慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的进展

1丙型肝炎的流行情况 丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染流行广泛,呈全球性分布,全球HCV感染者约为1.7亿人。我国在1992年全国病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查,HCV感染率为3.2％,约为3700万人。2丙型肝炎的自然史和存在的问题 HCV感染后,慢性化率极高,可达50％-85％。而慢性丙肝如不及时和合理治疗,发展为肝硬化可     

慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗研究的进展

丙型肝炎是由HCV引起的一种主要经血液传播的慢性进展性肝脏疾病.据世界卫生组织统计,全球HCV感染率约为3％,估计约1.7 ～2.0亿人感染了HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约为3.5万例[1,3].HCV感染后约50％～85％转化为慢性感染[4-5].HCV慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死及纤维化,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌,对患者的健康及生命危害极大,已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题[5-7].HCV感染后的疾病进展与HCV的病毒复制活跃有密切关系,经有效的抗病毒治疗后能控制病毒的复制和肝脏的炎症活动,并阻断疾病的进展,可减少急性丙型肝炎向慢性丙型肝炎发展的概率,也可减少慢性丙型肝炎转为肝硬化和肝癌的可能性[8-10].慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒的治疗目标是清除体内HCV.治疗后能获得持续病毒学应答(sustained virological response,SVR)者,99％可达到临床治愈的目标[11,12].因此,抗病毒治疗是治疗丙型肝炎的关键措施.只要没有干扰素使用的禁忌证,所有的丙型肝炎患者均应进行抗病毒治疗.近来年,慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗有较大的进展,现从三个方面介绍如下:     

丙型肝炎与肝脏移植

随着有关丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）及其所致丙型肝炎研究的深入，对HCV感染终末期肝病肝移植及移植后HCV感染的研究也日渐增多，现就目前的研究状况作一概述。一、肝移植前HCV感染的自然病程与临床转归急性丙型肝炎约20％一30％可完全恢复，即HCVRNA阴转、抗HCVIgM阴转及转氨酶（ALT）正常。40％一60％的病人转为慢性肝炎，进而发展为肝硬变，其中20％可发生肝癌，其所需时间分别为10、21、29年“’。急性HCV感染后的慢性化与感染者体内抗HCV出现早晚有关，在急性期已出现抗HCV的病人，其慢性化率较高，且一旦转为慢性后，抗HCV…     

丙型肝炎的临床特征和血清、病毒学试验

丙型肝炎(hepatitis C)是一种广泛流行的病毒性疾病。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的资料,全世界约有1.7亿丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者,我国有3.2％的人口感染HCV。丙型肝炎易慢性化和发展为肝硬化,并可导致肝细胞癌。兹将近年对HCV感染临床谱的认识和HCV的血清、病毒学试验作一介绍,以期及时发现和诊断丙型肝炎。     

丙型肝炎患者血清和外周血单个核细胞中HCV RNA检测及意义

采用套式PCR检测38例急性丙型肝炎和36例慢性丙型肝炎患者血清和外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中HCV RNA。结果显示74例丙型肝炎患者血清HCV RNA阳性68例,PBMC阳性44例;急性丙型肝炎患者PBMC中HCV RNA阳性15例(39.5％),慢性丙型肝炎患者PBMC中阳性29例(80.5％);3例血清HCV RNA阴性,而PBMC中HCV RNA阳性;8例患者血清抗-HCV阴性,而血清HCV RNA阳性。结果显示,在部分丙型肝炎患者的PBMC中存在HCV RNA,慢性丙型肝炎患者PMBC中HCV RNA检出率显著高于急性丙型肝炎患者(P<0.01)。提示PBMC可能为HCV肝外贮存和复制场所,PBMC中的HCV感染在丙型肝炎慢性化和慢性肝损害中可能起一定作用,血清HCV RNA检测可能有助于抗-HCV阴性丙型肝炎的诊断。     

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丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,是欧美及日本等国家终末期肝病的最主要原因。据世界卫生组织统计,全球丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染率约为3%,约1.7亿人曾感染了HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约3.5万例。丙型肝炎慢性化率可高达50%~85%,慢性丙型肝炎是一种缓慢进展性疾病,如不进行有效的抗病毒治     

如何提高代偿期丙型肝炎肝硬化患者抗病毒治疗的疗效

丙型肝炎病毒感染是肝硬化和肝细胞癌(HCC)的重要病因.HCV感染后20年肝硬化的发生率约为12.5％.2005年,美国丙型肝炎肝硬化患者为21.25万例,估计到2015年这一数字会增加到37.5万例,按美国的计算标准,2005年世界范围内丙型肝炎肝硬化患者约为780万例,2015年约为1380万例[1].目前慢性丙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis C,CHC)的持续病毒应答(sustained virologic response,SVR)率在1型HCV感染患者已经超过66％[2];2、3型HCV感染患者在80％以上;但丙型肝炎肝硬化患者抗病毒治疗后的SVR率仅为30％左右[3].     

丙型肝炎的肝外表现与抗病毒治疗进展

全球约有1.7～2.0亿人感染丙肝病毒(HCV),流行率平均为3%～5%,每年新感染者300～400万例,死亡25万例.丙型肝炎易呈慢性化,约75%～85%甚至90%急性丙型肝炎可发展为慢性丙型肝炎(CHC).感染HCV 10～20年后,肝硬化的年发生率为10%～20%,一旦发展为肝硬化,每年肝癌的发生率为1%～7%.我国一般自然人群的丙型肝炎抗体流行率为3.2%,约有4 000万HCV感染者.     

慢性丙型病毒性肝炎的免疫治疗

0 引言丙型肝炎是由丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染引起的一种重要的传染病,约70-85%的感染者发展为慢性肝炎,其中约10-20%的慢性丙型肝炎患者可发展成肝硬化, 1-5%可发展成肝细胞性肝癌等终末期肝病,危害极大.目前,全球HCV感染者近2亿,在我国也有3 000- 4 000万左右的HCV感染者,HCV感染引起的慢性丙型肝炎已经成为重大的世界卫生问题. 当前,慢性丙肝的治疗依然以干扰素作为标准治     

丙型肝炎的治疗及进展

正丙型肝炎是由丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染所导致的一种传播途径明确、起病隐匿、慢性化程度高的疾病,相关数据显示约55%~85%的感染者可转为慢性,慢性患者中近三分之一将发展为肝硬化或肝癌,且不同性别、年龄、种族人群均对HCV易感~([1])。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)最新数据统计,目前全球约1.85亿人感染HCV,亚太地区HCV感染率占总人数0.1%~     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

Pulmonary sporotrichosis in Oklahoma in susceptibilities in vitro

Six cases of pulmonary sporotichosis were observed in 2 institutions in Oklahoma City, Okla. Three of the patients were treated with iodides with or without surgery. Although one patient required a second course of iodides, the patients have remained well after at least 34 months of follow-up. Three patients treated with amphotericin B, single course as well as multiple courses, and other antifungal agents (hydroxystilbamidine and miconazole) have all relapsed. These cases and a reviewed of more than 40 cases of pulmonary sporotrichosis susceptibilities of Sporothrix schenckii that we observed in vitro suggest that amphotericin B is not an effective agent for the treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis. It is our opinion that the treatment of choice for pulmonary sporotrichosis is a supersaturated solution of potassium iodide. If the patient is allergic to the medication or fails to respond, then a combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine may be tried.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

Differences in outcome in primary angioplasty in women.

BACKGROUND: In acute myocardial infarction (AMI), primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has proved to be the best therapeutic approach. Several factors have been associated with worse outcome in AMI in females. Are there differences in outcome in women undergoing PTCA for AMI? AIM: To evaluate gender influence on clinical outcome and in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI who undergo primary percutaneous interventions. METHODS: We studied 245 consecutive patients (72 women, 29.4 %), who underwent primary PTCA between January 2000 and December 2001. The following parameters were analyzed: risk factors for coronary artery disease including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia and family history, previous AMI, PTCA or angina, pain-to-balloon time, extent of coronary disease and outcome. RESULTS: Female patients were older (67.9+/-11.6 vs. 59.6+/-13; p < 0.001) with a higher prevalence of hypertension (65.3 % vs. 47.4 %; p < 0.05) and angina (29.0 % vs. 16.0 %; p < 0.05) and lower prevalence of smoking (27.8 % vs. 54.3 %; p < 0.001). Pain-to-balloon time was longer in women (6.8+/-4.1 vs. 5.4+/-3.7 hours; p < 0.05). Extent of coronary disease was similar in both groups. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 84.7 % of women and 90.8 % of men. The frequency of hemorrhagic complications (5.6 % vs. 5.2 %) and arrhythmias (15.3 % vs. 10.4%) and in-hospital mortality (9.7 6.4 %) were higher in females, although without statistical significance (p = NS). Hospitalization time was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the growing awareness of a gender bias in therapeutic approaches to AMI, there are still some differences in outcome, with a trend towards higher mortality rates in women. Older age and longer pain-to-balloon time could account for this.