胸腔镜与开胸肺切除术的护理比较

目的比较胸腔镜肺切除术与开胸肺切除术的护理异同。方法对比分析我科2003年5月-2004年5月在胸腔镜辅助下经胸小切口完成肺切除术的病例44例及同期行开胸肺切除术的病例40例，比较2组患者术后疼痛程度及恢复情况。结果胸腔镜组患者术后疼痛程度明显低于开胸组，下床活动时间早于开胸组，术后住院时间明显缩短（P均〈0．01）；胸腔镜组患者留置胸管时间明显比开胸组短（P〈0．05）；2组患者术后胸腔引流量及体温变化差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论了解两种肺切除术临床护理的异同点，对提高胸腔镜肺切除术围手术期护理质量，促进患者康复具有重要的意义。     

胸腔镜术与开胸术治疗术后乳糜胸回顾性对比分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜术治疗术后乳糜胸的临床价值。方法回顾性对比分析11例术后乳糜胸病人施行胸导管结扎术的临床资料，其中6例行开胸手术（开胸组），5例行VATS（VATS组）。结果所有病例均顺利完成胸导管结扎术，VATS组的手术时间明显较开胸组延长（P〈0．05），术中出血量明显少于开胸组（P〈0．05），手术切口的愈合时间（P〈0．05）、术后住院时间（P〈0．05）均较开胸组明显缩短。术后疼痛评分（P〈0．05）、术后强止痛药（吗啡）用量（P〈0．05）明显少于开胸组，胸管引流时间（P〉0．05）、胸管引流量（P〉0．05）、血常规恢复至正常时间（P〉0．05）两组差异无显著性，两组均无术中、术后并发症，随访6-12个月，随访率100％，均无复发。结论电视胸腔镜手术治疗术后乳糜胸疗效确切，具有创伤小、出血少、疼痛轻、术后切口愈合快和住院时间短等优点．为治疗术后乳糜胸的首选方法。     

快速康复外科在甲状腺癌根治术围手术期护理中的应用

目的探讨观察快速康复外科在甲状腺癌根治术围手术期护理中的应用效果。方法选取我院行甲状腺癌根治术的甲状腺癌患者68例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组34例。所有患者均行甲状腺癌根治术,对照组患者术后给予常规的普通围手术期护理,观察组患者利用快速康复外科指导甲状腺癌根治术围手术期护理。对比两组患者对术后护理的满意度、术后疼痛反应程度、术后并发症的发生率、患者术后下床时间、术后住院时间以及患者住院总费用。结果观察组患者对护理的总体满意度高于对照组（P〈0．05）,患者术后疼痛反应程度明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,患者术后平均下床时间明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,患者术后平均住院时间明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,患者住院总费用明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论快速康复外科在甲状腺癌根治术围手术期护理中应用可提高护理质量,增加患者的满意度,降低护患纠纷的发生率,减轻患者术后疼痛,缩短手术患者住院时间,降低患者住院费用。     

电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术的费用分析

目的比较分析电视胸腔镜（VATS）和传统开胸单肺叶切除术患者的住院总费用、手术费用、药费、治疗费和术后住院天数。方法比较同一医院同期完成的VATS和传统开胸单肺叶切除术（VATS组88例，传统开胸组66例），术后均无严重并发症。结果VATS组总费用均值显著低于传统手术组，在统计学上差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；VATS组手术费用高于传统手术组（P〈0．01），VATS组药费明显低于传统手术组（P〈0．01）；VATS组治疗费明显低于传统手术组（P〈0．01）；VATS组术后住院天数明显低于传统手术组（P〈0．01）。结论VATS单肺叶切除术并没有加重患者的经济负担，随着技术的改进，手术费用会逐渐降低，胸腔镜手术在我国会得到更大范围的普及和发展。     

胸腔镜与开胸肺切除术的护理比较

目的比较胸腔镜肺切除术与开胸肺切除术的护理异同。方法对比分析我科2003年5月-2004年5月在胸腔镜辅助下经胸小切口完成肺切除术的病例44例及同期行开胸肺切除术的病例40例,比较2组患者术后疼痛程度及恢复情况。结果胸腔镜组患者术后疼痛程度明显低于开胸组,下床活动时间早于开胸组,术后住院时间明显缩短(P均<0.01);胸腔镜组患者留置胸管时间明显比开胸组短(P<0.05);2组患者术后胸腔引流量及体温变化差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论了解两种肺切除术临床护理的异同点,对提高胸腔镜肺切除术围手术期护理质量,促进患者康复具有重要的意义。     

系统性护理干预对食管癌开胸术后恢复的影响

目的探讨系统性护理干预对食管癌开胸术后恢复的影响。方法对2006年1月至2009年1月本院行食管癌开胸手术的60例患者，随机分为系统护理干预组和对照组，每组30例，比较两组患者的焦虑状况、配合情况以及对疼痛的耐受性、首次肠道排气时间、住院时间及术后并发症发生等情况。结果干预组患者焦虑程度明显低于对照组，组间比较差异具有统计学意义（u=5．03，P〈0．05）。干预组术后首次肠道排气时间为（48．29±5．23）h，对照组为（96．71±8．45）h，组间比较差异具有统计学意义（t=26．75，P〈0．01）。干预组患者住院时间为（10．36±1．54）d，对照组患者住院时间为（15．21±1．23）d，组间比较差异具有统计学意义（t=13．86，P〈0．01）。结论对食管癌开胸患者实施系统性护理干预，能更好地改善患者的焦虑状况，增强对疼痛的耐受性，增强治疗和护理的配合程度，并且术后胃肠功能较早恢复，缩短了住院时间，降低了术后并发症的发生。     

椎间盘镜下与传统椎间盘髓核摘除术的护理比较

目的比较椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术与传统椎间盘髓核摘除术的护理异同。方珐对比分析我科2003年9月至12月在椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术的病例34例及同期行传统椎间盘髓核摘除术的病例35例，比较两组患者伤口长度、出血量、术后恢复情况及疼痛程度。结果椎间盘镜组患者伤口长度，出血量明显低于传统组（P〈0．01）；椎间盘镜组患者离床活动时间早于传统组，因而发生尿潴留，便秘现象明显低于传统组（P〈0．01）；住院时间明显缩短；椎间盘镜组患者术后疼痛程度明显低于传统组；两组患者术后体温变化无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论了解两种髓核摘除术临床护理的异同点，对提高椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术围术期的护理质量，促进患者康复具有重要意义。     

腹腔镜和开腹胃癌根治术患者围术期护理的比较

目的比较腹腔镜和开腹胃癌根治术患者术后恢复情况，探讨两种胃癌根治术患者的围术期护理方法。方法对比分析2004年3月至2007年9月我科339例腹腔镜胃癌根治术和同期284例开腹胃癌根治术的病例，比较两组患者术后疼痛、恢复情况及护理措施。结果腹腔镜组患者术后疼痛程度明显低于开腹组，开始下床活动时间、进流质时间均早于开腹组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；腹腔镜组患者术后肛门排气、排便、拔除胃管的时间及平均住院日均少于开腹组患者，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；腹腔镜组患者术后并发症发生率为8．85％，开腹组术后并发症发生率为9．86％，两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术相对传统开腹手术而言具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点，其围术期护理的关键在于心理护理、术后病情观察和加强健康教育及饮食指导等。     

传统开胸和胸腔镜下肺切除治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的临床对比研究

目的：探讨传统开胸和胸腔镜下肺切除治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效。方法选取湖南省肿瘤医院2010年8月至2012年8月收治的老年非小细胞肺癌患者100例，随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组给予传统开胸手术治疗；观察组给予胸腔镜下肺切除术（VATS）治疗。对两组围术期临床指标、手术前后各时间段的血清C反应蛋白（CRP）及白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-8的浓度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、平均住院时间、术后疼痛强度评分及并发症的发生情况进行分析对比。结果两组患者年龄、术后病理类型及术后病理分期情况对比，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）；与术前1 d比较，两组术后4 h、1 d、2 d时点血清CRP、IL-6及IL-8浓度均明显升高（P＜0．05）；与传统开胸组相比，胸腔镜组术后4 h、1 d、2 d时点血清CRP、IL-6及IL-8浓度均明显降低（P＜0．05）；观察组在术中出血量、切口长度、平均手术时间、平均住院时间、胸液引流量、术后疼痛强度评分、带管时间、术后吗啡片用量方面较对照组均明显减少，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；观察组和对照组平均每例患者清扫淋巴结数目分别为（22．45＆#177;7．56）枚和（21．53＆#177;7．35）枚，差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）；两组术后肺部感染、心律失常、呼吸衰竭、肺栓塞、肩关节活动障碍并发症的发生率，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论胸腔镜下肺切除术治疗老年非小细胞肺癌更安全、快速、临床疗效显著，是老年非小细胞肺癌的首选治疗方法。     

经腋下竖直小切口治疗自发性气胸的疗效观察

目的：探讨腋下竖直小切口治疗自发性气胸的临床疗效。方法：对14例经腋下竖直小切口手术治疗的自发性气胸患者的临床资料进行分析，并与既往行常规后外侧切口手术进行比较。结果：观察组14例患者手术均顺利，均一次手术成功．无手术并发症；与对照组比较：手术时间、切口疼痛时间、术后住院时间均明显缩短（P均〈0．05）．术中失血量、术后胸腔引流量均明显减少（P均〈0．05）．治疗费用降低（P〈0．05）。结论：采用腋下竖直小切口治疗自发性气胸．具有创伤小、恢复快及费用低等优点，尤其在无胸腔镜的基层医院值得推广应用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.