六分法快速识别认知损害的初步研究(英文)

目的评价简易精神状态检查表(mini-mental status examination,MMSE)中时间定向与词语延迟回忆得分组成的六分法(Six-Item Screener,SIS)在识别认知损害中的价值。方法在华山医院神经内科记忆障碍门诊部的1976例就诊者中,根据轻度认知损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和痴呆的诊断标准分为认知功能正常的主观抱怨者(475例)、MCI患者(440例)和阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者(共1061例,其中轻度AD 555例、中度AD339例、重度AD 167例)。所有就诊者完成包括MMSE在内的全套神经心理测验。分析MMSE中年份、月份、日期以及三个词语延迟回忆(简称三词)的总得分(共6分)在区分不同程度的认知障碍中的作用。结果SIS总分以文盲组≤2分、小学组≤3分、初中及以上组≤4分作为划界分,其识别轻度AD的敏感性为88.5%、特异性为78.3%、准确性为83.8%,识别MCI的敏感性为34.3%、特异性为90.1%、准确性为63.2%。结论六分法对于门急诊快速识别痴呆具有一定的价值,但不适用于识别MCI。     

Stroop色词测验在早期识别阿尔茨海默病中的作用

目的评估中文版Stroop色词测验(CWT)在识别轻度认知功能损害(MCI)与轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)中的作用。方法正常老人94名,遗忘型MCI组86名和轻度AD组51名完成包括简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)和CWT在内的8种神经心理测验。正常老人、MCI和轻度AD组的MMSE总分分别为(28.2±1.5)分、(26.9±1.9)分和(20.1±2.5)分。CWT由3张卡片、每张50字、4种颜色组成。分析指标包括完成每张卡片的耗时数、正确阅读数和干扰量(SIE)。结果SIE与反映执行功能的连线测验、言语流畅性测验有显著的相关性。不管是正常老人还是认知损害患者,读字(卡片A)均快于颜色命名(卡片B)。以卡片C正确数39个为分界,识别轻度AD的敏感性为80.4%,特异性为86.2%。根据SIE指标发现轻度AD患者在处理速度和正确性的关系方面与MCI组的应答策略不同。结论中文版CWT适合在中国老人中应用,有助于早期识别AD,MCI患者和轻度AD患者针对干扰作用的不同表现。     

认知功能筛查量表在MCI和轻度AD患者中的应用

目的:探讨认知功能筛查量表在轻度认知功能损害(Mild Cognitive Impairment,MCI)和轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzhei mer disease,AD)患者中的应用。方法:对61例MCI患者和47例轻度AD患者进行系列神经心理学测验,同时选择41例正常老年人做对照。结果:MCI组和正常老年人比较,MGR、MMSE的短时记忆亚项、FOM、LM、DR、CDT均有统计学差异。轻度AD组和MCI组比较,MMSE的即刻记忆亚项、RVR、DS、ADL、IADL、POD均有统计学差异。CES-D在三组间无统计学差异。结论:MGR量表可用来鉴别正常人和认知功能损害人群,但不宜用来鉴别MCI和轻度AD患者。RVR和DS量表可以用于鉴别MCI和轻度AD患者。ADL量表在轻度AD患者显示损害,提示AD患者存在日常生活行为能力的损害。     

Rey-Osterriche复杂图形测验在轻度阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知损害患者中的应用研究

目的:研究Rey-Osterrich复杂图形测验(CFT)对轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)和遗忘型轻度认知损害(MCI)的诊断价值。方法:应用CFT、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)对45例轻度AD患者、73例遗忘型MCI和66名正常老年人进行检测,MMSE总得分分别为(20.2±2.5)分、(26.9±1.8)和(28.2±1.6)分。结果:对照组,CFT结构模仿和延迟回忆得分与教育程度有显著正相关性,与年龄、性别无相关性。MCI组的结构模仿得分为(32.4±6.2)分,轻度AD组为(26.1±10.9)分,对照组为(33.6±3.1)分。AD组与对照组及MCI组比差异有显著意义,延迟记忆对于识别MCI有一定作用,协助AD诊断有较好的敏感性(P<0.01);MCI组的延迟回忆得分与对照组比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),轻度AD组下降更为明显,与MCI组比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:CFT延迟记忆对于识别MCI有一定作用,协助AD诊断有较好的敏感性。CFT结构模仿不能识别MCI,对轻度AD,其敏感性亦不理想。     

记忆与执行筛查量表在判断阿尔茨海默病严重度中的作用

目的 采用记忆与执行筛查量表（MES）评价轻度认知功能损害（MCI）和不同严重度的阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者认知损害特点,探讨MES对于AD患者不同严重度的判断价值.方法 年龄、性别和受文化程度匹配的709例受试者（分为5个组：正常老年人（对照组）164名、MCI组137例、轻度AD组193例、中度AD组136例、重度AD组79例）全部完成简明精神状态量表（MMSE）和MES,比较各组MMSE总分和MSE指标的差别.对照组136例、MCI组116例、轻度AD组178例、中度AD组122例和重度AD组69例进行了ApoE基因型检测.结果 MMSE总分和MES各指标在各组受试者中均随着认知损害的加重呈下降趋势.MMSE总分、MES的10个项目的原始分、因子分、总分在5个组别的两两比较中呈现相对均衡的下降,均差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）,其中句子回忆5（即间隔约5min后的自由回忆）下降最快,而记忆与执行的比例（MES-R）在各组则差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,学习能力在正常至MCI阶段、轻度AD至中度AD阶段没有显著变化（P＞0.05）呈平台期,而记忆保留能力呈相对均衡的下降,差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）.ApoEε4非携带者（223例）与ApoEε4携带者（146例）AD患者MMSE总分与MES总分也无显著差异,但MES记忆部分前者优于后者;执行部分相反,MES-R在两组间差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 MES不需要任何辅助工具、耗时少、受教育程度影响少,可以快速了解情景记忆、执行功能等主要认知领域受损状况,无天花板和地板效应,对轻中重度认知功能损害患者均有较好的鉴别能力,较CDR易于操作,值得在对AD的严重度判断中推广应用.     

ADAS评估阿尔茨海默病的认知功能研究

目的：分析不同严重度的阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的认知缺损特征。方法：符合DSM-Ⅳ与NINCDS-ADRDA制定的可能AD诊断标准的AD患者68例，其中轻、中、重度AD分别为27、25和16例。选择正常老人69例作为对照组。采用简明精神状态量表(MMSE)和ADAS-cog评定认知功能。结果：轻度AD组的ADAS-cog总分平均19分，中度AD组34分，重度AD组为46分。ADAS-cog总分变化比MMSE总分能更精确地反映AD患者认知功能的变化。根据项目分变化分析，轻-中度AD以记忆损害为主，重度以语言损害为主。记忆损害在中-重度期间有一个平台期，衰退减速。结论：ADAS-cog可以有效地反映AD的认知缺损，这使它可以作为抗痴呆药物疗效的判定工具，但它的缺点(如被试必须有一定的阅读能力)限制了它在国内的推广应用。     

快速认知筛查测验在检测轻度认知损害中的应用研究(英文)

目的轻度认知损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)可根据认知表现分为遗忘型MCI(aMCI)和非遗忘型MCI(naMCI)。本研究旨在编制快速认知筛查测验(quick cognitive screening test,QCST)便于快速全面地识别MCI,为进一步研究提供依据。方法符合MCI操作性诊断标准的MCI组121例、符合DSM-Ⅳ有关痴呆诊断标准的阿尔茨海默病(AD)组79例和正常老年人组186例,参与了QCST和标准化全套神经心理测验。参与者教育程度均在5年或以上,年龄55-85岁。QCST项目包括即刻记忆、延迟回忆、命名、动物流畅性、相似性、彩色连线B、画钟、手指结构、数字广度等9个分测验,每个分测验满分10分,总分90分,耗时10-15分钟。结果MCI组、AD组和正常老年人组QCST总分分别为(58.13±8.18)、(44.53±10.54)和(72.92±6.85)分。制定教育程度在5-8年、9-12年、高于13年3个组别的QCST总分的划界分分别为63、65和68分。QCST识别MCI的敏感性为87.6%,其中识别aMCI-s、aMCI-m和naMCI的敏感性分别...     

晚发型抑郁障碍与轻度认知功能损害患者的认知功能差异研究

目的 探讨晚发型抑郁障碍患者与轻度认知功能损害患者的认知功能损害的差异.方法 研究对象为2012年7月～2013年8月上海市精神卫生中心老年科住院与门诊就诊符合DSM—Ⅳ诊断标准且起病年龄≥60岁的抑郁障碍患者,共26例为晚发型抑郁障碍组（LOD组）,另选择26例轻度认知功能损害的患者（MCI组）与26例正常老年人（NC组）.认知功能评估采用简明精神状态量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔量表（MoCA）.结果 MMSE总分、MMSE分测验中计算力与注意力及MoCA总分、MoCA分测验中连线、注意、持续注意、计算、复述、延迟回忆在LOD组与MCI组差比较异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,两组与NC组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.三组在MMSE分测验的时间定向、延迟回忆、三步指令、书写书面指令及MoCA分测验的复制图、画钟、命名比较,MCI组均值最低,与NC组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与LOD组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 LOD组认知功能在注意力、延迟回忆、连线测验方面与MCI组损害程度相当.MCI组认知功能受损范围较LOD组广泛.     

逻辑记忆在早期识别阿尔茨海默病患者中的作用

目的验证逻辑记忆测验在在早期识别AD患者中的作用。方法63例正常对照老人、71例轻度认知功能损害(MCI)与45例轻度阿尔茨海默病(M-AD)患者完成逻辑记忆测验(LM)。结果在正常老人组,LM的即刻回忆、延迟记忆与被试年龄、性别没有显著的相关性(P>0.05),与教育程度有显著相关性(r=0.28,P<0.05)。LM即刻回忆与延迟记忆的相关系数为0.86(P<0.01)。LM即刻回忆与Rey-Osterrich复杂图形记忆测验的延迟回忆、听觉词语记忆测验的相关性比LM延迟回忆的低。LM延迟记忆而不是即刻回忆得分有助于识别MCI。LM即刻回忆≤6分作为划界分,识别AD的敏感性为79%,特异性为87%。LM延迟记忆≤5分作为划界分,敏感性为91%,特异性为89%。结论LM的延迟记忆比即刻记忆更有助于识别轻度认知功能损害与轻度阿尔茨海默病。     

Stroop色词测验在不同严重度的阿尔茨海默病中的表现

Stroop色词测验（Stroop color-word Test,CWT）是1935年Stroop首先使用的.国内已经有研究证实中版CWT能有效地识别轻度痴呆患,对轻度认知损害（Mild cognitive impairment,MCI）也有一定的辅助诊断价值.我们采用CWT评估不同严重度的阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇s dementia,AD）患,分析CWT对于AD严重度的判断作用.     

Early onset Alzheimer's disease is associated with a distinct neuropsychological profile

Alzheimer's disease (AD) in younger patients is associated with a higher prevalence of atypical symptoms. We examined neuropsychological performance according to age-at-onset. We assessed cognition in 172 patients with AD (81 early and 91 late onset) in five cognitive domains (memory, language, visuo-spatial functioning, executive functioning, attention). Dementia severity was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and global cognitive decline using Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Analyses of variance were performed with age-at-onset as between-subjects factor, and gender and education as covariates. Analysis was repeated after stratification for dementia severity (based on median MMSE). In early onset AD, age (mean ± SD) was 60 ± 4 years; 44 (54%) were female. In late onset AD, age was 72 ± 5 years; 47 (52%) were female. Dementia severity and global cognitive decline did not differ between groups (early onset: MMSE: 20 ± 5, CAMCOG: 69 ± 15, late onset: MMSE: 21 ± 5, CAMCOG: 70 ± 15; p > 0.05). Early onset patients performed worse than late onset patients on visuo-spatial functioning (p < 0.01), executive functioning (p < 0.001), and attention (p < 0.01). Late onset patients performed worse on memory, although not significantly (p = 0.11). Stratification for dementia severity showed that in mildly demented early onset patients, memory function was remarkably preserved compared to late onset patients (p < 0.01). In moderate AD, differences in memory function disappeared, but early onset patients performed worse on visuo-spatial functioning (p < 0.01), executive functioning (p < 0.001), and attention (p < 0.01) than late onset patients. Adjustment for APOE left results unchanged. In conclusion, early onset AD presents with a different cognitive profile and the disease course seems different. Relative sparing of memory function in early stages stresses the need to adequately test other cognitive domains.     

Altered circadian cortisol secretion in Alzheimer's disease: clinical and neuroradiological aspects

We determined circadian salivary cortisol levels in 18 outpatients affected by probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and looked for a possible correlation with both cognitive impairment and brain CT scan findings. The diagnosis of probable AD was made according to the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. The severity of cognitive impairment was quantified using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Cortisol levels were measured on saliva samples collected at 08:00 AM and 08:00 PM. For each sample, a duplicate cortisol measurement was performed on 50 microl of saliva by means of a modified commercial radioimmunoassay kit. At the same time, 11 of the 18 AD patients enrolled also underwent a brain CT scan to estimate cerebral atrophy by using linear indexes. The mean value of cortisol levels was significantly higher in AD patients than in controls at both the morning and the evening measurements, and the circadian fluctuation of cortisol was less marked in AD patients than in controls, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Morning cortisol levels were significantly correlated to both the MMSE and the GDS scores. A significant correlation was also found between morning cortisol levels and all the cerebral atrophy indexes. By contrast, no correlation was observed between evening cortisol levels or cortisol circadian fluctuations and either cognitive impairment or cerebral atrophy. In conclusion, despite the potential biases deriving from the small sample and the limitations of the CT scan study, our results suggest that, in AD patients, hypercortisolemia is correlated with severity of the disease.     

Alzheimer病和轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能与局部脑血流灌注的相关性研究

目的研究Alzheimer病(AD)和轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的认知功能与脑血流灌注的相关性。方法33例AD、17例MCI患者分别接受临床评估、神经心理学检查[包括简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)及临床记忆量表(CMS)]后进行单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)检查。应用SPSS 10.0软件对神经心理学指标与脑血流灌注指标进行相关性分析。结果MMSE评分与双侧颞顶叶放射性计数值(RAR)呈正相关,MQ值与左颞叶、左丘脑RAR呈正相关。结论认知功能与脑血流灌注之间有良好相关性,二者结合可更客观地评价脑功能改变,提高判定疾病的准确性。     

Platelet serotonin concentration and monoamine oxidase type B activity in female patients in early, middle and late phase of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with unclear aetiology. Cognitive impairment in AD might be associated with altered serotonergic system. The aim of the study was to determine platelet serotonin (5-HT) concentrations and platelet monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) activity in patients with different severity of AD. Platelet 5-HT concentrations and MAO-B activity were determined spectrofluorimetrically in 74 female patients with AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, DSM-IV-TR criteria), subdivided according to the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in three groups with a) 23 patients in early (MMSE scores 19–24), b) 23 patients in middle (MMSE 10–18), and c) 28 patients in late (MMSE 0–9) phase of AD, and in 49 age-matched healthy women. Platelet 5-HT concentrations and MAO-B activity were similar between all patients with AD and healthy subjects, but were significantly lower in patients in the late phase of AD than in other phases of AD, and in healthy controls. The significant correlations were found between MMSE scores and platelet 5-HT concentrations, MAO-B activity and age. Lower platelet 5-HT concentration and MAO-B activity in the late phase of AD suggested that these markers might indicate severity and/or clinical progress of AD.     

Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: the association between carotenoids, n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity

Carotenoids are fat-soluble antioxidants that may protect polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as n-3 fatty acids from oxidation, and are potentially important for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention and treatment. Fasting plasma carotenoids were measured in 36 AD subjects and 10 control subjects by HPLC. Correlations between plasma carotenoid levels, red blood cell (RBC) n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity were examined in AD patients.Moderately severe AD patients (MMSE=16-19) had much lower plasma levels of two major carotenoids: lutein and beta-carotene, compared to mild AD patients (MMSE=24-27) or controls. Among AD patients, variables (lutein, beta-carotene, RBC docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and LDL-cholesterol) were significantly correlated with MMSE. A lower MMSE score was associated with lower lutein, beta-carotene and RBC DHA levels, and a higher LDL-cholesterol level. These variables explained the majority of variation in dementia severity (55% of variance in MMSE). Lutein, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were positively correlated with RBC DHA in AD patients. The association between higher carotenoids levels and DHA and higher MMSE scores, supports a protective role of both types of nutrients in AD. These findings suggest targeting multiple specific nutrients, lutein, beta-carotene, and DHA in strategies to slow the rate of cognitive decline.     

不同严重程度血管性痴呆与老年性痴呆的神经心理特点

目的 探讨不同严重程度的血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VaD）与老年性痴呆（Alzheimer disease,AD）
的神经心理学特点。
方法 对广东省人民医院神经科门诊及病房的252例痴呆患者（VaD组127例,AD组125例）,和正常对
照组159例进行一组神经心理量表检查。神经心理量表包括：简易精神状态检查（mini-mental state
examination,MMSE）、Fuld物体记忆测验（fuld object memory,FOM）、言语流畅性测验（rapid verbal
retrieve,RVR）、数字广度测验（digit span,DS）和积木测验（block design,BD）。分析这两种类型不同
严重程度的痴呆患者认知障碍的特点。
结果 两种类型的轻、中、重度痴呆患者神经心理检查有统计学差异（P <0.01）。轻度痴呆患者MMSE、
RVR评分在VaD、AD组间存在统计学差异（P <0.05）,在中、重度痴呆患者,神经心理评分在VaD、AD组
间无统计学差异（P >0.05）。
结论 神经心理量表评估有助于VaD、AD的严重程度分级,RVR测验可辅助鉴别诊断轻度VaD和AD。     

Uncinate fasciculus-correlated cognition in Alzheimer's disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study by tractography

Background: Neuroimaging studies show increased diffusivity and decreased anisotropy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Previous reports have analyzed a correlation with cognitive function and DTI parameters, but their results are inconsistent. A reason for this might be a region of interest (ROI) method, used to calculate parameters for DTI, because this method has various usages of how to place a ROI and includes summations of values for various neuronal fiber tracts, resulting in contamination of unintended fibers. To improve the instability with ROI placement, a tractography‐based method might be useful. Our coworker reported decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of uncinate fasciculus (UF) in patients with AD by tractography. To confirm whether DTI parameter values are related to severity of cognitive function in patients with AD, we measured mean diffusion anisotropy and diffusivity of coregistered voxels along the tracking lines (i.e. tract of interest) of UF. Methods: The subjects were 30 patients with probable AD (NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria). Assessment of cognitive function was carried out according to the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive component‐Japanese version (ADAS‐Jcog). A 1.5‐T clinical magnetic resonance unit was used to obtain diffusion tensor images. Diffusion tensors were computed and fiber‐tract maps were created using ‘dTV II’ DTI software developed by Masutani et al. We measured mean FA and ADC values along the bilateral UF. Results: FA values were positively correlated with MMSE score (r= 0.67) and were negatively correlated with ADAS‐Jcog score (r=?0.62), while ADC values were negatively correlated with MMSE score (r=?0.58) and were positively correlated with ADAS‐Jcog score (r= 0.59). Conclusion: FA and ADC values might reflect the severity of cognitive dysfunction. The tract‐of‐interest method might be a useful tool for objectively evaluating DTI parameters in AD.     

The electroencephalogram in dementia with Lewy bodies

OBJECTIVES: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second commonest neurodegenerative cause of dementia. While there is consensus on the clinical diagnostic criteria for DLB, the use of EEG to increase the diagnostic sensitivity has not been substantiated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the resting EEG findings in 18 consecutive patients with DLB and compared them with a control group of 20 patients with "probable" Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to evaluate the use of EEG in a representative sample of patients with DLB. RESULTS: All patients with DLB fulfilled accepted clinical criteria for DLB. The DLB group had a more severe dementia than the AD group, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test (DLB mean MMSE 9.4 and AD mean MMSE 17.2) despite a similar duration of overall severity of illness. The EEG was slow in both groups, predominantly in the 4-7 Hz range. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the EEG findings between the DLB and AD groups, there was a correlation between the EEG score and MMSE score (Spearman Rank correlation rs = -0.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that although patients with DLB have a more aggressive course than AD, EEG abnormalities do not differ in the 2 groups. However, we believe the EEG provides important supporting diagnostic information in DLB.     

Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 levels in dementia

The aim of this study is to measure serum levels of neurotropic factor (NF) in patients with dementia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were determined in Alzheimer's dementia patients without medication (AD; n: 22), Alzheimer's dementia patients receiving cholinesterase inhibitor (CEI) treatment (AD?+?CEI; n: 32) and vascular dementia patients receiving CEI treatment (VaD?+?CEI; n: 27) and the age-matched control group (n: 20). NGF levels were detected to be significantly higher in the control group than in AD group (P?相似文献   

盐酸美金刚治疗阿尔茨海默病的疗效观察

目的 评估盐酸美金刚片(美金刚)治疗中、重度(MMSE<20)阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 30例经GDS评分3~6分的可能或很可能中、重度AD 患者接受美金刚治疗20周,每周随访1次,评估采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、Blessed-Roth 量表和全面衰退量表(GDS).结果 自身前后比较差别有统计学意义,不良反应率为6.7%.结论 美金刚能显著改善轻、中度AD 患者的认知功能、日常生活能力和人格情感障碍,且具有较好的安全性.