[结论]在开展STD／AIDS干预工作中,有必要在女性服务人员中加大力度推广使用安全套;并应更多关注首次性行为年龄小的女性服务人员。     

418例女性性工作者行为特征及性传播感染调查

[目的]了解女性性工作者行为特征与性传播感染流行情况,为制订艾滋病性病防治策略提供科学依据。[方法]知情同意原则下,进行面对面问卷调查,同时进行艾滋病性病检测。[结果]共调查418例。年龄最小16岁,最大36岁,平均(21.9±2.6)岁。文化程度以初中及以下为主,占62.4%。艾滋病知晓率较高。95.4%最近1次提供性服务时使用安全套,85.9%最近1个月提供性服务时每次使用安全套者。39.9%随身携带安全套者,34.2%从不随身携带。性传播感染患病率低于卫Ⅸ项目地区。[结论]女性性工作者普遍缺乏自我保护意识,存在不安全性行为。应持续加强健康教育及行为干预,以控制艾滋病经性传播。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.