OVT域叠前裂缝预测技术研究应用

以塔里木盆地中古地区全方位高密度地震资料为基础,采用叠前纵波方位各向异性技术开展OVT域裂缝预测研究。OVT域地震数据较常规数据能量更为均衡,信噪比更高,且偏移后保留了方位角和偏移距信息,能快速灵活进行方位角和偏移距分选,避免了常规方法耗时长的弊端,适合进行分方位裂缝预测。通过对该地区奥陶系鹰山组石灰岩储层不同偏移距、不同方位角及不同域的数据体进行试验,优选出100~5500m偏移距和6个方位角的数据来计算纵波相对波阻抗的差异,裂缝方向和密度的预测结果与实钻吻合程度较高,能够为该井区储层缝洞连通性研究、井位部署、水平井井轨迹设计提供重要依据。     

生物酶稠油解堵剂室内实验研究

针对哈拉哈塘油田缝洞型油藏连通单元井组实施注水驱替开发效果差异较大这一问题, 开展了缝洞单元连通方式及注水开发对策研究。对于3种不同的缝洞单元连通方式: 暗河岩溶管道、大尺度缝、弥散缝伴有大尺度缝, 开展机理性和矿场试验研究, 提出了合理的注水开发对策。暗河体系连通井组低注高采、洞注暗河驱洞采的注采关系; 大尺度缝沟通缝洞单元, 建议以单独机采为主；弥散缝伴有大尺度缝沟通缝洞单元, 因不同单元之间的匹配具有差异性，应控制合理的注采比。后续动态调整, 提高了注水开发采收率, 极大改善了区块连通单元注水驱替效果。该研究对相同或类似的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏连通单元注水开发具有一定的借鉴及指导意义。     

利用多方法综合预测碳酸盐岩储层小断裂及微裂缝

由于塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩储层段地震资料低信噪比、低分辨率等因素的影响,造成了裂缝预测难度大,如何提高预测精度是长期以来的技术难题之一。以解释性处理的三维地震数据为平台,通过大量预测参数实验并结合钻井资料、构造地质分析,形成了提高碳酸盐岩储层小断裂及微裂缝预测精度的一套系统、有效的技术系列,根据勘探开发精度要求的不同,采用相干、曲率、蚂蚁体等属性进行单一的或综合的叠后裂缝预测。此技术系列在塔中碳酸盐岩储层勘探开发中有效地指导了高产井点的优选,尤其是水平井的钻探,应用效果明显。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞集合体定量地震描述与地质建模

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多样多期的地质成因和内部强烈的非均质性,使得常规建模手段难以应用于实际工作中。结合地质体特征和地震相,运用聚类分析技术实现缝洞集合体的几何结构建模;针对缝洞型碳酸盐岩测井资料少、储层内部结构复杂和非均质强的特征,将地质统计学地震反演技术用于储层岩相和孔隙度建模工作中,针对塔里木盆地典型区块缝洞集合体建立静态模型,实现其定量地震描述;进一步利用单井与井组内动态数据,修正缝洞体的规模、边界和连通性,研究成果指导了基于缝洞集合体井位的高效部署、高效开发工作。     

哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞量化技术

哈拉哈塘地区碳酸盐岩储层埋藏最深已超过7200m,储层非均质性强,缝洞储集体识别、预测与评价难度大。井震结合建立了串珠、片状、杂乱地震相及相应的几何空间模型,在测井储层模型及地震波阻抗反演约束下进行多信息融合得到储层孔隙度模型,最终完成缝洞空间量化雕刻、缝洞连通性预测及缝洞体空间描述。该技术实现了缝洞体由原来的属性体轮廓刻画向量化雕刻的转变,有效推动了勘探开发生产。     

碳酸盐岩储层UniQ三维地震勘探技术应用及效果

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘油田碳酸盐岩有效裂缝及大型缝洞体储层空间连通性预测难度大,现有地震资料不能完全满足缝洞体系精细刻画、油气富集区域准确预测的需求,制约了碳酸盐岩油藏的勘探开发。针对此难题,以哈13—热普6井区为试验区,开展了UniQ单点高密度三维地震采集技术研究。小面元、高覆盖、宽方位、高炮道密度的UniQ采集方案保证了空间采集密度,采样分布均匀,基本没有假频信息,有利于信噪分离和保幅去噪处理。根据数据特点,采用了有针对性的高密度地震数据去噪技术、稳健地表一致性反褶积技术、OVT域数据规则化技术、深度域精细速度建模技术等数据处理技术,提高成果质量。结果显示,UniQ三维地震数据的地层成像产状合理,碳酸盐岩缝洞串珠更加聚焦,成像更加清晰,裂缝刻画更加细致,为缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的勘探开发奠定了良好的数据基础。     

塔里木盆地缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏油气储量计算方法研究

碳酸盐岩储层的非均质性强,利用现有井控计算的储量呈现出含油(气)面积大、地质储量大、可采储量低、动用程度低的特点。基于高精度三维地震的缝洞量化雕刻技术更准确地刻画了非均质油(气)藏储层的特点。以塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘油田某区块为例,提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏缝洞雕刻及储量计算方法——缝洞雕刻容积法。该方法在地质建模的地震缝洞体储层雕刻基础上,按照探明储量以缝洞系统、控制储量以缝洞带、预测储量以区块为计算单元开展三级储量研究。该方法创新性地将储层量化雕刻技术应用到缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的储量计算中,实现了分储层类型的储量计算,该方法在科学、合理开展储量评估的同时可有效指导井位部署,实现有效动用。     

塔中超深碳酸盐岩储层预测及水平井优化

近几年研究发现,塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积泥质和缝洞中充填泥质对碳酸盐岩储层预测影响很大,如何去除碳酸盐岩沉积泥质和缝洞中充填泥质的影响是准确预测塔中超深碳酸盐岩储层的关键。以塔里木盆地塔中well8井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层为例,应用叠前地质统计学反演方法和岩性概率分析技术(FFP)对储层和泥质分布进行了预测,预测精度达75%,取得了良好的效果,指导了水平井轨迹优化和调整。     

数值试井在缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏流动单元划分中的应用

流动单元的划分对于缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的开发具有重要的意义。目前流动单元划分的方法主要以静态的地震资料为主,结合动态的压力和流体进行定性的验证和调整,但是静态划分的精度较低,而目前动态调整和验证的方法均为定性分析。结合地质资料,建立了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值试井模型,提出了流动单元“背景区域”的概念,利用数值试井和背景区域,提出了一种确定流动单元边界的定量方法。以缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的一口井为实例进行了分析,取得了较好的效果。     

串珠状缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏压力变化特征研究

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层目前的模型建立主要以渗流、管流或渗—管流结合等理论为基础,但是当储层内具有大尺度溶洞时,渗流理论不能准确表征宏观缝洞储集体；当储层内具有大开度裂缝时,其内部流体流动特征与平板流特征更为接近。因此,需要建立以裂缝平板流与宏观非均质性理论为基础的储层模型。根据气体物质守恒方程与流体力学方程,推导了更接近于真实大型裂缝中气体流动特征的平板流动模型,建立了串珠状缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏储层的宏观非均质数学模型,并通过数值方法求解出该模型定产量生产时井底压力与各溶洞压力数据。绘制出溶洞压力导数半对数曲线和井底压力双对数曲线,发现压力导数双对数曲线可以分为4段:井筒储集反应段、裂缝反应阶段、溶洞反应阶段和边界反应阶段。随后,分别研究了各类缝洞参数对压力导数双对数曲线形态特征的影响。研究表明,不同的缝洞参数会影响压力导数双对数曲线上相应阶段的形态特征。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.