L-精氨酸对STZ糖尿病大鼠心肌Ca~(2 )-泵和Na~ -K~ -泵功能影响的实验研究

目的 :观察补充外源性Ｌ -精氨酸 (Ｌ -Ａｒｇ)对实验性糖尿病大鼠心肌Ｎａ -Ｋ -ＡＴＰａｓｅ、Ｃａ2 -ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的影响 ,以探讨其在临床用于防治糖尿病性心血管系统并发症的可能性。方法 :纯系Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠 ,体重 ( 2 1 0 34± 2 5 2 1 )ｇ。随机分为 ( 1 )糖尿病模型组 ;( 2 )Ｌ -Ａｒｇ组 ;( 3)正常对照组 ,每组 1 0只。前两组在大鼠禁食 1 0ｈ后 ,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素 (ＳＴＺ) 60ｍｇ/ｋｇ体重 ,3ｄ后检测血糖 ,隔日一次 ,连续 3次保持血糖值 >1 6 65ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ ,确认模型成功。正常对照组则给予等量生理盐水腹腔注…     

高甘油三酯动物模型血脂组分变化和动脉粥样硬化病理特征

一、材料与方法1 动物模型及分组 :健康雄性新西兰大白兔 (体重 2 .5～3 .0ｋｇ)随机分为 4组 (每组 8只 ) :标准兔小颗粒饲料饲养组(ＳＣ组 )、高胆固醇饲养组 (ＨＣ组 )、链尿佐菌素 (ＳＴＺ)处理后饲养标准兔小颗粒饲料组 (ＳＴＺ ＳＣ组 )、ＳＴＺ处理后饲养高胆固醇饲料组 (ＳＴＺ ＨＣ组 )。模型建立及动物喂养参照Ｔｓｕｔｓｕｍｉ等[1] 方法 ,ＳＴＺ由ＢｏｅｈｒｉｎｇｅｒＭａｎｎｈｅｉｎｓ公司提供 ,按4 0ｍｇ/ｋｇ剂量将ＳＴＺ一次性注入新西兰大白兔腹腔 ,观察ＳＴＺ处理前后血脂、血糖及胰岛素变化。高胆固醇饲料组成 :标准…     

2型糖尿病并发肾病大鼠模型的制备

糖尿病肾病 (ＤＮ)是糖尿病 (ＤＭ)的主要慢性并发症 ,因其导致尿毒症死亡者约占糖尿病病人的 2 7%～ 31% [1 ] 。糖尿病肾病的动物模型一般采用大剂量ＳＴＺ腹腔注射的方法 ,但与 2型糖尿病肾病的病理变化仍存在一定差距。本文用小剂量ＳＴＺ腹腔注射 ,饲以高脂饲料 ,单侧肾切除相结合的方法收到较为满意的结果。1　材料与方法1 1　材料 :健康Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠 ,体重 180～ 2 30ｇ ,由湖南中医学院实验动物中心提供 ;ＳＴＺ(Ｓｉｇｍａ公司 )、高脂饲料 (基础饲料加蔗糖、炼猪油、鲜鸡蛋等混合而成 ,比例为 6∶0 5∶2 5∶1)、血糖仪…     

实验性糖尿病大鼠血清一氧化氮与肿瘤坏死因子的相关性研究

目的 :目前多数学者认为胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (ＩＤＤＭ)是在一定的遗传背景基础上 ,通过环境因素的作用诱发免疫机制的紊乱而发病。我们拟通过观察、分析糖尿病大鼠血清一氧化氮与肿瘤坏死因子的相关性。为从免疫病理的角度探讨糖尿病的发生机制提供理论依据。方法 :将Ｗｉｓ-ｔａｒ大鼠 2 2只 ,均为雄性 ,随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病一周组和四周组。糖尿病组均在乙醚麻醉下 ,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｚｏｔｏｃｉｎ ,ＳＴＺ) 60ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,0 .1ｍｏｌ/Ｌ枸橼酸—枸橼酸钠缓冲液 ,ｐＨ4.2 )术后 72ｈ测定空腹血糖 ,血糖 1 6～ 30…     

固定剂对MHCⅡ类抗原的影响

主要组织相容性 (ＭＨＣ)Ⅱ类抗原在同种异体心脏移植急性排斥免疫应答中起着重要作用〔1〕,因此检测ＭＨＣⅡ类抗原对研究心脏移植后的急性排斥具有重要意义。1　材料与方法1.1　材料　实验动物选用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠和ＳＤ大鼠各 16只 ,体重 30 0～ 4 5 0 ｇ ,♀♂不限 ,由中山医科大学实验动物中心提供 ,为清洁级。一抗为大鼠ＭＨＣＣｌａｓｓⅡ类分子Ｉ Ａ亚区的单克隆抗体Ｉａ(ＯＸ6 ) ,购自美国ＰｈａｒＭｉｎｇｅｎ公司 ,二抗和显色系统采用Ｄａｋｏ公司ＥｎＶｉｓｉｏｎＴＭ +Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ试剂盒 ,购自美国Ｄａｋｏ公司。冷冻切片采…     

App17肽对糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经中钠-钾ATP酶活性的影响

Ａｐｐ１７肽是产生老年斑的主要成分　－淀粉样前体蛋白中具有促进神经轴突生长、突触形成作用的一个肽段。为探讨Ａｐｐ１７肽在治疗糖尿病大鼠神经病变中的作用,本研究用链脲佐菌素（ＳＴＺ）诱发大鼠糖尿病,以坐骨神经中Ｎａ－Ｋ／ＡＴＰａｓｅ作为检测手段,观察了 Ａｐｐ １７肽对糖尿病大鼠的治疗效果。１材料和方法 将Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２４只,随机分为三组,正常组７只,糖尿病组９只,Ａｐｐｌ７肽治疗组８只。除正常组外,其余均按６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重的剂量腹腔注射链崛佐菌素（０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ柠檬酸缓冲液稀释为２％浓度）…     

胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)与胎儿宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)的探讨

胎儿宫内生长迟缓 (ＩＵＧＲ)是指足月胎儿体重 <2 5 0 0ｇ或胎儿体重低于同孕龄儿体重。是妊娠的重要并发症 ,也是造成围产儿死亡的重要原因之一。我国发病率为 6 39% ,其死亡数为正常新生儿的 4～ 6倍[1 ] 。ＩＵＧＲ患儿不仅出生时的体重及身高低于正常新生儿 ,而且在以后的成长中也表现出对某些疾病较高的易感性体格及智力发育的迟缓 ,如心血管疾病、代谢性疾病 ,尤其是非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病等发病率高于正常人。近年来众学者研究证明 ,胰岛素样生长因子 (ＩＧ Ｆｓ)是胎儿在宫内发育过程中起重要作用的生长因子 (ＩＧＦｓ有两种异构体…     

四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠主动脉金属元素含量与收缩反应的相关性

本实验通过对 4周四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠主动脉及对照大鼠主动脉 12种金属元素含量、主动脉环收缩反应张力的测定及其相关性分析 ,旨在了解糖尿病时主动脉金属元素含量变化与收缩反应的关系。材料和方法1　动物及糖尿病模型的复制Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雌性大鼠 (重庆医科大学实验动物中心提供 ) ,鼠龄 3月 ,体重 185 - 2 10ｇ ;四氧嘧啶 2 0 0ｍｇ/ｋｇＢＷ腹腔内注射 ,3ｄ后测定血糖 ,血糖≥ 13 9ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ的大鼠为糖尿病模型建立 (ｎ =12 ) ,继续饲养。至 4周时体重 190 - 2 15ｇ ,血糖14 0 - 18 7ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ ,平均 15 8ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ ,对照…     

高糖血症对内皮素缩血管作用的影响

高糖血症是糖尿病的主要病变 ,长期高糖血症又往往引起胰岛素水平的增高。目的 :为了研究高胰岛素环境中高糖血症对内皮素 - 1 (ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ - 1 ,ＥＴ - 1 )缩血管作用的影响及机制 ,进一步揭示糖尿病血管并发症的发生机理。方法 :用高糖饲料喂养Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠 1 2周后测得其血糖值明显高于对照组 (Ｐ <0 0 5)为高糖血症模型。将高糖组和对照组大鼠的离体主动脉血管环置于高于生理浓度 ( 4 0ｍＩＵ/Ｌ)的胰岛素环境中 ,观察两组大鼠对 1 0 - 9ｍｏｌ/ＬＥＴ - 1的反应 ;检测血浆ＮＯ-2 含量反映ＮＯ的含量 ;测定血管壁一氧化…     

产毒性大肠杆菌肠毒素对及豚鼠回肠上皮细胞的影响

产毒性大肠杆菌 (ｅｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｃＥｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ,ＥＴＥＣ)是引起人和家畜急性腹泻病的主要病原菌之一[1] 。ＥＴＥＣ的致病主要与肠毒素有关。它能产生两类肠毒素 :不耐热肠毒素(ｈｅａｔ ｌａｂｉｌｅｅｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｉｎ ,ＬＴ)和耐热肠毒素 (ｈｅａｔ ｓｔａｂｌｅｅｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｉｎ,ＳＴ)。为进一步探讨ＥＴＥＣ肠毒素的作用机制 ,本研究观察了ＬＴ和ＳＴ对豚鼠离体回肠上皮细胞的影响。1　材料与方法1 1　豚鼠 :为非纯种短毛白色豚鼠 ,体重 35 0～ 45 0ｇ ,雌雄不限 ,由本校动物所提供。1 2…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.