预缺氧复合锻炼改善新兵急进高原后的体力劳动能力

目的探讨预缺氧复合锻炼对新兵急进高原后体力劳动能力的改善作用。方法 12 0名进藏新兵随机分为 4组 :对照组、单纯缺氧组、单纯运动组和缺氧复合运动组。在进入高原前 ,缺氧复合运动组佩带低氧呼吸器小步快走 10min ,休息 5min后重复进行 ,上、下午各 4次 ,连续 7d ,单纯缺氧组、单纯运动组分别只佩带低氧呼吸器或单纯运动。空运进藏后 ,比较进藏前、后体力劳动能力改变 ,并对急性高原反应症状进行分析。结果使用低氧呼吸器复合小步快走 5min时动脉血氧饱和度可降到 (80 .5± 5 .7) % ,达到预缺氧目的。缺氧复合运动组新兵进藏后PWC170 与入藏前相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,急性高原反应的发病率为 3.3%。对照组、单纯缺氧组和单纯运动组新兵进藏后PWC170 均显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。急性高原反应的发病率分别为13.3%、2 0 .0 %、2 0 .0 %。结论在进入高原前 ,应用低氧呼吸器辅以适当运动 ,可以改善急进高原后的体力劳动能力、并使急性高原反应发病率呈降低趋势。     

急进高原个体胃肠型高原反应发生情况及其原因

目的对平原个体急进高原现场后胃肠型高原反应发生情况及其原因进行调查分析。方法应用消化系统症状调查表对1753例急进高原个体的消化系统症状进行调查,并从中随机抽取20例分别于进入高原前1d、进入高原第3天和第7天行胃镜检查,并对其结果进行分析。结果 1753例急进高原个体中有1097例存在不同程度的消化系统症状(占62.58%),其症状主要有腹胀、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、便秘、腹泻、便血和黑便等,20例进行胃镜检查者,进入高原第3天及第7天胃镜检查阳性例数分别为17例(约85%)和10例(50%),与进入高原前比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),胃镜表现主要有胃粘膜出血、充血、淤血、糜烂、溃疡及胆汁返流等,其中1例于进入高原第3天因胃黏膜出血住院治疗。结论平原个体急进高原现场后胃肠型高原反应发生率较高,急性高原缺氧所引发的胃肠道黏膜损伤是导致胃肠型高原反应发生的根本原因。     

血浆β-EP在急性高原反应中的效应

对世居平原的健康男性青年急进高原低氧环境后血浆内啡肽的变化水平与高原病的发生进行了探讨。结果表明,进入高原前血浆β－ＥＰ浓度超高,急性高原反妆病率越高。血浆β－ＥＰ的浓度与发病率呈正相关,血浆β－ＥＰ水平的变化与海拔高度呈正相关,急性高原反应可被纳洛酮所反转。     

青年女性急进高原后急性高原反应发病调查

目的：调查30名青年女性急进高原的高原反应情况。方法：依照GJBl098—91标准测定不同海拔高度女性生命体征的变化，填写《急性高原自主感觉症状表》，观察女性自主反应与不同海拔之间的关系。结果：进入2930m高原86．67％的青年女性无高原反应，在3700m高原80．00％的人基本无高原反应，在5380m高原只有53．33％的人无高原反应。在不同海拔高度以头昏、口干、恶心、心慌、气短、胸闷、乏力、纳差、腹胀为主要症状。结论：女性急进5380m高海拔地区的急性高原反应发生率为46．67％。生命体征的改变以心率、呼吸为主。女性急性高原反应发生时间与低氧适应时间同男性无显著差异。     

平原个体急进高原后胃黏膜出血结果调查及其机制探讨

目的对平原个体急进高原后胃黏膜出血机制进行探讨。方法对20例由平原急进高原个体于进入高原前、进入高原第3天和第7天进行胃镜检查,及进入高原后消化系统的症状发生情况进行调查,并对其胃黏膜出血情况及其机制进行探讨。结果 20例进行胃镜检查者,胃黏膜出血表现明显,与进入高原前比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。镜下主要表现有胃黏膜充血、淤血、出血、糜烂、溃疡。其中13例有不同程度的消化系统症状（65%）,主要有食欲不振、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、便秘和黑便等。结论由于高原急性缺氧及高原恶劣环境引起的各种心理应激等的影响,急进高原个体的胃溃疡、胃黏膜出血的发生率高。应加强有针对性的胃黏膜保护,这对促进急进高原者的身体健康,提高其高原适应能力和降低急性高原病的发病率无疑具有积极的意义。     

急进高原自主神经功能变化与急性高原反应的关系

目的研究急进高原前、后心血管自主神经(autonomic nervous system,ANS)功能变化及其与急性高原反应(acute mountain sickness,AMS)之间关系,揭示ANS在AMS发病中的作用,探求预防AMS的可能途径。方法对99名健康男性青年在海拔450m平原和空运急进3700m高原后2~4d内进行心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)和冷加压试验(cold pressor test,CPT)检测;在急进高原后1~5d接受AMS发病情况调查。结果急进高原后第1天AMS发病率92%,其中,中重度AMS占10%、轻度占36%、基本无反应占54%。LF/HFn随AMS程度减轻而减少,HFn随AMS程度加重而增加。中重度、轻度、基本无AMS反应组平原时收缩压(SBP)分别为(123.42±7.14)mmHg、(120.6±11.22)mmHg、(122.58±10.92)mmHg,均显著高于无反应组(111.31±9.48)mmHg,(P<0.05);中重度AMS组在平原CPT后心率(HR)变化幅度〔(7.57±8.22)b/min〕显著低于基本无反应组〔(25.47±19.26)b/min,(P<0.05)〕。急进高原后,中重度、轻度、基本无AMS反应组CPT后SBP变化幅度分别为(8.14±4.95)mmHg、(9.56±7.77)mmHg、(9.97±6.80)mmHg,均显著低于无反应组〔(17.00±12.75)mmHg,(P<0.05)〕;HR变化幅度分别为(11.13±6.08)b/min、(10±7.5)b/min、(12.25±8.14)b/min,均显著低于无反应组(〔19.71±9.35)b/min,P<0.05〕。AMS症状积分与平原时LF/HF正相关(r=0.437,P<0.01),与平原时CPT后HR变化幅度呈负相关(r=-0.35,P=0.01)。结论平原交感神经活动较高者其ANS的应激调节能力相对较小,对AMS易感性较高。改善ANS功能可能有助于预防AMS。     

首次急进高原士兵急性高原反应发生率及与训练倦怠的相关性

目的探讨首次急进高原士兵急性高原反应的发生率及其与训练倦怠间的相关性。方法随机抽取驻疆某部首次急进高原1个星期后420名士兵作为研究对象,采用士兵训练倦怠自评问卷进行调查,区分有无明显急性高原反应2组,对2组间训练倦怠差异进行比较,并分析急性高原反应和训练倦怠之间的关系。结果 (1)首次急进高原士兵的急性高原反应发生率为45.7%,主要症状有头晕、头痛、乏力、气短及失眠等。(2)有明显高原反应士兵身心耗竭和训练疏离及训练倦怠总分显著高于无明显急性高原反应士兵,差异有统计学意义(Z=-5.330、-4.084、-6.288,P0.01)。体质量超重士兵急性高原反应显著高于正常士兵,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.218,P0.05);超重士兵中度高原反应显著高于正常士兵,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.926,P0.01)。(3)急性高原反应对训练倦怠具有正向的预测关系(t=6.228,P0.01)。结论首次急进高原士兵急性高原反应与训练倦怠具有密切的相关性,减少急性高原反应的发生率,对降低训练倦怠程度具有积极作用。     

不同强度耐力训练后模拟急进高原自主神经相关生化指标与急性高原反应之间的关系研究

目的探讨不同强度耐力训练后模拟急进高原自主神经相关生化指标与急性高原反应(AMS)之间关系。方法选择43名经8周不同强度耐力训练后的新兵,其中现行训练组15名,有氧耐力组15名,无氧耐力组13名。在低压氧舱模拟急进高原4500 m 24 h。在进舱24 h时,检测血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(EPI)、肾素活性(PRA)及神经肽Y(NPY),并与训练8周末进行对比,记录AMS评分。结果 (1)模拟急进4500 m高原24 h 3组血浆NE浓度均较训练8周末下降,有氧、无氧耐力组下降幅度小于现行训练组(P0.05);现行训练组、有氧耐力组血浆EPI浓度较训练8周末增加(P0.01)。(2)模拟急进4500 m高原24 h现行训练组、无氧耐力组PRA均较训练8周末下降,且现行训练组下降幅度大于有氧、无氧耐力组(P0.01)。(3)3组训练8周末和模拟急进高原24 h血浆NPY浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)AMS症状评分与训练8周末NE、PRA、NPY浓度及模拟急进高原前后NE、PRA变化幅度均呈正相关(P0.05)。(5)AMS发病率为100%,现行训练组AMS症状评分高于无氧耐力组(P0.05);3组症状自评量表(SCL-90)评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但现行训练组、有氧耐力组AMS与SCL-90评分存在正相关关系(P0.05)。结论现行训练组和有氧耐力组ANS功能在模拟高原1 d内受抑制程度较重,不利于机体对高原环境中的急性适应;而无氧耐力训练ANS功能受抑制较轻,在急进高原环境应激时具有良好适应性。     

急性高原病发病前后血管内皮生长因子及其受体水平变化

目的探讨人群急进高原前后血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和受体VEGFR-1(fms-like tyrosine kinase-1,flt-1)、VEGFR-2(fetal liver kinase-1/kinase insert domain-containing receptor,flk-1/KDR)的表达变化及其与急性高原病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)发病的关系,为发现和保护易感人群提供理论依据。方法以2000名健康新兵为研究对象,分别在急进高原前后抽取静脉血备用。以症状评分法调查急进高原后AMS的发病率,随机选取20名AMS发病对象为AMS组,20名未发病对象为对照组,采用ELISA法检测急进高原前后两组血浆VEGF、VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2浓度的变化。结果 2000名研究对象中AMS的发病率为34.3%。与平原地区相比,AMS组急进高原后血浆VEGF浓度明显升高且差异有统计学意义(t=2.799,P=0.011),血浆VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2浓度无明显变化;对照组急进高原后血浆VEGF、VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2浓度变化无统计学意义(P0.05)。急进高原前后AMS组血浆VEGF浓度均明显高于对照组(t=2.461,P=0.018;t=2.698,P=0.010),而血浆VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2浓度与对照组相比均无明显差异。结论血浆VEGF浓度有可能作为一个敏感指标在急进高原前筛选AMS易感者,而血浆VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2浓度与AMS的发生无相关性。     

急进高原和高原训练对武警新兵血氧血压综合参数的影响

目的观察武警新兵急进高原和高原训练对血氧血压综合参数的影响,为探讨新兵高原习服提供科学依据。方法将受试者分为平原男性组、平原女性组、高原男性组和高原女性组。平原男性组分别在平原、急进高原的第1、第3、第5、第7天和新兵训练结束后测试。平原女性组在平原和高原训练前后测试。高10原男性组和高原女性组在高原训练前后测试。实验于2008年在成都和拉萨完成。结果平原男性组、平原女性组急进高原动脉血氧饱和度降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);平原男性组在急进高原的第7天恢复到世居同龄人水平;高原训练前后血氧饱和度差异无统计学意义。平原女性组急进高原后血压升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);平原男性组和平原女性组急进高原后脉率增快,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论血氧饱和度在急进高原7 d时基本习服,高原训练对血氧饱和度的影响不显著。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.