硒对镉诱导的在体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤、细胞凋亡和细胞增殖的影响

目的　研究亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖周期变化以及DNA相对含量的影响。方法　选用雄性SD大鼠 ,每组 5只 ,用 5 μmol/kg亚硒酸钠分别与5、10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉联合作用 ,腹腔注射染毒。用单细胞凝胶电泳研究DNA损伤 ,用末端标记法 (TUNEL)和流式细胞术检测大鼠肝细胞凋亡 ,用流式细胞术研究细胞增殖周期和DNA相对含量。结果　 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠对 5、10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤和细胞凋亡显示出良好的拮抗作用 ,也可使DNA损伤率和细胞凋亡率显著下降。 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠明显抑制5 μmol/kg氯化镉引起的G0 /G1期细胞减少 ,并使 10 μmol/kg和 2 0 μmol/kg氯化镉引起减少的G2 /M期细胞显著增多。 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠还对 10 μmol/kg和 2 0 μmol/kg氯化镉引起的DNA相对含量的下降表现出拮抗作用。结论　一定剂量的亚硒酸钠对一定剂量的氯化镉诱导的DNA损伤、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖周期变化和DNA相对含量下降具有一定的拮抗作用     

镉对大鼠肝细胞增殖周期和DNA合成的影响

目的　研究氯化镉对大鼠肝细胞增殖周期和DNA合成的影响。方法　选用雄性SD大鼠 ,每组 5只 ,用5 ,10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉腹腔注射染毒。用流式细胞术研究大鼠肝细胞增殖周期和DNA相对含量 (DNARC) ,用单细胞凝胶电泳检测DNA损伤。结果　 5 ,10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉均可使大鼠肝细胞G0 /G1期细胞显著减少 ,S期和G2 /M期细胞以及增殖指数变化不明显。 5 ,10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉可引起大鼠肝细胞DNARC显著下降 ,DNA损伤率较对照组显著增高 ,而且DNARC和DNA损伤率之间存在负相关关系 ,随DNA损伤率的增高 ,DNARC下降 ,相关系数为 :- 0 9990 (P <0 0 1)。结论　一定剂量的氯化镉不仅改变了大鼠肝细胞的增殖周期 ,还引起DNA损伤并影响DNA合成使DNA相对含量显著下降     

硒对镉诱导的离体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的作用

目的　研究亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的离体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法　用8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠分别与 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0μmol/L的氯化镉联合作用 ,用单细胞凝胶电泳检测大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤。 结果　 8 75 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠对 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤都有拮抗作用 ;17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠对 17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉显示拮抗作用 ,而对 8 75μmol/L氯化镉拮抗作用不明显 ;当亚硒酸钠为 35 0 0 μmol/L时 ,则对 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉没有明显拮抗作用。从氯化镉的角度 ,当氯化镉为 8 75 μmol/L时 ,只有8 75 μmol/L亚硒酸钠拮抗作用最明显 ;当氯化镉为 17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L时 ,8 75 μmol/L和 17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠有拮抗作用 ,17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠的拮抗作用又优于 8 75 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠。结论　一定剂量的亚硒酸钠拮抗一定剂量的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤与亚硒酸钠的剂量有关 ,随剂量增加 ,拮抗作用下降 ,而且也与亚硒酸钠和氯化镉的相对剂量有关。     

硒和锌对氟致大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡及增殖周期变化的影响

目的 研究一定剂量的硒和锌对氟引起的大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡和细胞增殖周期变化的作用。方法 给Wstar大鼠饮用含50mg／L氟化钠的高氟水,同时通过灌胃方式给予不同剂的硒和锌制剂。6个月后,用TUNEL法和流式细胞术检测大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡和细胞增殖周期的变化。结果 氟能明显诱导大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡,并使G2／M期细胞明显下降,DNA相对含量（DNARC）也显著下降。一定剂量的硒和锌制剂对氟诱导拓大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡具有明显的拮抗作用,而且能明显抑制氟引起的G2／M期细胞减少,但对氟引起的DNARC下降却无明显拮抗作用。结论 氟可诱导大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡并可使细胞增殖周期改变;硒和锌制剂对氟诱导的大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡和细胞增殖周期的变化具有一定的拮抗作用。     

亚硒酸钠对大鼠胚胎肢芽细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 探讨亚硒酸钠对大鼠胚胎的致畸性。方法 采用胚胎肢芽细胞培养方法，观察亚硒酸钠对大白鼠胚胎肢芽细胞增殖和分化的影响。结果 试验显示亚硒酸钠对大鼠肢芽细胞半数抑制分化浓度（ID50）为10．92μmol/L，半数抑制细胞增殖浓度（IP50）为7．95μmol/L。结论 亚硒酸钠的IP50／ID50值为0．728（＜6）,表明亚硒酸钠只是一种细胞毒性物质，而非致畸物。     

亚硒酸钠对神经皮质细胞氧化损伤作用

目的研究不同剂量亚硒酸钠对小鼠大脑皮层神经皮质细胞的损伤作用。方法选用24h龄ICR小鼠，培养大脑神经皮质细胞，48h后加入不同浓度的亚硒酸钠（0．004，0．020，0．100，0．500μmol／L），四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝试验检测细胞活性、激光共聚焦显微镜检测线粒体膜电位，慧星试验检测细胞DNA损伤。结果高剂量亚硒酸钠（0．1和0．5umol／L）明显抑制皮质神经细胞生长、降低线粒体膜电位、并严重损伤DNA，且呈现剂量效应关系（P〈0．05）。与对照组比较，低剂量亚硒酸钠（0．004和0．020μmol／L）虽然呈现一定毒性作用，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高浓度亚硒酸钠可引起细胞损伤，降低细胞活力，其机制可能与细胞线粒体结构和功能改变以及DNA结构榻伤有关．     

硒对大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的研究

为探讨硒的遗传毒性，应用单细胞凝胶电泳研究亚硒酸钠对离体大鼠肝细胞ＤＮＡ损伤的作用。结果表明，８．７５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１７．５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３５．００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的亚硒酸钠可以引起肝细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂，出现拖尾的彗星细胞。     

硒对镉诱导的大鼠肝细胞原癌基因表达的影响

目的 研究亚硒酸钠对氧化镉诱导的在体大鼠肝细胞原癌基因c-myc、c-fos、c-jun表达增强的影响。方法 选用雄性SD大鼠,每组5只,腹腔注射染毒,用Northern斑点杂交方法观察。用5μmol/kg Na2SeO3分别与5μmol/kg、10μmol/kg、20μmol/kg CdCl2联合作用。结果 观察Na2SeO3对CdCl2所致大鼠肝细胞c-myc、c-fos、c-jun表达增强的拮抗效应。结论 一定剂量的亚硒酸钠能抑制一定剂量的氧化镉引起的大鼠肝细胞原癌基因c-myc、c-fos、c-jun表达增强。     

硒对镉诱导的大鼠肝脏端粒酶逆转录酶和c-Myc及p53表达的影响

目的研究亚硒酸钠时氯化镉诱导的大鼠肝脏端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）mRNA、c-Myc蛋白、p53蛋白表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组，对照组、硒组（5μmol／kg亚硒酸钠）、5μmol／kg氯化镉组、10μmol／kg氯化镉组、研（5μ／kg亚硒酸钠）＋5μmol／kg氯化镉组、硒（5μmol／kg亚硒酸钠）＋10μmol／kg氯化镉组。每组动物5只，染毒48h后取出肝脏，用RT-PCR方法检测TERP基因的表达，用免疫组织化学方法检测c-Myc蛋白和p53蛋白的表达。结果与对照组比较，5μmol／Lkg氯化镉组和10μmol／kg氯化镉组TERP表达增多，10μmol／L kg氯化镉组c-Myc蛋白表达增多，5μmol／L kg氯化镉组和10μmol／L kg氯化镉组p53蛋白表达增多。TERT的表达，硒＋10μmol／Lkg氯化镉组与10μmol／L kg氯化镉组比较降低；硒＋10μmol／L kg氯化镉组比10μmol／L kg氯化镉组c-Myc蛋白表达降低；硒＋5μmol／L kg氯化镉组、硒＋10μmol／L kg氯化镉组与相对应的镉组比较p53蛋白表达降低。结论镉在5～10μmol／L kg的剂量条件下可以诱导大鼠肝脏高表达TERT、c-Myc蛋白和p53蛋白，而硒对镉引起的TERT、c-Myc蛋白和p53蛋白的表达增高具有一定的拮抗作用。     

硒对镉诱导的雄性SD大鼠肝细胞c-myc和p53蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的雄性SD大鼠肝细胞的凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达的影响.方法 将65只健康SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为13组,分别设对照(生理盐水)组、氯化镉(5.0、10.0、20.0 μmol/kg)组及亚硒酸钠(2.5、5.0、10.0 μmol/kg)+氯化镉(5.0、10.0、20.0 μmol/kg)联合作用组,每组5只.氯化镉采用一次性腹腔注射染毒,亚硒酸钠采用一次性灌胃染毒.染毒后48 h,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化法测定c-Myc和P53蛋白的表达量.结果 与相同剂量氯化镉组相比,亚硒酸钠剂量为2.5 μmol/kg时,全部联合作用组的大鼠肝细胞凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达均降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);而亚硒酸钠剂量为5.0、10.0 μmol/kg时,部分联合作用组的大鼠肝细胞凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).大鼠细胞凋亡率与c-Myc、P53蛋白表达量均呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 2.5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠对氯化镉所诱导的大鼠肝细胞的凋亡及c-Myc和P53蛋白表达的升高具有一定的拮抗作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.