母亲血铅对婴幼儿智商的影响研究

为探讨母亲血铅对其婴幼儿智力和精神运动发育的影响。选择在沈阳市３个区居住的新婚夫妇,对其跟踪调查,采集并测定孕前、孕中、产前妇女的静脉血血铅浓度和脐带血血铅浓度,并对小孩出生后的不同时期测量的智力发育指数（ＭＤＩ）和精神运动发育指数（ＰＤＩ）与其母亲的血铅浓度和脐带血铅浓度进行相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果表明：２３３例新婚妇女孕前时期的血铅浓度为１１．５８μｇ／ｄｌ;７０例孕早血和６６例产前血及７     

婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露关系的队列研究

[目的]了解婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露的关系,为防治和减轻铅暴露对婴幼儿的不利影响提供科学依据。[方法]采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,在环境铅污染区建立新婚夫妇研究队列,分别在女方怀孕前、孕中期、分娩时以及子代婴幼儿期采集血样,并用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅水平;纵向分析出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿血铅水平的影响。[结果]基线血铅明显高于孕中血铅和脐带血铅,且孕中血铅、脐带血铅与基线血铅高度相关(P<0.01);婴幼儿血铅要明显高于母亲基线血铅、孕中血铅和脐带血铅(P<0.01),且婴幼儿血铅与母亲基线血和脐带血血铅均呈正相关,但差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前宫内暴露和出生后环境暴露均有关,但与后者关系可能更密切。     

北京石景山地区孕妇及婴幼儿血铅动态研究

在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京石景山地区２７０名孕妇及其婴儿进行了血铅的追踪调查。结果显示：孕３月血铅水平为４５．０μｇ／Ｌ，分娩前血铅水平为６４．８μｇ／Ｌ，孕期血铅呈升高趋势，其中后３月升高明显，分娩前血铅约为孕３月血铅的１．５倍；脐带血铅水平为５１．９μｇ／Ｌ，其中有１０．４％的胎儿脐血铅高于１００μｇ／Ｌ；婴幼儿血铅随月龄增加呈升高趋势，６月龄后升高明显。相关分析显示：妊娠３月血铅与妊娠６月血铅之间、分娩前血铅与脐带血铅之间、脐带血铅与婴幼儿血铅之间均有显著相关关系（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中分娩前血铅与脐带血铅之间、６月龄血铅与１２月龄血铅之间的相关系数分别为０．８０、０．４７。作者对孕期血铅升高及婴幼儿血铅随月龄升高的原因进行了分析。     

铅暴露对婴幼儿发育商数影响的队列研究

目的 了解婴幼儿出生前后铅暴露对其智力发育的影响。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究的方法。建立新婚夫妇研究队列，进行基线调查、孕前观察、孕期随访、分娩及新生儿情况记录，及子代发育商数测定和跟踪问卷调查；并用石墨炉原子吸收法测定基线血、孕中血、脐带血和婴幼儿血铅水平；纵向分析出生前后铅暴露水平对婴幼儿智力发育的影响。结果婴幼儿适应性行为能区发育商在父亲基线血铅高、低2组间，语言和个人-社交行为能区发育商数在婴幼儿血铅高低2组间差异有统计学意义。相关分析显示不同血样的血铅水平与婴幼儿5个行为能区发育商数均呈负相关，逐步回归分析显示，婴幼儿每个行为能区发育商数均与不同个体的血铅水平有关。结论 环境铅暴露可能导致婴幼儿智力发育迟缓，且不同行为能区发育的损伤程度与出生前后不同时期的暴露有关，防治铅对儿童的危害应在出生前就开始。     

北京石景山地区孕妇女婴幼儿血铅动态研究

在严格的质量保证措施下，北京石景山地区２７０名孕妇及其婴儿进行了血铅的追瞎调查。结果显示：孕３月血铅水平为４５．０μｇ／Ｌ，分娩前血铅水平为６４．８μｇ／Ｌ，孕期血铅呈升高趋势，其中后３月升高明显，分娩前血铅约为孕３月血铅的１．５倍；脐带血铅水平为５１．９μｇ／Ｌ，其中有１０．４％的胎儿脐血铅高于１００μｇ／Ｌ；     

出生前后铅暴露对儿童智力的影响

[目的]研究出生前后不同时期儿童铅暴露及其父母基线血铅、母亲孕中期血铅等对儿童智力的影响。 [方法]采用前瞻性研究方法,从1996年开始在铅污染较严重的安徽省池州市贵池区进行了为期9年的流行病学调查。对新婚夫妇进行追踪观察至分娩,期间对夫妇进行基线调查,孕前观察,孕期随访,分娩情况记录,并定期观察随访其子代发育情况。共采集到210对夫妇基线血样,93份孕中血样,98份脐带血样。分别于2001年和2004年2次系统地对他们的子代进行体格检查和问卷调查,用中国-韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WYCSI)对儿童进行智力测试(2004年),并采集幼儿指血165份、儿童指血161份。采用PE-AA800原子吸收光谱仪进行血铅水平检测。[结果]①母亲基线血铅、父亲基线血铅、儿童血铅、婴幼儿血铅、脐带血铅和孕中血铅几何均数超过0．48 μmol/L(100μg/L)的样本所占比率分别为 32．38％、38．09％、45．30％、43．03％、10．20％和9．68％．②高血铅组儿童的动物下蛋、视觉分析、操作智商和总智商的得分显著低于正常血铅组儿童得分(P<0．05)。③儿童图片概括得分与其幼儿时期血铅水平(b=-0．187,P<0．05)、母亲基线血铅水平(6=-0．147,P<0．05)呈负相关;儿童领悟项目得分与父亲基线血铅水平呈负相关(6=-0．172,P<0．05);而儿童动物下蛋、视觉分析、操作智商得分均与儿童当前血铅水平呈负相关(P<0．05)。[结论]儿童出生前后不同时期铅暴露水平,特别是当前血铅水平对儿童智力有一定的不良影响,并以影响操作智商为主。     

环境铅污染对幼儿体格发育的影响

目的研究出生前后不同时期婴幼儿铅暴露水平及其父母基线血铅水平、母亲孕中血铅水平等对其幼儿体格发育的影响及其关联程度,为控制铅危害提供依据。方法采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,从1996年开始在环境铅污染较严重的安徽省池州市某区进行了为期6年的流行病学调查。研究组对1996年12月~1998年12月间参加婚检并准备怀孕的新婚夫妇进行追踪观察至分娩。其间对观察对象进行基线调查,孕前观察,孕期随访,分娩情况记录,并定期观察随访其子代发育情况。共采集210对夫妇基线血样,93份孕中血样,98份脐带血样。采用PE-AA800原子吸收光谱仪进行血铅水平检测。2001年11月,研究组再次系统地对队列内夫妇的子代进行体格检查和儿童问卷调查,并在婴幼儿体检时采集到指血165份进行血铅水平检测。结果母亲基线血铅、父亲基线血铅、婴幼儿血铅、脐带血铅和孕中血铅几何均值(G±s)依次为62.71±2.18μg/L、72.93±2.06μg/L、130.39±1.88μg/L、54.32±2.11μg/L和50.93±1.95μg/L;血铅超过100μg/L样本所占比率分别为32.38%、38.09%、43.03%、10.20%和9.68%。脐带血铅与幼儿身长Z标准分间相关有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素逐步回归分析显示幼儿血铅水平与幼儿身高增长率呈负相关(β=-0.03843,P<0.05)。结论出生前后不同时期铅暴露水平对婴幼儿的体格发育有一定的不良影响。     

出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿体格发育的影响

目的了解环境铅污染区婴幼儿出生前后铅暴露对其体格发育的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,在环境铅污染区建立新婚夫妇研究队列,并进行基线调查、孕前观察、孕期随访、分娩及新生儿情况记录,在子代婴幼儿期进行体格测量和跟踪问卷调查;分别采取相应时期血样用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅水平;纵向分析出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿体格发育的影响。结果婴幼儿身高Z标准分在母亲基线血铅高、低2组间,胸围Z标准分在父、母亲基线血铅高、低2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);24月以内的身高增长率,在父、母亲基线血和婴幼儿血3种血铅高、低2组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同血样的血铅水平与体格发育指标Z标准分和身高增长率均呈负相关。结论环境铅暴露导致的婴幼儿体格发育迟缓与出生后暴露和出生前宫内暴露有关,与父母亲体内基线铅负荷过高有关,防治铅对儿童的危害应在出生前就开始。     

环境铅污染对儿童行为影响的队列研究

目的研究不同时期儿童铅暴露水平及其父母基线血铅、母亲孕中血铅等对儿童行为的影响.方法 1996-2004年,采用前瞻性队列研究方法,在环境铅污染较严重的安徽省池州市贵池区,对队列内新婚夫妇进行追踪观察至分娩,其间对夫妇进行基线调查、孕前观察、孕期随访、分娩情况记录,并定期观察随访其子代发育情况.共采集到210对夫妇基线血样,93份孕中血样,98份脐带血样.分别于2001年和2004年系统地对队列内夫妇的子代进行体格检查和儿童问卷调查,用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL,家长用)对队列内儿童进行了行为问题测试,并采集幼儿指血165份、儿童指血161份,采用PE-AA800原子吸收光谱仪进行血铅水平检测.结果母亲基线血铅、父亲基线血铅、儿童血铅、幼儿血铅、脐带血铅和孕中血铅几何均值(G±s)依次为(62.71±2.18)、(72.93±2.06)、(91.93±1.58)、(130.39±1.88)、(54.32±2.11)和(50.93±1.95)μg/L;血铅超过100μg/L的样本所占比率分别为32.38%,38.10%,45.34%,43.03%,10.20%和9.68%.男童违纪和分裂样因子得分高于女童,而抑郁和社交退缩因子得分低于女童(P＜0.05).幼儿行为异常发生率为16.1%,其中男、女儿童的发生率分别为15.7%,16.7%.儿童分裂样因子得分与母亲孕中血铅水平呈正相关(β=0.168,P＜0.05);女孩残忍因子得分与脐带血铅水平呈正相关(β=0.294,P＜0.05);而总分、抑郁、多动、违纪、社交退缩、分裂样、攻击性、强迫性(男)因子得分与儿童血铅水平呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论出生前后不同时期铅暴露水平对儿童行为有一定的不良影响,尤以儿童当前血铅水平影响更为显著.     

儿童血铅与胎儿期铅污染的关系

目的了解儿童血铅水平与胎儿期铅污染的关系。方法采集1～5岁儿童手指血和新生儿出生时的脐带血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅浓度。结果1122例儿童血铅平均为（0.42±0.15）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的儿童占27.54％;127例新生儿脐带血铅平均为（0.16±0.12）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的新生儿占0.79％。结论儿童血铅水平高主要是环境污染和生活行为引起,儿童在胎儿期血铅的本底水平已较高,所以预防儿童铅中毒应从孕妇做起。     

Lead

The degree of lead poisoning in wild rats from two environments has been studied. Wild rats captured in an urban area had markedly elevated tissue lead compared with values in rural rats. This elevation may have been caused by differences in factors affecting absorption of ingested lead or an elevated respiratory exposure to airborne lead, or both, and lead in precipitated dust.

Changes in several biologic indexes (depression of Δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase in kidney and red blood cells, presence of renal intranuclear inclusion bodies, and increased kidney weight) confirmed lead-poisoning in urban rats.     

Blood Lead and Haemoglobin in Lead Absorption

In an analysis of blood lead and haemoglobin estimations from 655 lead workers, there was no indication of any change in the haemoglobin until the blood lead exceeded 110 μg./100 ml.; the slight fall at higher levels of blood lead was not significant at the 5% level of confidence.

Sixty-seven men who had blood leads greater than 90 μg./100 ml. were examined clinically. One had a low haemoglobin but none had symptoms or signs that were likely to be due to lead absorption. A further 18 men had haemoglobins of 89% (13 g./100 ml.) or less. None was thought to be low due to lead absorption.

The absence of symptoms, signs, and low haemoglobins in association with relatively high blood leads is unlikely to be due to errors in blood lead or haemoglobin estimation. Alternative possibilities are that there were no susceptible workers among those studied; or that the stable conditions of exposure in this population allowed the development of relatively high blood leads without other evidence of high lead absorption.

When the haemoglobin is abnormal, blood lead observations may be more meaningful if a correction factor, approximately equal to [Formula: see text] is used.

It is concluded that in a population where sophisticated lead control is practised no purpose is served by estimating haemoglobins in all lead workers every three months, but only in those whose blood lead is likely to be in excess of 110 μg./100 ml. It may also be of value in the first year of exposure to detect susceptible workers.

     

铅作业工人血铅、尿铅和血常规检测结果分析

目的比较铅作业工人和非铅作业工人血铅、尿铅和血红蛋白浓度的差异。了解长期低铅作业工人的健康状况。方法对2009年天津市某蓄电池厂400例铅作业工人和120例非铅作业工人分别进行血铅、尿铅和血红蛋白浓度的测定,并对结果进行统计学处理。结果铅作业组血红蛋白浓度低于非铅作业组。而血铅、尿铅浓度均显著高于非铅作业组（P〈0.01）。并且血铅和血红蛋白浓度间呈负相关性（r=-0.442）,尿铅与血铅和血红蛋白间的相关性均不理想（r值分别为-0.026和-0.018）。结论长期低铅作业可导致人体血铅尿铅升高,血红蛋白降低,但尿铅浓度波动大,且影响因素多,不能精确反映体内铅积蓄量,结果与其他指标的相关性较差。     

Roadside Lead Contamination in the Missouri Lead Belt

The lead content of soils and vegetation along highways used for truck transport of lead concentrate (essentially lead sulfide) from mines and mills to smelters, was compared with that of control routes with comparable amounts of traffic but no ore transport.

Greatly elevated levels of lead were present in soils and vegetation along rights-of-way of ore truck routes. Contamination was limited for the most part to 100 yards or less.

This dispersal of lead into the environment could be prevented largely by use of tight covers on the ore vats of the trucks. This is a case of needless contamination of our environment with a toxic substance that can have serious health implications for man and other animal life.     

某铅冶炼厂周围环境铅污染调查

目的了解X铅冶炼厂对周围环境的污染程度,摸清环境污染现状。方法对厂址周围农田土壤、底泥、水质、环境空气、院落尘土、固废、农作物的铅进行监测分析。结果农灌井水中铅浓度最高为3.1mg/L,超标30.0倍;鱼塘水中铅浓度为0.07mg/L,超标0.40倍;鱼塘底泥中铅含量为1101.5mg/kg,超标0.10倍;河流底泥中铅含量最高为7400.0mg/kg,超标6.40倍;调查区域内的农田土壤样品中铅含量范围为47.0～287.9mg/kg,X铅冶炼厂周围400m范围内农田土壤中铅含量平均值为195.0mg/kg,超过对照点均值(34.4mg/kg)160.6mg/kg,调查区域内的农田土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,距厂址越近、下风向的农田土壤铅污染越严重。结论X铅冶炼厂对周围环境造成了不同程度的铅污染,是造成部分群众血铅超标的主要污染源。     

Lead toxicity

Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental toxins. Despite intensive study, there is still vigorous debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, but any legislation must be based on a genuine scientific evaluation of the available evidence.