阿莫西林克拉维酸钾(7:1)分散片人体生物等效性

目的:研究阿莫西林克拉维酸钾(7:1)分散片试验制剂与对照制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:23名健康男性受试者随机双周期交叉单剂量口服阿莫西林克拉维酸钾(7:1)分散片(800:114,mg)试验制剂和对照制剂。用柱切换HPLC内标法测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸血药浓度,由3P97药动学程序计算有关药代动力学参数。结果:阿莫西林和克拉维酸药-时曲线均呈一室模型。阿莫西林试验制剂及对照制剂AUC_(0-8)分别为33.93±3.22及33.81±5.70 h·mg·L~(-1),C_(max)分别为13.22±0.91及12.09±2.88 mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为1.42±0.18 h及1.50±0.18。克拉维酸试验制剂及对照制剂AUC_(0-6)分别为5.01±0.77及5.51±0.18h·mg·L~(-1),C_(max)分别为2.39±0.31及2.72±0.29 mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为1.19±0.35及1.33±0.35 h。试验制剂对对照制剂相对生物利用度(F)阿莫西林为(103.4±30.5)％,克拉维酸为(91.0±27.0)％。阿莫西林及克拉维酸AUC和C_(max)经对数转换后双单侧t检验均P <0.05,阿莫西林试验制剂AUC_(0-8)90％可信限落在对照制剂97.0％～102.2％内,C_(max)90％可信限落在98.8％～118.1％内;克拉维酸试验制剂AUC_(0-6)90％可信限落在参比制剂84.1％～102.6％内,C_(max)90％可信限落在81.9％～101.0％内,t_(max)经非参数法     

布洛芬缓释胶囊的人体相对生物利用度

目的:比较布洛芬缓释胶囊和芬必得胶囊的人体生物利用度。方法:用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者口服单剂量和多剂量两种制剂600 mg,高效液相色谱法测定血清中布洛芬的浓度,计算两药的药代动力学参数。结果:受试者口服单剂量国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊后布洛芬的AUC_(0-24)分别为208.74±43.74和205.54±39.43 mg·h·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为4.85±0.81和5.20±1.06 h,C_(max)分别为25.40±4.00和25.47±4.50mg·L~(-1),以AUC_(0-24)计算,国产布洛芬缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为(104.13±25.50)％。口服多剂量国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊后布洛芬的AUC~(ss)分别为170.81±24.87和172.93±29.76 mg·h·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为4.90±0.97和4.65±1.09 h,C_(max)分别为27.31±5.45和26.87±3.79 mg·L~(-1);C_(min)分别为6.13±1.60和5.94±1.84 mg·L~(-1),波动度分别为(146.45±36.69)％和(149.10±22.61)％。以AUC~(ss)计算,国产布洛芬缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为(99.68±10.22)％。结论:国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊具有生物等效性。     

国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片剂与其进口片人体生物等效性

目的:对健康受试者单剂量口服国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀片后的药代动力学特性及生物等效性进行评价。方法:20名健康志愿者随机交叉口服24mg国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀两种片剂。用高效波相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中倍他司汀主要代谢物2-吡啶乙酸含量,并进行药代动力学和生物等效性研究。结果:国产及进口制剂中2-吡啶乙酸的C_(max)分别为308.6±208.8及339.4±213.4mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为1.13±0.66及0.98±0.47h;AUC_(0-t)分别为1168.5±794.9及1129.3±725.2mg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为1213.2±819.2和1178.9±752.5mg·L~(-1)。国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片的相对生物利用度为(106.31±29·1)％。结论:对AUC_(0-t),AUC_(0-∞),C_(max)和t_(max)分别进行方差分析后,进行双单侧检验及90％置信限判断,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

巴洛沙星片在健康人体内的药动学

目的:研究中国健康志愿者单次和多次口服巴洛沙星片的药动学。方法:12名健康志愿者,男女各半,单次给药试验口服(100 mg、200 mg、400 mg)3个剂量,多次给药试验口服剂量为每次200 mg,每日1次,连续5 d。采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定巴洛沙星血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果:主要药动学参数如下,单剂量(100 mg)c_(max)(1.42±s 0.25)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.8±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(7.4±2.7)h,AUC_(0～∞)(9.8±1.7)mg·h·L~(-1);单剂量(200 mg)c_(max)(2.9±0.6)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.9±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(7.2±1.1)h,AUC_(0～∞)(21±3)mg·h·L~(-1);单剂量(400 mg)c_(max)(5.6±1.4)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(1.2±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(8.4±2.2)h,AUC_(0～∞)(44±12)mg·h·L~(-1)。多剂量c_(max)(2.9±0.8)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.83±0.19)h,t_(1/2)(8.2±2.0)h,AUC_(0～∞)(21±5)mg·h·L~(-1),FI(93.7±1.4)%。结论:巴洛沙星在人体内符合二室模型,一级动力学过程。     

阿司匹林缓释胶囊在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的:研究阿司匹林缓释胶囊的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者20名,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量及多剂量po试验及对照制剂162.5和150 mg,剂间间隔为2周。用高效液相色谱法测定阿司匹林体内活性代谢产物水杨酸的血浆药物浓度,计算两者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效件评价。结果:单剂量口服试验及对照制剂的C_(max)分别为2.77±0.68和2.62±0.83 mg L;t_(max)分别为2.87±2.52和3.48±2.09 h;t_(1/2)分别为11.07±4.46和12.41±5.03 h;AUC_(0-60)分别为62.50±16.06和57.36±14.70 mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(O-inf)分别为65.50±18.71和61.33±17.44 mg·h·L~(-1);相对生物利用度为(110.9±19.1)％。多剂量口服实验制剂和参比制剂达到稳态后的C_(min)分别为0.72±0.26和0.78±0.16mg·L~(-1);C_(max)分别为4.78±1.48和4.49±1.45 mg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为 9.06±1.50和8.87±1.39 h;AUC~(SS)分别为64.22±14.71和61.79±13.22 mg·h·L~(-1);DF分别为1.44±0.43和1.37±0.48;相对生物利用度为(108.9±35.5)％。结论:两制剂在单剂量和多剂量条件下具有生物等效性。     

氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂的人体生物等效性

目的评价氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂在人体内的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服500 mg受试制剂氯唑西林片和参比制剂氯唑西林钠胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定氯唑西林的血药浓度,用3P97软件进行药动学参数计算和生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(1.3±s 0.3)和(1.21±0.26)h,c_(max)分别为(14±4)和(15±4) mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(0.73±0.26)和(0.74±0.17)h,AUC_(0～t)分别为(23±5)和(24±6)mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)分别为(23±5)和(25±6)mg·h·L~(-1),经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(98±27)%。结论2种氯唑西林制剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定美托洛尔缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中美托洛尔浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC—MS/MS)法,研究健康受试者单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学和生物等效性。方法40名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg,采用LC—MS/ MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数。结果单剂量时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(144±s 43)和(164±40)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.2)和(3.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.0±2.5)和(4.9±2.0)h,AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 639±787)和(1 658±636)μg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(97±21)%。多剂量达稳态时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(241±170)和(232±75)μg·L~(-1),c_(min)分别为(115±66)和(121±64)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.0)和(3.5±1.6)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(1 905±882)和(1 992±834)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(av)分别为(159±73)和(166±69)μg·L~(-1),DF分别为(77±30)%和(75±31)%。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_(0～t),AUC_(0～∞)或AUC_(ss),c_(max)和t_(max)均符合生物等效性要求。结论建立的LC—MS/MS法专属、准确、灵敏度适宜。测定的美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

2种舒他西林片的人体生物等效性

目的：比较口服2种舒他西林片的相对生物利用度。方法：20名健康男性受试者采用随机交叉试验设计。反相高效液相色谱法测定单剂量口服2种舒他西林片750 mg后的氨苄西林、舒巴坦血药浓度。DAS程序计算药动学参数,AUC,c_(max)对数转换后进行分析。结果：口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂氨苄西林的c_(max)分别是(10.8±s 1.9),(10.4±1.8)mg·L~(-1)；t_(max)分别是(0.68±0.14),(0.66±0.12)h；AUC_(0-t)分别为(22±4),(22±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(24±5),(23±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(1.07±0.26),(1.13±0.25)h。口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂舒巴坦的c_(max)分别是(7.4±1.3),(7.3±1.2)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别是(0.66±0.12),(0.70±0.10)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(13.7±2.8),(13.2±2.3)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(14.2±2.9),(13.7±2.5)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(0.97±0.19),(0.87±0.24)h。结论：2种舒他西林片具有生物等效性。     

精氨酸布洛芬糖浆与布洛芬片剂人体药动学及生物等效性比较

目的:比较精氨酸布洛芬糖浆与布洛芬片在健康人体中的药动学及生物等效性。方法:采用液相色谱法测定18位健康男性受试者交叉服用精氨酸布洛芬糖浆和布洛芬片后的血浆中布洛芬浓度。结果:糖浆剂的药动学参数为:AUC_(0-10)=(150±s 17)mg·h·L~(-1),C_(max)=(47±9)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)=(0．6±0．3)h;布洛芬片剂的药动学参数为:AUC_(0-10)=(136±13)mg·L~(-1),c_(max)=(28±4)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)=(2．7±1．0)h,相对生物利用度为 (98±7)％。结论:精氨酸布洛芬糖浆和布洛芬片生物等效。     

头孢克肟胶囊在健康志愿者的生物等效性研究

目的:研究头孢克肟胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者双周期、随机交叉、自身对照,口服单剂量试验和对照头孢克肟胶囊200 mg。用HPLC-UV检测法和微生物法测定血药浓度,所得数据用3P97软件处理,按一室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果:试验及对照制剂HPLC法测定的C_(max)分别为2.317±0.536和2.87±0.492 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.1±0.7和4.3±0.7 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为17.251±5.087和16.954±4.536 mg·L~(-1)·h;AUCO_(0-∞)分别为18.386±4.559和18.138±3.931 mg·h·L~(-1)。微生物法测定的C_(max)分别为2.437±0.495和2.361±0.435 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.13±0.65和3.90±0.45 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为18.741±3.931和18.064±3.350 mg·h·L~(-1);AUCO_(0-∞)分别为20.109±4.497和19.403±3.693 mg·h·L~(-1)。对AUCO_(0-16)、AUC_(0-∞)、C_(max)进行双向单测检验,无显著性差异。HPLC法和微生物法测定的试验品相对生物采利用度分别为(101.53±18.21)％,(103.30±15.78)％,结论:试验头孢克肟胶囊和对照制剂具有生物等效性。HPLC法与微生物法呈相关性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.