西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症的疗效对比观察

目的评价西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法将60例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的老年抑郁症病人随机分为两组，分别给予西酞普兰和阿米替林治疗6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评价临床疗效，用不良反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果西酞普兰组显效率为80％，有效率为93．33％；阿米替林组显效率为76．67％，有效率为96．67％。两组间疗效无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。西酞普兰组常见的不良反应有恶心、口干、头痛等，但发生率较低。结论西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症安全有效，不良反应轻微。     

西酞普兰与马普替林治疗老年抑郁症的对照研究

目的比较西酞普兰与马普替林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法将96例老年抑郁症住院患者随机分为两组,48例应用西酞普兰治疗,48例应用马普替林治疗,疗程均为8周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、临床疗效总评定量表（CGI-SI）评定临床疗效,治疗中出现的不良反应量表（TESS）评定药物不良反应。结果西酞普兰与马普替林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效相当（P〉0.05）,但前者不良反应少（P〈0.05）。结论西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症疗效显著,不良反应少,安全性高。     

西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效对照研究

目的 探讨选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性.方法 将60例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的抑郁症病人随机分为两组,分别给予西酞普兰和阿米替林治疗.疗程6周.采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定疗效,并以不良反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应.结果 西酞普兰组显效率为83.33%,阿米替林组为76.67%,差异无显著性.西酞普兰不良反应少而轻微,主要有恶心、口干、头痛.结论 西酞普兰是一见效快、疗效肯定及不良反应少而轻微的抗抑郁药.     

西酞普兰治疗老年期抑郁症疗效观察

目的：探讨西酞普兰治疗老年期抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性.方法：将60例老年期抑郁症患者随机分为西酞普兰组及阿米替林组（各30例）.西酞普兰治疗剂量为20～40 mg/d,阿米替林为100～250 mg/d.疗程6周.疗效评定采用Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）,安全性评价应用副反应量表（TESS）及实验室检查.结果：西酞普兰组显效率为77%,有效率为92%,与阿米替林组的70%及90%相当;西酞普兰组不良反应较阿米替林组少且轻微.结论：西酞普兰与阿米替林对老年期抑郁症均有较好的疗效,但西酞普兰具有服用简便,不良反应轻等优点.     

艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症对照研究

目的：探讨艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法：将63名抑郁症患者随机分为两组，分别给予艾司西酞普兰和马普替林治疗，疗程6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度（CGI—SI）、治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：艾司西酞普兰与马普替林治疗抑郁症疗效相当，但艾司西酞普兰起效更快，不良反应更少。结论：艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症安全有效。     

艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗门诊抑郁症的对照研究

目的 探讨艾司西酞普兰对门诊抑郁症病人的疗效和安全性。方法 68例符合CCMD-3抑郁发作的门诊病人随机分为艾司西酞普兰组和舍曲林组，艾司西酞普兰剂量10—20mg／d，舍曲林50～200mg／d，疗效采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定，不良反应和安全性用TESS和实验室检查评定。观察时间为期6周。结果 艾司西酞普兰组有效率70．6％，治愈率47．1％，舍曲林组有效率61．8％，治愈率41．2％，两组比较差异无显著性。艾司西酞普兰主要不良反应为食欲下降（11．8％）、恶心（8．8％）、头晕（8．8％）、口干（5．9％）等，与舍曲林无差异。脱落率和失访率各为11．8％和14．7％，无显著差异。结论 艾司西酞普兰治疗门诊抑郁症病人安全有效，疗效和不良反应与舍曲林相似。     

丁螺环酮对难治性抑郁症治疗的辅助作用

目的：观察西酞普兰合并丁螺环酮对难治性抑郁症的疗效和不良反应。方法：对42例难治性抑郁症患者，随机分为合用组(西酞普兰合并丁螺环酮，22例)和单用组(单用西酞普兰，20例)治疗6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效，以副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果：治疗第1、2、4、6周末两组间HAMD及HAMA评分比较，合用组低于单用组，差异有显著性；治疗6周末合用组显效率达72．7％，显著高于单用组的40％；两组间TESS评分同期比较差异均无显著性。结论：西酞普兰合并丁螺环酮对难治性抑郁症的疗效优于单用西酞普兰，且起效快，不良反应轻微。     

西酞普兰与文拉法辛治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的：比较西酞普兰和文拉法辛治疗老年抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法：将52例老年抑郁症患者随机分为西酞普兰组和文拉法辛组。疗程6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：两组总体疗效相仿,在治疗2周末时HAMD、HAMA评分有显著性差异,文拉法辛组减分率显著多于西酞普兰组。两组不良反应均较轻,安全性好。结论：西酞普兰是一种安全有效的抗抑郁药,可用于老年抑郁症患者。     

西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗抑郁症的对照研究

目的　探讨选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法　将 6 0例符合CCMD 3诊断标准的抑郁症患者随机分为两组 ,分别给予西酞普兰和阿米替林治疗 ,共治疗 6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)、临床总体评定量表 (CGI)评定临床疗效 ,采用副反应量表 (TESS)评定副反应。结果　西酞普兰组显效率 80 % ,阿米替林组显效率 76 .6 7% ,差异无显著性 ,各因子分中西酞普兰组认知障碍减分多于阿米替林组 ,差异有显著性。HAMA减分西酞普兰组少于阿米替林组 ,差异无显著性。西酞普兰常见副反应有恶心、口干、头痛等 ,但比较轻微。结论　西酞普兰见效快 ,疗效肯定 ,副反应发生率少而轻微。     

西酞普兰与氟西汀治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的 比较西酞普兰和氟西汀治疗老年抑郁症的疗效及安全性.方法 将54例老年抑郁症患者随机分为西酞普兰组和氟西汀组,分别给予西酞普兰和氟西汀治疗,疗程6周.采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和副反应.结果 2组总体疗效相当,显效率分别为82.3%和75.6%.但2周末时HAMD评分及减分率、HAMA评分2组间差异有显著性,说明西酞普兰起效较快.2组不良反应均较轻,安全性好.结论 西酞普兰是一种安全有效的抗抑郁药,能用于老年抑郁症患者.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。