七氟醚麻醉下欧普乐喉罩通气在介入手术全麻中的应用

目的比较七氟醚麻醉下喉罩通气和气管插管在介入手术全麻中的应用。方法 60例行介入手术治疗的患者随机分为欧普乐免充气喉罩组和气管插管组,术中以吸入七氟醚维持麻醉。记录在麻醉诱导前、诱导后(插入喉罩或气管导管前)、插入喉罩或气管导管后1min、5min、苏醒拔除喉罩或气管导管时的血压、心率、血氧饱和度(SPO2)及呼末二氧化碳(PETCO2)的变化,观察术毕患者呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间以及拔除时患者是否呛咳、躁动、恶心呕吐和咽喉部疼痛等并发症。结果喉罩通气组患者在麻醉诱导、术中维持及术后苏醒血流动力学平稳,苏醒迅速,不良反应发生率低。结论欧普乐免充气喉罩使用操作简单,刺激小,通气可靠,复合七氟醚麻醉,术中血流动力学平稳,术后苏醒快,较气管插管更适合应用于介入手术的治疗。     

SLIPA喉罩与气管插管在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的应用观察

目的比较SLIPA喉罩与气管插管用于颅内动脉瘤栓塞术时血压、心率的影响。方法择期行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术患者62例,随机分为SLIPA喉罩组和气管插管组。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、喉罩置入或气管插管后即刻(T2)、插入后5min(T3)、拔除喉罩或气管导管即刻(T4)、拔除后5min(T5)各时点血压、心率的变化;记录患者拔管时呛咳、躁动以及咽痛等并发症的发生情况。结果喉罩组围术期血压、心率平稳,气管插管组T2～T5时血压、心率均显著高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义;拔管时呛咳、躁动以及咽痛等并发症均显著高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义。结论喉罩通气操作简单,刺激小,通气可靠,术中血压、心率平稳,且不良反应少,可安全用于颅内动脉瘤栓塞术。     

SLIPA喉罩通气用于前列腺电切术对循环的影响

目的 探讨SLIPA喉罩在前列腺电切术中的应用价值.方法 100例前列腺电切术患者随机均分为SLIPA喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(T组).记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、置入喉罩或气管导管即刻(T1)、置入喉罩或气管导管后3 min(T2)、拔除喉罩或气管导管前(T3)及拔除喉罩/气管导管时(T4)的BP及HR.记录术后不良反应发生率.结果 与T0比较,T组T2及T5时,SBP、DBP显著升高,HR明显增快(P＜0.05);S组各时间点SBP、DBP、HR变化不明显.T2及T5时,S组BP低于T组,HR慢于T组(P＜0.05).S组拔除喉罩时的呛咳和术后咽喉疼痛的发生率低于T组(P＜0.05).结论 与常规气管插管比较,SLIPA喉罩用于前列腺电切术麻醉,操作方便,对循环影响小.     

SLIPA喉罩与气管内插管用于夹层主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中血流动力学比较

目的 比较应用SLIPA喉罩与气管导管两种气道管理方式对夹层主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者术中血流动力学影响,评价SLIPA喉罩在该手术中应用的安全性与优越性.方法 选取夹层主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者40例,随机均分喉罩观察组和气管插管对照组,记录诱导后喉罩/气管插管前(T0),置入喉罩/气管导管即刻(T1),置入喉罩/气管导管后5 min(T3),拔除喉罩/气管导管前(T4),拔除喉罩/气管导管后5 min(T5)HR、MAP的变化值.结果 对照组在T1、T3、T4时点HR、MAP明显增高,与T0相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组在T1、T3、T4时点与观察组同时点HR、MAP比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在夹层主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中使用SLIPA喉罩优于气管内插管,麻醉诱导与苏醒期患者的血流动力学更稳定,应激反应轻,安全性好,是一种值得推荐的麻醉气道管理新途径.     

深麻醉下拔管更换喉罩通气在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用

目的：探讨深麻醉下拔管更换喉罩通气在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用。方法择期行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的患者40例,随机分为清醒后拔管组（对照组, n ＝20）和深麻醉下拔管更换喉罩通气组（试验组, n ＝20）,所有患者均采用静脉复合麻醉,对照组术毕停药,清醒后拨出气管导管,实验组术毕在深麻醉下拨出气管导管更换喉罩通气,插入喉罩后再停药,待清醒后拨出喉罩。记录2组患者麻醉诱导前（T0）、拔管或拔除喉罩前5 min（T1）、拔管或拔除喉罩时（T2）、拔管或拔除喉罩后5 min时（T3）的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）的变化,并计算心率与收缩压乘积（RPP）,间接了解心肌耗氧量;观察2组患者苏醒期发生躁动及呛咳的情况。结果对照组在T1、T2、T3时点的MAP、HR、RPP较麻醉诱导前明显升高（ P ＜0．05）;试验组在T1、T2、T3时点的MAP、HR、RPP低于对照组（ P ＜0．05）,试验组苏醒期躁动、呛咳的发生率明显低于对照组（ P ＜0．05）。结论深麻醉下拔管更换喉罩通气能降低颈动脉内膜剥脱术患者拔管期的应激反应,维持血流动力学平稳,且苏醒期不良反应少。     

喉罩联合丙泊酚靶控输注在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 观察喉罩联合丙泊酚靶控输注应用于妇科腹腔镜手术的效果及安全性.方法 选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄18～45岁,择期进行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者60例,将其随机分为两组:A组(喉罩联合丙泊酚靶控输注),B组(气管插管联合丙泊酚静脉输注).记录两组患者诱导前、诱导3 min、置入喉罩(气管导管)即刻、置入喉罩(气管导管)后5 min、拔除喉罩(气管导管)即刻、拔除喉罩(气管导管)后5min的平均动脉压( MAP)和心率(HR)变化.记录两组患者的苏醒时间、拔除喉罩(气管导管)时间.记录两组患者拔除喉罩(气管导管)时的呛咳、咽痛、声嘶等不良反应的发生率.结果 A组患者在置入喉罩即刻、置入喉罩后5 min及拔除喉罩即刻、拔除喉罩后5 min的平均动脉压、心率无明显变化,与诱导前相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05);B组患者在置入气管导管即刻、置入气管导管后5 min及拔除气管导管即刻、拔除气管导管后5 min的平均动脉压和心率显著升高,与诱导前相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05).A组患者的苏醒时间、拔除喉罩(气管导管)的时间明显短于B组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).A组患者拔除喉罩(气管导管)时的呛咳反应、术后24h咽痛等不良反应的发生率明显低于B组,差异有显著性(P＜ 0.05).结论 喉罩联合丙泊酚靶控输注应用于妇科腹腔镜手术插管刺激小、血流动力学平稳、术毕清醒快、拔管早、术后并发症少,是妇科腹腔镜手术较理想的麻醉选择.     

食管引流型喉罩在鼻内镜下手术麻醉中的应用

目的探讨第三代喉罩(LMA-ProSeal,PLMA)在鼻内镜下手术中的应用价值。方法28例择期鼻内镜下手术患者随机分成2组,每组14例,Ⅰ组用第三代喉罩(PLMA),Ⅱ组用气管导管(TT)。监测并记录置入喉罩或插管前后,拔除喉罩或气管导管前后心率(HR),平均动脉压(MAP)的变化;术中和术后发生各种并发症的情况。结果Ⅰ组置入和拔除喉罩前后HR、MAP无明显变化(P>0.05),Ⅱ组插入气管导管和拔除气管导管前后HR、MAP比插管前明显升高(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组拔除喉罩时患者呛咳、体动、术后咽喉痛以及术后恶心呕吐的发生明显少于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论鼻内镜下手术中使用第三代喉罩具有血流动力学平稳,通气功能良好,麻醉用药少,苏醒快,并发症少的优点且操作简单,安全有效。     

喉罩替代气管导管对腹腔镜手术围拔管期应激反应的影响

目的 探讨全麻腹腔镜手术即将结束麻醉深度减浅前,喉罩替代气管导管通气预防围拔管期应激反应的效果.方法 选择择期行全麻腹腔镜手术患者60例,随机分为更换喉罩组(A组,30例)和继续保留气管导管组(B组,30例).记录每组患者入室诱导前(T0)、减浅麻药前(T1)、停药后3 min (T2)、5 min (T3)、拔除气管导管或喉罩时(T4)、拔除气管导管或喉罩后3 min (T5)、5 min (T6)的BP、HR、SpO2和PET CO2,并计算各时点心肌耗氧间接指标(RPP,收缩压与HR的乘积)及采集各时间点外周静脉血检测血糖及血浆皮质醇水平;A组记录麻醉深度减浅前即拔管前(t1)、拔管时(t2)、插入LMP时(t3)的HR、BP变化;观察围拔管期两组患者呛咳和躁动发生情况及术后1天咽部不适的发生率.结果 A组在更换喉罩期间,血流动力学平稳;T2、T3、T4、T5时,B组的SBP、DBP、HR、RPP及血糖和血浆皮质醇均明显高于T0时,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而A组的相应各指标波动不明显(P＞0.05),且两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在各时间点,两组患者SpO2、PET CO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).围拔管期,B组呛咳、躁动及术后咽部不适的发生率均高于A组(P＜0.05).结论 全麻腹腔镜手术手术即将结束麻醉深度减浅前,拔除气管导管、更换喉罩通气预防围拔管期过度应激反应,安全有效.     

喉罩在婴幼儿眼科手术麻醉中的应用

目的探讨喉罩应用于婴幼儿眼科手术麻醉的可行性及安全性。方法选择择期行眼科手术患儿60例,随机分为喉罩组(喉罩组)和气管插管组(插管组),每组30例。2组均采用静脉麻醉方法诱导与维持,记录插入喉罩(导管)前(T0)、插入即刻(T1)、插入喉罩(导管)后2min(T2)、拔除喉罩(导管)前2min(T3)、拔除喉罩(导管)即刻(T4)、拔除喉罩(导管)后2min(T5)时间点心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MBP)、眼内压值及术后并发症。结果与插管组比较,喉罩组T1、T2、T4时HR较慢,MBP较低(P<0.05),T1时眼压较低(P<0.05),苏醒期呛咳、声嘶、肢体躁动、舌后坠等不良事件发生率较低(P<0.05)。结论喉罩可安全用于婴幼儿眼科手术的麻醉,诱导期及苏醒期血流动力学平稳,眼压稳定,且麻醉效果满意,并发症少。     

高血压病人术毕喉罩通气替换气管导管的临床观察

目的比较高血压病人全麻术后,拔除气管导管置入喉罩,与保留气管导管,预防心血管反应的效果。方法选择择期高血压全麻手术病人40例,ASA分级II~III。术毕停止给麻药前将气管导管拔出,插入普通型喉罩为喉罩通气组（L组n=20）和继续保留气管导管通气组（T组n=20）。记录每组病人入室诱导前,停止麻醉前,停药后1、3、5min,拔管或喉罩时,拔管或喉罩后1、3min的心率,血压、RPP。L组记录拔管前、拔管后插入LMP即刻、插入LMP后心率、血压。比较两组病人麻醉诱导期和苏醒期高血压、心率、呛咳、躁动的发生及情况。结果 L组在术毕拔出气管导管置入喉罩期间,血流动力学平稳。TT组与诱导前比较在停止麻醉后1、3、5min拔管时,拔管后1、3minBP、DP、HR、RPP升高（P〈0.05）。L组与诱导前比较在停止麻醉后1、3、5min,拔除后1、3min,BP,HR,RPP,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,与T组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论高血压病人全麻术毕后,喉罩通气替代气管导管发生高血压、呛咳、躁动等不良反应的几率降低,有利于血流动力学的稳定。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.