早发型重度子癎前期的临床特点和治疗探讨

目的探讨早发型重度子癎前期的临床特点及治疗。方法对温州医学院附属第一医院妇产科2002-01-2004-12收治的179例重度子癎前期患者(其中早发型43例,即24~34孕周发病者;晚发型136例,即≥34孕周发病者)及其新生儿210例进行回顾性分析,观察指标包括一般情况、并发症/合并症及母婴结局。结果早发型重度子癎前期患者分娩孕周较晚发型早(P<0·01)、治疗时间较晚发型长(P<0·05),其临床症状及并发症/合并症较晚发型严重,母婴结局明显较晚发型差。结论早发型重度子癎前期病情严重,围生儿预后不佳,应根据母胎情况,严格选择病例进行保守治疗,同时密切监测母胎病情变化。     

发育不同一性双胎妊娠的并发症临床分析

目的 探讨发育不同一性双胎妊娠的并发症特点及双胎发育不同一性发生的相关因素。方法 以双胎胎儿体重差＞20％为发育不同一性双胎妊娠诊断标准,回顾性分析96例发育不同一性双胎(观察组)和349例发育一致双胎(对照组)的临床资料,比较两组在妊娠并发症、合并症、分娩情况和围产儿预后等方面的差异。结果 (1)观察组晚期流产、羊水过多、双胎输血综合征和胎盘早剥的发生率分别为13．5％(13／96)、22．9％(22／96)、9．4％(9／96)和5．2％(5／96),明显高于对照组的4．3％(15／349)、10．0％(35／349)、1．4％(5／349)和1．1％(4／349),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。(2)观察组围产儿死亡和胎儿畸形的发生率分别为22．9％(44／192)和5．2％(10／192),明显高于对照组的4．4％(31／698)和1．3％(9／698),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01)。(3)观察组胎儿体重轻者较体重重者的围产儿死亡率高,分别为30．2％(29／96)和15．6％(15／96),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05);体重差分别为≤20％、20％～30％和≥30％时,围产儿死亡率分别为4．4％、11．0％和41．9％;胎儿畸形发生率分别为1．3％、5．1％和5．4％,3者间分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0．05)。结论发育不同一性双胎妊娠主要的并发症为晚期流产、羊水过多、双胎输血综合征、胎盘早剥、围产儿死亡和胎儿畸形。双胎中体重轻者围产儿死亡率高,且随体重差别增大围产儿死亡和胎儿畸形发生率升高。     

慢性高血压并发早发型重度先兆子痫单胎孕妇围产期母儿结局的回顾性分析

目的探讨慢性高血压并发早发型重度先兆子痫较单纯早发型重度先兆子痫是否会增加母儿的不良结局。方法自1999年7月1日至2009年6月30日北京大学第一医院共收治早发型重度先兆子痫单胎孕妇300例,其中慢性高血压并发早发型重度先兆子痫者59例(A组),单纯早发型重度先兆子痫者241例(B组),对两组孕妇的母儿结局进行分析,讨论慢性高血压并发早发型重度先兆子痫是否会增加母儿的不良结局。结果两组孕妇一般情况没有明显的差异,A组的最高收缩压和舒张压明显高于B组(P0.05)。两组孕妇严重并发症如胎盘早剥、HELLP综合征、肺水肿、肝功能损害和子痫等发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组除了新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率明显高于B组外(P0.05),两组围产儿死亡率、胎儿生长受限、新生儿窒息、颅内出血和坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在病情允许的情况下,通过严密监测母儿一般状况、积极地对症治疗并采用适当的期待疗法,慢性高血压并发早发型重度先兆子痫较单纯早发型重度先兆子痫没有对母儿造成明显的不良后果。     

重度子

目的 探讨重度子(癎)前期各种严重并发症的发生与临床指标的关系,寻求针对重度子(癎)前期严重并发症更好的监测手段,以期提供对重度子(癎)前期严重并发症及早干预措施和有效的临床监控方法.方法 对北京大学第三医院1999-01-2005-01 收治的191例重度子(癎)前期孕妇的前瞻性观察资料进行分析总结.将重度子(癎)前期起病时间以34孕周为界分为早发型(100例)和晚发型(91例)重度子(癎)前期两组.将一般临床资料、并发症发生情况、临床监测指标及围生结局进行统计学分析比较.结果 早发组与晚发组间并发症发生率差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05),有无产前检查和血压波动变异情况、眼底血管改变是发生子(癎)、胎盘早剥、HELLP综合征及高血压脑病、心衰肺水肿的危险因素;终止妊娠时孕周越高,围生儿预后越好.结论 保守治疗可以改善重度子(癎)前期患者围生结局预后,注重各种并发症的临床监控是早发型重度子(癎)前期保守治疗的关键,终止妊娠时的孕龄是影响围生结局的主要因素.     

重度子(癎)前期患者血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体靶抗原PR3和MPO的表达

目的探讨重度子癎前期患者血清中抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(antineutrophil cytoplas- mic autoantibodies,ANCA)两种主要靶抗原蛋白酶3(protein3,PR3)和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxi- dase,MPO)的表达与子癎前期发病的关系。方法用抗原特异性酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定 31例重度子癎前期和31例同期正常孕妇(对照组)血清中的PR3和MPO。结果 (1)重度子癎 前期组PR3(+)者占25．8％(8／31),高于对照组的9．7％(3／31),但两组比较无统计学差异(X2= 2．763,P>0．05);重度子癎前期组MPO(+)占25．8％(8／31),对照组占19．4％(6／31),两组比较无统计学差异(X2=0．369,P>0．05)。(2)重度子癎前期组ANCA(+)者和ANCA(一)者比较各母儿并发症发生率无统计学差异,但肾功能不全患者共4例均发生于ANCA(+)者。结论 ANCA 可能与子癎前期的肾脏病变有关,是否参与子癎前期的发病机制还有待于进一步研究。     

先兆子痫致早产在单-双胎妊娠中的母儿结局分析

目的　探讨重度妊高征先兆子痫致医源性早产在单胎妊娠和双胎妊娠中的母儿结局。方法　回顾性总结北京大学第一医院 1993年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月间收治的孕周小于 37周的 12 2例单胎妊娠和 11例双胎妊娠的先兆子痫孕妇的妊娠结局。以单、双胎妊娠分为两组比较其发病情况、疾病进展、母儿并发症及结局。采用SAS软件进行计算机统计分析。结果　双胎妊娠与单胎妊娠发生妊高征及先兆子痫的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。双胎孕妇期待治疗时间明显短于单胎孕妇 (P <0 0 5 ) ,两组孕妇的母儿并发症及围产儿死亡率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　双胎妊娠与单胎妊娠易发生妊高征及先兆子痫的可能性相同。如果双胎妊娠合并先兆子痫孕妇在积极控制病情 ,促胎肺成熟的同时及时终止妊娠 ,其母儿并发症及围产儿死亡率与单胎妊娠合并先兆子痫的母儿并发症及围产儿死亡率相同。     

早发型重度子痫前期期待治疗及妊娠结局

目的：探讨早发型重度子痫前期期待治疗和终止妊娠时机选择对母儿结局的影响。方法：对72例早发型重度子痫前期病例进行回顾性分析,按终止妊娠的孕周分3组,比较母儿结局。结果：随期待治疗时间的延长,新生儿窒息率和死亡率明显下降（P〈0．01）,而孕妇并发症无明显增加。结论：对早发型重度子痫前期,期待治疗和适时终止妊娠是最大限度降低孕产妇和围产儿死亡率的重要方法。     

妊娠合并慢性肾病母儿预后的探讨

对我院１９７０年１月～１９９２年４月妊娠合并慢性肾病７６例进行回顾性分析。以血肌酐值作为衡量肾功能标准。分为肾功能正常及轻、中、重度肾功能不全四组。结果：肾功能正常及轻度肾功能不全患者母儿预后较好。中及重度肾功能不全患者母儿预后较差，若合并慢性高血压，则预后更差。中及重度肾功能不全中孕期出现先兆子痫７８．８％，肾功能下降２７．３％，肾功能恶化２４．２％。围产儿死亡率为１２１．２％。提出：影响母儿预     

早发型重度子(癎)前期母体子宫动脉及胎儿血流动力学的研究

目的通过观察分析早发型重度子痢前期母儿血液动力学变化特点，结合其母儿预后，进一步探讨母儿血流动力学监测在早发型重度子痢前期的临床诊治及预后估计中的应用价值。方法采用前瞻性病例一对照研究方法，应用彩色多普勒超声对36例早发型重度子痢前期和72例正常同期孕妇进行血液动力学有关参数测定（包括UA-S／D、UA—PI、MCA—S／D、MCA-PI、UtA—S／D、UtA-PI），并结合其预后进行统计分析。结果在早发型重度子痢前期组和正常妊娠组，胎儿UA、MCA血流及孕妇UtA血流的S／D、PI值均随着妊娠的进展，呈逐渐下降的趋势，早发型重度子痢前期的UA—S／D，UA-PI，UtA-S／D，UtA-PI比正常妊娠时明显增高（P〈0．05），而MCA-S／D和MCA—PI在妊娠33周前则比正常妊娠组降低，妊娠33周后有显著性差异。当早发型重度子痢前期出现母胎血流动学变化时，围产儿不良结局的发生率高于正常妊娠组。本研究中有7例胎儿产前出现脐动脉舒张末期血流缺如（AEDV），全部合并FGR，围产儿死亡6例。结论母胎血流动学参数在早发型重度子痢前期时常发生明显的改变，并与不良的围产儿结局有关，AEDV的出现意味着胎儿循环已出现或临近失代偿阶段，警示预后不良。     

子(癎)24例临床分析

目的:分析子的临床特点、分娩时机的选择及对母儿的影响,进一步提高临床对该疾病的认识和处理能力。方法:回顾性分析1998年1月至2006年6月本院24例子的临床资料。结果:子发生率2.5‰,以产前子为主,占75%,其中未作系统的产前检查者占88%。子患者围生儿结局与抽搐次数无关(P>0.05),但与发病至终止妊娠的孕周有关,孕34周前发病者新生儿重度窒息、围生儿死亡率显著增加(P<0.01)。子早产发生率58.3%、围生儿死亡率25%。抽搐控制后越早终止妊娠,新生儿重度窒息发生率越小,抽搐控制12小时后终止妊娠,围生儿死亡率增加(P<0.05)。结论:子易致围生儿预后不良;子抽搐控制后及时终止妊娠,可有效降低新生儿重度窒息及围生儿死亡率。     

重度子痫前期临床发病类型及特点与围产结局的关系

目的探讨重度子痫前期临床发病类型和特点与围产结局的关系;进一步研究早发型重度子痫前期的临床界定及保守治疗的临床意义.方法173例重度子痫前期患者以孕34周发病时间为界,分为早发和晚发两种类型;再根据病程进展缓急（起病至发展为重度子痫前期＞48 h）进一步将其分为突发和渐进两种类型.共分4组：即早发突发型组10例、早发渐进型组87例、晚发突发型组18例、晚发渐进型组58例.对4组患者的一般临床资料、并发症发生情况、临床监测指标及围产结局进行分析比较.结果（1）早发突发型组及晚发突发型组共28例（16.2%）患者突发起病,病情于48 h内发展成重度子痫前期;早发渐进型组及晚发渐进型组共145例患者（83.4%）缓慢发病,病情于48 h后逐渐发展成重度子痫前期.早发突发型组的发生率与晚发突发型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;早发渐进型组的发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.（2）早发突发型组严重并发症发生率为100.0%（10/10）,早发渐进型组为34.5%（30/87）,晚发突发型组为100.0%（18/18）,晚发渐进型组为29.3%（17/58）.早发突发型组严重并发症发生率与早发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;晚发突发型组严重并发症发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.（3）早发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为72.7%（8/11）,早发渐进型组为24.3%（25/103）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.晚发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为22.2%（4/18）,晚发渐进型组为4.9%（3/61）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（4）多因素回归分析显示,终止妊娠孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素;发病孕周以34孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,发病孕周与围产结局无相关性（OR=0.426,95%CI：0.138～1.331）;以32孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,则与围产结局相关（OR=0.177,95%CI：0.085～0.369）.结论重度子痫前期患者的临床发病类型较为复杂,早发突发型患者有临床上的不可预测性,其围产结局不良;晚发渐进型患者的围产结局较好.终止孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素,临床上以32孕周界定早发类型重度子痫前期更能准确反映发病孕周与围产结局的关系.     

早发型与晚发型子痫前期的临床特点及母儿结局分析

目的 分析早发型与晚发型子痫前期的临床特征及母儿结局.方法 收集2015年1月至2020年12月6年间在广州医科大学附属第三医院分娩的诊断为子痫前期的单胎孕产妇2693例的临床资料,采用回顾性研究方法分析早发型(873例)与晚发型子痫前期孕妇(1820例)的临床特征及母儿结局.结果 早发型和晚发型子痫前期患者孕次比较[...     

慢性高血压合并妊娠患者的母儿结局及其影响因素

目的通过分析慢性高血压合并妊娠患者的母儿结局,探讨导致母儿不良预后的高危因素。方法2000年1月至2005年12月北京大学第一医院分娩产妇14127例,其中慢性高血压合并妊娠患者121例,分为慢性高血压并发子痫前期组（PE组,64例）和未并发子痫前期组（N-PE组,57例）,对两组患者的母儿结局进行分析,找出导致母儿不良预后的高危因素。结果（1）慢性高血压合并妊娠的发病率为0．86％（121／14127）。（2）胎盘早剥、肺水肿和视网膜病变的发生率：PE组分别为16％（10／64）、11％（7／64）和41％（26／64）,N-PE组分别为2％（1／57）、0和16％（9／57）,两组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）早产率和〈32周的早产率：PE组分别为55％（35／64）和27％（17／64）,N—PE组分别为16％（9／57）和2％（1／57）,两组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（4）小于胎龄儿（SGA）发生率：PE组为31％（20／64）,N-PE组为7％（4／57）,两组比较。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（5）围产儿病死率和新生儿转重症监护室的发生率：PE组分别为11％（7／64）和33％（21／64）,N-PE组分别为0和5％（3／57）,两组分别比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（6）单因素分析表明,慢性高血压病史≥4年、未系统治疗、未定期产前检查和有子痫前期病史等是影响慢性高血压并发子痫前期母儿结局的高危因素（P〈0．05）。而多因素logistic回归分析表明,只有慢性高血压病史≥4年是影响慢性高血压合并子痫前期母儿结局的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论慢性高血压合并子痫前期患者的母儿病率和围产儿病死率明显高于未合并子痫前期者。慢性高血压病史≥4年是导致慢性高血压合并子痫前期的独立危险因素。     

早发型重度子痫前期发病孕周与母儿预后的关系

目的探讨早发型重度子痫前期的发病孕周与母儿预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2006年12月北京大学第一医院分娩的266例孕28-36周发病的单胎重度子痫前期患者的临床资料,按重度子痫前期发病孕周分为4组,Ⅰ组孕28-30周50例;Ⅱ组孕30^＋1-32周72例;Ⅲ组孕32^＋1-34周78例;Ⅳ组组孕34^＋1-36周66例。比较这4组的临床特点和母儿并发症。结果Ⅰ组孕妇有不良产史者明显高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组（32%vs 8.3%、5.1%、6.0%,P〈0.05）;Ⅰ组孕妇有子痫前期史者明显高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组（24%vs 5.5%、0%、9.0%,P〈0.05）;保守治疗时间Ⅰ组（19±23）d,Ⅱ组（10±10）d,分别明显高于Ⅲ组（6±9）d、Ⅳ组（5±7）d,（P〈0.05）;24 h尿蛋白定量平均为Ⅰ组（6.2±4.9）g,明显高于Ⅱ组（4.8±2.9）g、Ⅲ组（4.0±3.0）g、Ⅳ组（2.8±2.1）g,（P〈0.05）;围产儿死亡率Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别为48%、16.6%,明显高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的5.1%、3.0%,P〈0.05;新生儿RDS的发生率Ⅰ组为24%、Ⅱ组为30.5%,分别明显高于Ⅲ组的2.5%、Ⅳ组的12.1%,P〈0.05;孕妇并发症各组之间分析比较差异无统计学意义。结论重度子痫前期发病孕周早晚和保守治疗时间长短与孕妇并发症的发生无关。孕32周之前发病的重度子痫前期的围产儿死亡率及新生儿RDS发生率明显高于孕32周之后发病者。孕妇的不良产史及子痫前期史与重度子痫前期的发病时间相关。     

Expectant Management of Severe Preeclampsia Remote from Term: A Structured Systematic Review

Objective: To compare outcomes associated with expectant vs. interventionist care of severe preeclampsia in observational studies. Data Sources: Medline (01/1980–07/2007), bibliographies of retrieved papers, personal files, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Study Selection: Expectant or interventionist care of preeclampsia at <34 wk. Tabulation, Integration, Results: Data abstraction independently by two reviewers. Median [IQR] of clinical maternal/perinatal outcomes presented. Results: 72 publications, primarily from tertiary care centres in Dutch and developed world sites. Expectant care of severe preeclampsia <34 wk (39 cohorts, 4,650 women), for which 40% of women are eligible, is associated with pregnancy prolongation of 7–14 d, and few serious maternal complications (median <5%), similar to interventionist care (2 studies, 42 women). Complication rates are higher with HELLP <34wk (12 cohorts, 438 women) and severe preeclampsia <28wk (6 cohorts, 305 women), similar to interventionist care (6 cohorts, 467 women and 2 cohorts, 70 women, respectively). Expectant care of HELLP <34 wk (12 cohorts, 438 women) is associated with fewer days gained (median 5), but more serious maternal morbidity (e.g., eclampsia, median 15%). More than half of women have at least temporary improvement of HELLP. In the developed world, expectant (vs. interventionist) care of severe preeclampsia or HELLP <34 wk is associated with reduced neonatal death and complications. Stillbirth is higher in Dutch and developing world sites where viability thresholds are higher. For preeclampsia <24wk (4 cohorts), perinatal mortality is >80%. No predictors of adverse maternal/perinatal outcomes were identified (13 studies). Conclusions: Future research should establish the best maternal/fetal monito regimen and indications for delivery with expectant care. A definitive RCT is needed.     

HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome versus severe preeclampsia: Onset at ≤28.0 weeks’ gestation

Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether the onset of the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome in women at ≤28.0 weeks’ gestation is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age. Study Design: Sixty-four patients with either the HELLP syndrome (n = 32) or severe preeclampsia but absent HELLP syndrome laboratory test results (n = 32), admitted at ≤28.0 weeks’ gestation between July 1, 1992, and April 30, 1999, were studied. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t test and the Fisher exact test. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding African-American race (59% vs 75%), nulliparity (50% vs 56%), or the use of corticosteroids (59% vs 78%). There were no maternal deaths. One woman with the HELLP syndrome had a liver hematoma. The rate at which transfusion of blood products was required was significantly greater in women with the HELLP syndrome than in those with severe preeclampsia only (25% vs 3%; P < .05). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to eclampsia (16% vs 13%), abruptio placentae (6% vs 9%), disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (13% vs 0%), pulmonary edema (13% vs 6%), acute renal failure (3% vs 0%), pleural effusion (3% vs 3%), or ascites (6% vs 16%). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups with respect to neonatal death (11% vs 17%), respiratory distress syndrome (78% vs 86%), or composite neonatal morbidity. Conclusions: Except for the need for transfusion of blood products in women with the HELLP syndrome, onset at ≤28.0 weeks’ gestation is not associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1475-9.)     

Maternal Complications Associated with Severe Preeclampsia

Objective

Hypertension disorders are associated with higher rates of maternal, fetal, and infant mortality, and severe morbidity, especially in cases of severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. The aim of the study was to determine maternal outcomes in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia.

Data Source

The data source consisted of 349 cases with severe preeclampsia.

Design

A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 349 cases of severe preeclampsia in pregnancy.

Setting/Period

The patients selected for this study were from those who presented at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology during 2007–2009.

Materials and Methods

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software and conducting Chi square and independent sample t tests. Demographic data involving age, parity, gestational age, clinical, and laboratory findings were recorded from the medical files. In addition, delivery route, indications of cesarean delivery, and maternal complications were determined.

Results

Of the 349 severely preeclampsia cases, among the 22 cases (6.3 %) who had suffered from eclamptic seizers, 17 cases (77.3 %) were in the age group of 18–35 years (P = 0.351) and 13 cases (59.1 %) in the gestational age group of 28–37 weeks (P = 0.112). One case (0.3 %) was demonstrated to have HELLP syndrome. Placental abruption was obstetric complication in 7.7 % (27 cases). Delivery route was vaginal in 120 cases (34.4 %), while 229 cases (65.6 %) underwent cesarean delivery. The most frequent maternal complication (37 cases) reported was coagulopathy (10.6 %).

Conclusions

We concluded that severe preeclampsia and eclampsia are associated with higher rates of maternal severe morbidity and that these two factors still remain the major contributors to maternal morbidity in Iran.     

HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome versus severe preeclampsia: onset at < or =28.0 weeks' gestation

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether the onset of the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome in women at < or =28.0 weeks' gestation is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-four patients with either the HELLP syndrome (n = 32) or severe preeclampsia but absent HELLP syndrome laboratory test results (n = 32), admitted at < or =28.0 weeks' gestation between July 1, 1992, and April 30, 1999, were studied. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t test and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding African-American race (59% vs 75%), nulliparity (50% vs 56%), or the use of corticosteroids (59% vs 78%). There were no maternal deaths. One woman with the HELLP syndrome had a liver hematoma. The rate at which transfusion of blood products was required was significantly greater in women with the HELLP syndrome than in those with severe preeclampsia only (25% vs 3%; P <.05). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to eclampsia (16% vs 13%), abruptio placentae (6% vs 9%), disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (13% vs 0%), pulmonary edema (13% vs 6%), acute renal failure (3% vs 0%), pleural effusion (3% vs 3%), or ascites (6% vs 16%). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups with respect to neonatal death (11% vs 17%), respiratory distress syndrome (78% vs 86%), or composite neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Except for the need for transfusion of blood products in women with the HELLP syndrome, onset at < or =28.0 weeks' gestation is not associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes in comparison with the risk for women with severe preeclampsia but without the HELLP syndrome at a similar gestational age.     

Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: Lessons learned from recent trials

In the US, the routine use of magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis in women with preeclampsia is an ingrained obstetric practice. During the past decade, several observational studies and randomized trials have described the use of various regimens of magnesium sulfate to prevent or reduce the rate of seizures and complications in women with preeclampsia. There are only 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials evaluating the use of magnesium sulfate in mild preeclampsia. There were no instances of eclampsia among 181 women assigned to placebo, and there were no differences in the percentage of women who progressed to severe preeclampsia (12.5% in magnesium group vs 13.8% in the placebo group, relative risk [RR] 0.90; 95% CI 0.52-1.54). However, the number of women enrolled in these trials is too limited to draw any valid conclusions. There are 4 randomized controlled trials that compare the use of no magnesium sulfate, or a placebo vs magnesium sulfate, to prevent convulsions in patients with severe preeclampsia. The rate of eclampsia was 0.6% among 6343 patients assigned to magnesium sulfate vs 2.0 % among 6330 patients assigned to a placebo or control (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.28-0.55). However, the reduction in the rate of eclampsia was not associated with a significant benefit in either maternal or perinatal outcome. In addition, there was a higher rate of maternal respiratory depression among those assigned magnesium sulfate (RR 2.06; 95% CI 1.33-3.18). The evidence to date confirms the efficacy of magnesium sulfate in reduction of seizures in women with eclampsia and severe preeclampsia; however, this benefit does not affect overall maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidities. The evidence regarding the benefit-to-risk ratio of magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in mild preeclampsia remains uncertain, and does not justify its routine use for that purpose.     

Remote prognosis of primiparous women with preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the maternal characteristics of pregnancy and perinatal outcome of primiparous women with preeclampsia, to determine the recurrence rate and to define the maternal risk factors for preeclampsia in subsequent pregnancies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study. Two groups of patients were defined: the study group consisted of 380 primiparous women with preeclampsia, and in a control group of 385 primiparous women without preeclampsia. The patients were followed during their consecutive deliveries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for the recurrence of preeclampsia in the second pregnancy. RESULTS: In the study and the control group there were a total of 1207 and 1293 deliveries, respectively. Of the 380 primiparous women in study group, 305 (80%) were identified as suffering from mild preeclampsia, 64 (17%) from severe preeclampsia, 10 (2.6%) from super imposed preeclampsia and only one (0.3%) had eclampsia. Primiparous with severe preeclampsia had a significantly higher rate of preterm delivery then those with mild preeclampsia (34 versus 11% respectively, P<0.0001). In addition, the study group had significantly higher rate of perinatal mortality (3.4 versus 0.3%, P=0.013) and perinatal complications. The recurrence rate of preeclampsia was significantly higher in the study group (25% versus 1.9%, P<0.0001). When adjusted for confounding variables, gestational diabetes was strongly associated with the recurrence of preeclampsia in the second pregnancy (OR 3.72 95% CI 1.45-9.53). CONCLUSION: Primiparous women with preeclampsia are at an increased risk for recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Gestational diabetes in primiparous women with preeclampsia is an independent risk factor for developing preeclampsia in the second pregnancy.