白山市麻疹强化免疫效果评价

目的评价白山市实施麻疹疫苗(MV)强化免疫的效果。方法利用本市MV强化免疫报告及估算接种率、《中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统》、《疑似预防接种异常反应信息管理系统》的数据资料,评价本市MV强化免疫效果。结果本市2010年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童49 022人,报告接种率为97.53%,估算接种率为91.10%。强化免疫后半年内无麻疹发病,发生MV接种反应30例,接种反应发生率为0.06%。结论本市2010年麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,为达到控制和消除麻疹目标,必须建立所有人群的有效免疫屏障,才能彻底阻断麻疹病毒传播。     

贵州省麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的 分析贵州省麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果,探讨加速控制麻疹策略.方法 综合分析强化免疫接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料.结果 MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童8 611 528人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均>95%,免疫后人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、几何平均滴度显著升高,麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降98%.<5岁和<1岁病例构成比相对增加,2006年占总病例数的80.8%、37.0%,病例中81.9%无MV免疫史或免疫史不详,报告病例中约1/3是风疹.结论 贵州省MV强化免疫效果显著,高质量强化免疫是迅速控制麻疹流行、降低麻疹发病率的重要措施.为保持MV强化免疫取得的成果,必须提高常规免疫接种率,加强入托、入学查验预防接种证制度,使漏种儿童得到补种,同时在强化免疫后3～4年考虑开展MV后续免疫.     

通辽市科尔沁区2007年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的 总结通辽市科尔沁区2007年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果,探讨消除麻疹策略.方法 综合分析MV强化免疫现场调查资料,评估报告和法定传染病报告系统资料.结果 通辽市科尔沁区2007年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童29 034人,报告接种率和调查接种率均>95%,强化免疫后麻疹发病锐减.结论 该区2007年麻疹发病虽显著降低,但今后仍需加强常规免疫工作,保持高水平的实际免疫覆盖率和免疫成功率,尤其是大年龄组人群,消除免疫空白.     

青海省2006年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的总结青海省2006年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果,探讨消除麻疹策略。方法综合分析MV强化免疫现场调查资料、评估报告和法定传染病报告系统资料。结果青海省2006年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童1 100 315人,报告接种率和调查接种率均>95%;强化免疫后麻疹发病锐减;漏卡儿童和零剂次免疫儿童主要分布在个别地区8～11月龄婴儿中。结论青海省2006年MV强化免疫后麻疹发病显著降低;但某些地区常规免疫服务质量如不能明显加强,需考虑4～5年后开展MV后续免疫。     

贵州省麻疹疫苗后续强化免疫效果分析

目的分析贵州省麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)后续强化免疫效果,探讨消除麻疹策略。方法综合分析后续强化免疫接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料。结果本次强化免疫共接种目标儿童3279288人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均95%,免疫后人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、保护率和几何平均滴度显著升高,麻疹发病率较后续强化免疫前下降79.1%。结论贵州省MV后续强化免疫效果显著,适时开展后续强化免疫是保持麻疹低发病率水平的重要措施。为实现消除麻疹目标,应加强常规免疫和麻疹监测,适时开展麻疹疫苗查漏补种或后续强化免疫,保证2剂次麻疹疫苗接种率≥95%。     

龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动效果评价

目的评价龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫活动效果。方法对MV强化免疫摸底质量、接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料进行分析。结果 MV强化免疫共接种8月龄～14岁目标儿童387 998人,报告接种率和调查接种率均〉95%,免疫后人群麻疹抗体阳性率和抗体滴度均显著升高,麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降了93.98%。结论龙岩市2009年麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,发病率已降至1/100万以下。为保持强化免疫取得的成果,应做好常规免疫和麻疹监测工作,适时开展后续免疫。     

临沂市1999～2004年麻疹监测与控制分析

目的了解临沂市麻疹流行病学特征和麻疹监测系统运转状况。方法对1999~2004年麻疹监测和预防接种资料进行分析、评价。结果临沂市1999~2004年共报告疑似麻疹1 010例,较法定传染病报告系统(883例)多14.38%,其中诊断麻疹804例。麻疹发病有明显春末夏初季节高峰。疑似麻疹病例的及时报告、及时调查、合格血清标本采集率分别为96.42%、90.56%、44.16%。1999~2004年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)常规免疫、强化免疫的报告接种率均>90%。结论接种MV是控制麻疹的基础,适时开展MV强化免疫,消除免疫空白,提高麻疹监测质量,是加速控制麻疹的关键。     

贵州省麻疹疫苗强化免疫试点结果分析

为迅速降低麻疹发病率 ,贵州省将在全省范围内对 8月龄～ 12岁儿童开展一次麻疹疫苗 (MV)强化免疫 ,为保证活动顺利实施 ,2 0 0 3年在黔南布依族苗族自治州进行了试点 ,对所有 8月龄～ 6岁儿童、<13岁在校小学生和7～ 12岁辍学儿童中 ,无预防接种证或接种MV <2次的儿童均接种 1针MV(0 2ml)。结果显示 :实际接种儿童819732人 ,报告接种率 98 6 % ;学龄前儿童、在校学生和辍学儿童报告接种率均 >95 %。省、州两级快速调查接种率 >96 % ,用贵州年鉴公布的人口资料推算 ,估算接种率在 82 %以上。用常规免疫和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫资料推算 ,8～ 11月龄和 1岁儿童估算接种率 >报告接种率。此次MV强化免疫基本达到预期目标。     

武汉市汉阳区麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种效果分析

目的探讨控制麻疹发病策略及措施,评价麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果。方法对汉阳区2009年10月8月龄~14周岁目标儿童实施麻疹强化免疫情况分析,评价强化免疫效果。结果全区调查摸底目标儿童63 520例,实际接种61 241例,其中报告接种率为96.41%,估算接种率为94.38%,D值(0.02)<0.05,报告接种率可信;快速评估接种率为96.11%,第三方评估接种率为94.48%,较报告接种率差异均无统计学意义;常住儿童报告接种率为96.37%,流动儿童报告接种率为96.57%,差异无统计学意义;强化免疫后麻疹报告发病率明显下降;麻疹抗体水平监测强化后阳性率为92.26%。结论控制和消除麻疹发病,除加强传染源(患者)管理外,最有效的措施是强化易感人群麻疹疫苗接种工作,提高人群免疫水平,构筑目标人群免疫屏障,加强麻疹疫情及健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测,保护儿童健康。     

百色市2010年麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动分析

目的 总结分析百色市麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动的数据,为制定"消除麻疹"策略提供依据.方法 对百色市所有8月龄~14岁儿童(包括流动儿童),无论既往有无接种史或患病史,均接种1剂次麻疹疫苗.通过收集整理全市MV强化免疫报表数据和现场评估等情况,采用流行病学方法进行分析.结果 本次强化免疫摸底应种儿童数为699 354人,报告接种人数669 411人,报告接种率为95.72%;麻疹疫苗强化免疫疑似预防接种异常反应报告发生率为2.09/10万;强化免疫后全市尚无麻疹病例报告.结论 麻疹疫苗强化免疫是控制和消除麻疹的有效措施,可迅速提高人群免疫水平,控制麻疹的暴发或流行效果显著.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.