脑卒中对患者生活质量影响的分析

为了解脑卒中对患者的危害及生活质量的影响,回顾性地分析了自1972年～1998年宣武医院就诊的12679例脑血管病例资料,针对脑血管病友病次数、病残及死亡情况进行分析研究。本资料显示脑卒中的复发比例达53．6％,死亡比例为12.7%,76.2％的患者遗留残疾,其中使患者丧失劳动能力、影响其生活质量的中、重度病残比例达61.5％,说明脑卒中是严重影响人类的生活质量及生命的疾病,     

脑卒中的流行趋势及危险因素分析(北京部分地区)

目的 :探讨脑卒中的危险因素及流行趋势。方法 :我们在 1 995和 1 996年观察了 2 1 5 4例脑卒中患者 ,主要从危险因素学方面进行调查 ,同时回顾性分析了以往 2 5年 ( 1 972～ 1 996年 )宣武医院住院的 1 0 5 4 7例脑血管病例资料。结果 :1 972～ 1 976年≤ 5 0岁的患者占 1 0 .32 % ,1 992～ 1 996年占 2 2 .6 6 % ,1 972～ 1 976年≤ 4 0岁的患者占 1 .2 9% ,1 992～ 1 996年占 7.83%。≤ 5 0岁患者主要危险因素为高血压 ( 6 9.82 % )、不健康生活方式 ( 6 0 .75 % )。结论 :脑血管病有明显年轻化趋势 ,中青年患者发病与高血压、不健康的生活方式及不良的嗜好有明确关系。     

脑干脑炎的免疫性治疗及预后危险因素的分析

目的探讨脑干脑炎(BE)患者各免疫性治疗方案的疗效、预后及早期死亡的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析湘雅二医院及湘雅医院67例脑干脑炎患者的临床病历及电话或门急诊随访资料,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析评估各免疫性治疗措施的疗效,同时使用Logistic回归分析了解死亡患者的危险因素。结果在随访期间未见复发病例(平均时间≥1年),其中53例(79.1%)症状完全缓解,3例遗留少许症状(4.4%),存在11例(16.4%)死亡患者。IVIg联合激素治疗与对照组相比,在脑干脑炎患者意识障碍开始改善时间上差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。影响脑干脑炎患者早期死亡的危险因素有中枢性高热(P0.05)、机械辅助通气(P0.05)。结论 IVIg联合激素治疗可明显促进脑干脑炎患者意识障碍症状的恢复。中枢性高热、需机械辅助通气是脑干脑炎患者早期死亡的独立的危险因素。     

脑血管病危险因素及其干预管理

脑血管病患病率和发病率较高且易复发,是临床病死和病残的重要原因。脑血管病危险因素众多,不可干预因素包括高龄、性别、低出生体重、种族和遗传等;可干预因素包括高血压、糖尿病、心房颤动及其他心脏疾病、血脂异常、无症状性颈动脉狭窄、肥胖、吸烟、不健康生活方式、酗酒、代谢综合征、高同型半胱氨酸血症等,其中高血压为最重要的独立危险因素。对脑血管病危险因素进行有效干预和管理,能够减少或延缓脑血管病的发生。     

高尿酸血症与急性脑梗死的相关性研究

脑梗死是人类病残和病死的主要危险疾病,引起脑梗死的危险因素包括年龄、血压、血脂、血糖和吸烟等。尿酸是通过黄嘌呤脱氢酶或黄嘌呤氧化酶降解嘌呤形成的,嘌呤代谢异常,尿酸生成增多或排泄减少,使血清尿酸水平增高称为高尿酸血症,血清尿酸水平升高是代谢异常的表现。流行病学研究已经表明,血清尿酸水平与心血管病的发病有着密切的关系。世界卫生组织(WHO)在1989年已将高尿酸血症确定为脑血管病的独立危险因素。但高尿酸血症与急性脑血管病预后的关系尚不十分明确。2009年1-8月,我们对124例急性脑梗死患者的临床及相关资料进行分析,初步探讨血清尿酸水平对急性脑梗死患者预后的影响,以期为临床病情判断提供参考依据,结果报告如下。     

宁夏农村地区惊厥性癫痫患者死亡原因分析

目的分析宁夏农村地区惊厥性癫痫患者可能的死亡原因,为预防癫痫患者死亡及降低癫痫死亡率提供依据。方法收集2012年1月1日~2014年12月31日宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内死亡癫痫患者的临床资料,并进行回顾性分析,用Excel表格建立数据库,SPSS17.0软件统计分析,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 3 y间,宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内死亡患者共计137例。癫痫发作在死因构成中居于首位(32.8%),其次为意外死亡(26.9%)、脑血管病(11.0%)、不明原因死亡(8.0%)、呼吸系统疾病(6.5%)、循环系统疾病(5.1%)、消化系统疾病(4.3%)及自杀(2.9%);癫痫患者的死亡年龄主要分布在30~39岁之间(21.9%);以脑血管病为主要死亡原因者主要分布在60~69岁之间;以癫痫发作为死亡原因者20~69岁年龄组占86.7%;意外死亡的患者年龄分布在10~79岁之间,其中,40~59岁者占37.9%。宁夏农村地区癫痫患者年平均死亡率为1.4/10万,男性死亡率为1.7/10万,女性为1.1/10万,男、女性死亡率有显著性差异(P0.05);在神经系统疾病死因统计中,癫痫死亡率仅次于脑血管病。结论癫痫发作、意外(溺水及车祸为主)、脑血管病、不明原因死亡是宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内癫痫患者死亡的主要原因。宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内癫痫患者的死亡率为1.4/10万。男性癫痫患者的死亡率(1.7/10万)高于女性(1.1/10万)。     

青年缺血性卒中患者危险因素分析

目的探讨国人青年缺血性卒中患者的病因学及危险因素。方法以2002年1月至2007年6月期间入住河北医科大学第三医院神经内科的青年缺血性脑卒中患者作为研究对象,依据改良的TOAST病因分型法作为分型标准确定患者的卒中亚型,并分别计算各缺血性卒中危险因素的构成比。结果本组患者改良的TOAST亚型构成比例为动脉粥样硬化脑梗死型44.12%,小动脉病变型30.39%,心源性栓塞型6.86%,其它病因明确型5.88%,不明病因型12.75%;青年缺血性卒中患者危险因素构成比由高到低分别为高血压病69.61%、吸烟58.82%、高脂血症43.14%、饮酒39.22%、脑血管病家族史24.51%、糖尿病20.59%。结论国人青年缺血性卒中患者中动脉粥样硬化脑梗死型和小动脉病变型仍占较大比例;高血压病、吸烟、高脂血症及饮酒是青年型缺血性卒中的主要危险因素。     

慢性硬膜下血肿术后死亡的危险因素分析

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后发生死亡的危险因素,以降低患者术后死亡率。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月1日至2012年12月31日在神经外科住院接受慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术患者338例,其中男196例,女142例,年龄42~90岁,平均年龄(69.83±7.715)岁。收集所有患者术前、术中、术后临床资料,建立数据库,进行单因素及Logistic多因素分析影响慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术术后死亡的危险因素。结果术后死亡14例(4.14%),9例患者死于肺部感染,1例患者死于脑实质出血,1例死于大面积脑栓塞,1例死于急性心肌梗死,1例死于急性肾功能衰竭,1例死于急性肺栓塞。单因素分析结果:死亡患者年龄(P=0.000)、采用全身麻醉手术比例(P=0.003)、既往慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)发病率(P=0.001)高于生存组;术前Glasgow评分(P=0.000)低于生存组。Logistic回归多因素分析结果:患者高龄(P=0.002;比值比(OR)=1.311;95%可信区间(CI)=1.104-1.557)、Glasgow评分低(P=0.000;OR=0.172;95%CI=0.077-0.380)、既往COPD病史(P=0.020;OR=14.333;95%CI=1.529-134.325)是慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)术后死亡的危险因素。结论高龄、Glasgow评分低、既往COPD病史是CSDH术后死亡的危险因素。     

青年缺血性脑卒中TOAST病因分型临床研究

目的探讨青年人脑梗死Toast分型与危险因素的临床特点。方法回顾性分析87例我院青年缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,根据TOAST病因分型标准确定本组患者的卒中亚型,并计算各个缺血性脑卒中危险因素构成比。结果本组患者TOAST亚型构成比为大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死42.53%(37例),心源性栓塞型6.90%(6例),小动脉病变型34.48%(30例),其他病因明确的5.75%(5例),不明原因10.34%(9例)。该组患者危险因素从高到低分别是高血压、吸烟、高脂血症、饮酒、糖尿病、脑血管病家族史。结论在我国青年人缺血性脑卒中患者动脉粥样硬化型与小动脉病变型脑梗死占较大比例,其中高血压、吸烟、高脂血症与饮酒为青年人缺血性脑卒中主要危险因素。     

伴右向左分流的隐源性缺血性卒中的临床和影像学特征

目的分析右向左分流相关隐源性缺血性卒中患者的临床特点及梗死灶影像特征。方法纳入隐源性缺血性卒中患者52例,根据经颅多普勒发泡试验结果分为伴右向左分流组(25例)及不伴右向左分流组(27例)。比较两组人群在人口学资料、脑血管病传统危险因素、梗死灶影像学等方面的差异。结果两组患者的年龄、性别比差异无统计学意义。伴右向左分流组患者无明确脑血管病传统危险因素的比例明显高于不伴右向左分流组(44%vs.14.8%,P=0.015),且其发生后循环梗死也更多见(56%vs.14.8%,P0.01),但两组患者的梗死灶大小无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论无明确脑血管病传统危险因素的后循环梗死患者,应注意排查是否存在右向左分流,以进一步明确卒中病因。     

Feelings of being disabled as a risk factor for mortality up to 8 years after acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: We examined the independent prognostic value of the four subscales of the Heart Patients Psychological Questionnaire (HPPQ) on mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) survivors up to 8 years after the event. METHODS: The HPPQ, which measures well-being, feelings of being disabled, despondency and social inhibition, was administered to 567 AMI patients during hospitalisation and at 3 months follow-up. The patients were followed for 8 years. RESULTS: During follow-up, 157 patients (28%) died. Forty-one percent of the patients had a score indicating at least mild to moderate feelings of being disabled. Patients with feelings of being disabled were at increased risk of mortality compared with those having a low score, adjusted for other cardiac risk factors [hazard ratio (HR)=1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3-2.5]. There was no interaction between feelings of being disabled and gender. None of the other HPPQ subscales were related to mortality or recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). When the study population was stratified by low and high clinical risk (43% vs. 57%, respectively), feelings of being disabled was the most prominent predictor of mortality in the low-risk group (HR=3.5, 95% CI=1.4-8.8). CONCLUSION: Feelings of being disabled measured at baseline and at 3 months was the most prominent predictor of mortality in low-risk patients 8 years post-MI. This finding adds to the existing knowledge that psychosocial variables influence morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients.     

Feelings of being disabled as a predictor of mortality in men 10 years after percutaneous coronary transluminal angioplasty

OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent prognostic value of the four subscales of the Heart Patients Psychological Questionnaire (HPPQ) on mortality in male and female patients 10 years following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). METHODS: The HPPQ, which measures well-being, feelings of being disabled, despondency, and social inhibition, was administered to 356 patients (23% women) post-PTCA. The patients were followed for a median of 10 years. Clinical and demographic variables were sampled from medical records. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 104 patients (29%) had died. Women scored significantly worse on all psychological subscales compared with men. Fifty-nine (72%) women and 92 (34%) men had a score indicating at least mild to moderate feelings of being disabled. Men scoring high on feelings of being disabled were at increased risk of mortality compared with men having a low score, adjusted for other cardiac risk factors (chi(2)=7; P=.008). No differences were found between women with low or high scores on feelings of being disabled (relative risk (RR): 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5-3.3). None of the other HPPQ subscales were related to mortality. CONCLUSION: Feelings of being disabled measured at least 1 year after hospital discharge is a significant predictor of mortality in men 10 years post-PTCA, but not in women. This finding adds to the increasing knowledge that psychosocial variables influence morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients.     

Sterilisation of intellectually disabled women.

OBJECTIVE: To point out the proportion of intellectually disabled women (IDW) who are sterilised, and the medical and social factors associated with an increased probability to be sterilised. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based study among 97% of IDW aged 18-46, attending government-accredited institutions in the region of Brussels-Capital and the province of Walloon Brabant (Belgium). RESULTS: Among the IDW included in this study, 22.2% are sterilised, which is superior to the 7% in the general Belgian population. Factors associated with an increased probability to be sterilised are: living in an institution, having a higher intellectual quotient (IQ), being enrolled in an institution where sexual intercourse is authorised and attending an institution where contraception is required. The last three factors are significant only among women living in institutions and the last two, only in women with severe disability. Among IDW using contraception, no factor was associated with a greater probability to be sterilised. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sterilisation among IDW is three times higher than that in the Belgian population and it is mainly correlated with factors related to the institution where these women live, especially the severely disabled.     

The contribution of dementia to the disablement process and modifying factors

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of dementia on disability progression and mortality, and to analyze the modifying effect of risk factors and extra-individual factors. A sample of 3,403 participants in the PAQUID study was followed for 10 years. Disability was assessed on a 4-grade scale: no disability, disabled only on the Rosow-Breslau scale, disabled on the Rosow-Breslau scale and on instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scales, and disabled on the Rosow-Breslau, IADL and activities of daily living (ADL) scales. A Markov model was used to estimate the effect of explanatory variables on disability and mortality. Controlling for age, gender, education, place of residence, medical care and informal support, dementia had a strong significant effect on progression to IADL and then to ADL disability. Dementia did not increase the risk of death, once disability was taken into account, except from the lowest disability grade.     

Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents results from the first national survey of problem gambling completed in Sweden. METHOD: The Swedish survey is unique in its quality and representativeness, due to the use of multiple modes of data collection, recruitment of respondents from national registers rather than from households, and high response rate. RESULTS: In spite of high rates of gambling participation in Sweden, the combined prevalence of problem and pathological gambling in Sweden is relatively low (3.9% lifetime and 2.0% current). Multivariate analysis shows that being male, under the age of 25 and born abroad are significant risk factors for lifetime gambling problems in Sweden. Additional risk factors are being single, living in big cities, and receiving social welfare payments. CONCLUSION: The groups most at risk for gambling problems in Sweden are people disadvantaged and marginalized by international economic changes as well as the dismantling of the Swedish welfare system.     

Three-year outcomes of long-term patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders.

Little is known about the long-term outcomes of patients in the public mental health system who are disabled by co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders. This article reports on the 3-year course of 51 patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders in the New Hampshire Dual Diagnosis Study. Participants received integrated dual disorders treatments in the state mental health system and were independently assessed with standardized measures at baseline and every 6 months for 3 years. Though psychiatric symptoms improved only modestly, participants improved steadily in terms of remission from substance abuse (61% in full remission at 3 years); they also achieved greater independent living (average 239 days in third year), competitive employment (49% in third year), regular social contacts with nonsubstance abusers (46% at 3 years), and quality of life (56% satisfied with life at 3 years). Different domains of outcome were only weakly related to each other. Long-term, disabled patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders have potential for remission from substance abuse and substantial improvements in functioning and quality of life.     

Attitudes and Risk Factors of Pornography Consumption Among Bangladeshi University Students: An Exploratory Study

Pornography is extensively produced, distributed, and used as a medium of entertainment around the world but has been little studied in Bangladesh. The present study examined the attitudes and risk factors of Bangladeshi university students’ pornography consumption. A survey was carried among 313 undergraduate students at Jahangirnagar University (Dhaka, Bangladesh). The study found that 72% of students consumed pornography at least once within their entire life, and approximately half of them were occasional consumers. Approximately two-thirds (67%) encountered pornography during high school, although females typically encountered pornography much later. Logistic regression analysis showed that pornography consumption was predicted by being male, living in a rural area, being in a relationship, engaging in online activities (such as using Facebook), and watching movies. Further research is needed to further determine the behavioral patterns and associated factors that influence pornography consumption among Bangladeshi students.

     

Assessing quality of life in long-term survivors after ¹²⁵I brachytherapy for low-grade glioma in childhood

Quality of life (QOL) is important for the survivors of malignancies. We investigated health-related QOL in 51 patients treated with iodine-125 (12?I) brachytherapy for childhood low-grade gliomas. Instruments included a questionnaire on life situation, German versions of PEDQOL (8-18 years), EORTC QLQ-30 and head and neck module H&N-35 (>18 years), strength and difficulties questionnaire, "Fertigkeitsskala Münster Heidelberg", and an adapted Rankin score. The time lapsed since 12?I-brachytherapy was 134 months (median, range: 29-293 months). 57% of the patients were over 18 years of age, 34% were 11-17 years old and 8% were younger. 14 had undergone other treatments after 12?I brachytherapy. Over half of the >18 year olds reported residual problems; 68% were disabled, 38% to a severe degree. Many of the young adults still lived with their parents and 17% were jobless. 43% of the children/adolescents needed rehabilitative treatment, 20% visited special schools and 71% were disabled, 33% severely. The patients and their caregivers rated their QOL as not different from that of the normal population. However, many QOL dimensions correlated to the severity of disability. Comparison of QOL outcomes between different treatment measures would require a prospective study controlling for the most important factors of influence.     

Mental fatigue, work and sleep

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the multivariate relationship between mental fatigue and different work-related (work load, work hours) and background/life style factors, as well as disturbed sleep. METHODS: A total of 5720 healthy employed men and women living in the greater Stockholm area participated in a questionnaire study on cardiovascular risk factors. The data were analysed using a multiple logistic regression analysis with self-rated fatigue as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Fatigue was predicted by disturbed sleep (4.31; 3.50-5.45, high immersion in work (4.17; 2.93-5.94), high work demands (2.39; 1.54-3.69), social support, being a female, being a supervisor and high age. Shift work, work hours (including overtime) and influence at work did not become significant predictors. With control for work demands a high number of work hours was associated with lower fatigue. CONCLUSION: Disturbed sleep is an important predictor of fatigue, apparently stronger than previously well-established predictors such as work load, female gender, lack of exercise, etc.     

Sexual satisfaction and risk of disability in older women

BACKGROUND: Most studies evaluating sexuality in older adults have focused on men, and relatively little research has evaluated the relationship between sexual satisfaction and health outcomes in older women. The aims of this study were to describe correlates of sexual satisfaction in community-dwelling older women with moderate to severe levels of disability and to examine the association of sexual satisfaction with progression of disability in this population. METHOD: A total of 980 moderately to severely disabled women aged 65 years or older who had participated in The Women's Health and Aging Study entered this study. Baseline evaluations took place from 1992 through 1995. Participants rated their satisfaction with their level of sexual activity on a 0-to-10 scale. Women scoring > or = 8 were considered sexually satisfied. The onset of new severe disability was determined by semiannual assessments, over 3 years, of disability in performing activities of daily living (ADLs) and walking across a room. RESULTS: Of 203 (49.8%) women living with a spouse, 101 were satisfied with their level of sexual activity. In this group, older age, white race, and higher level of physical function were independent predictors of sexual satisfaction. In addition, among women living with a spouse, higher sexual satisfaction was associated with a significantly decreased risk for incident disability in performing ADLs (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36 to 0.94) and walking across a small room (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.79). Among women not living with a spouse, the response on the sexual satisfaction question showed different determinants and was not associated with disability risk. CONCLUSION: Sexual satisfaction in community-dwelling, older, disabled women living with their spouse is associated with reduced risk for subsequent new severe disabilities.