不同种类液体急性等容血液稀释对脊柱手术患者血流动力学的影响和血液保护效应

目的观察不同种类液体急性等容血液稀释(ANH)对脊柱手术患者血流动力学的影响和血液保护效应。方法选择择期全麻下行后路脊柱手术的患者60例,男30例,女30例,年龄48~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为三组:ANH晶体组(A组)、ANH胶体组(B组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。A组和B组在俯卧位全麻下行ANH,目标Hct为32%,A组放血同时用3倍体积的复方乳酸钠稀释,B组放血同时用相同体积的羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠注射液稀释,C组不做ANH,为对照组。记录ANH前5 min(俯卧位后5 min,T0)、ANH结束后10 min(切皮前5 min,T1)、输血(包括异体血和自体血)前5min(T2)和输血结束后10min(T3)的MAP、HR、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量变异度(SVV)、Hb、Hct、Plt、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)及BIS和体温;监测三组术中出血量、输血量(包括悬浮红细胞、血小板和新鲜冰冻血浆)、输注异体血患者例数、输液量及尿量。结果 T2、T3时A组MAP明显低于,SVV明显高于T0时和B、C组(P0.05);T1时A、B组CI明显高于T0时和C组(P0.05),T2、T3时B、C组CI明显高于T0时和A组(P0.05);T1、T3时A、B组Hb、Hct及Plt明显低于T0时(P0.05);T1、T2时A、B组Hb、Hct及Plt明显低于C组,T3时明显高于C组(P0.05);T2、T3时三组PT及APTT明显长于T0时,T3时A、B组PT及APTT明显短于C组(P0.05)。A、B组术中未输入悬浮红细胞,输入悬浮红细胞及输注异体血患者例数明显少于C组(P0.05);A组晶体液输入量明显多于B、C组,B组明显少于C组(P0.05);A、C组胶体液输入量明显少于B组(P0.05);A组尿量明显多于B、C组(P0.05)。三组术中出血量差异无统计学意义。结论 ANH可减少脊柱手术患者术中异体悬浮红细胞的输入量,有利于凝血功能的恢复,具有明显的血液保护效应;胶体液行ANH的扩容效果优于晶体液。     

动脉压力波形分析技术在急性等容血液稀释中的应用

目的 应用动脉压力波形分析技术(FloTrac/Vigileo系统)来观察心脏手术患者急性等容血液稀释(ANH)时的血流动力学变化.方法 20例拟在心肺转流(CPB)下择期行心脏手术患者随机均分为A、B两组,全麻后行ANH,目标血细胞比容(Hct)为32%,放血速度分别为20 ml/min(A组)和40 ml/min(B组).于ANH前(T0)、ANH开始后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、ANH结束时(T3)、ANH结束后10 min(T4)记录HR、MAP、CVP及FloTrac/Vigileo系统测得的心脏指数(CI)、每搏量指数(SVI)、全身血管阻力指数(SVRI)、每搏量变异度(SVV)等指标.结果 两组ANH期间血流动力学变化均无统计学意义;但SVV在T1～T3时较T0时明显增高(P＜0.01),而且B组SVV明显高于A组(P＜0.05).结论 心脏手术患者术前进行ANH是安全的,动脉压力波形分析技术能对其进行方便的监测.SVV能预测机体对输液治疗的反应.     

注药型气管导管对腭咽成形术后留置导管期应激反应的影响

目的评价注药型气管导管用于腭咽成形术后留置导管期对应激反应的影响。方法选择择期行悬雍垂腭咽成形术患者60例,均为男性,年龄18~60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为A、B、C三组,每组20例。三组均静脉持续输注舒芬太尼5μg/h,A组每隔2小时经注药型气管导管注入2%利多卡因2ml,B组持续泵注右美托咪定0.4μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),C组不做处理。如出现高血压及心动过速,给予额外药物处理。记录入ICU即刻(T_0)、2h(T_1)、6h(T_2)、12h(T3)、拔管前即刻(T4)的HR、MAP、动脉血肾上腺素(E)及去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平,并记录入室至停药期间三组需药物调整HR、MAP的例数及呛咳反应发生情况。结果 T_1~T_4时A、B组HR明显慢于C组,T_2~T_4时B组HR明显慢于A组(P0.05);T1~T4时A、B组MAP明显低于C组(P0.05),且T2时A组MAP高于B组。T_1~T_4时A、B组动脉血E水平明显低于C组,且T1时A组动脉血E水平明显高于B组(P0.05);T_1~T_4时A、B组动脉血NE水平明显低于C组,且T_1~T_3时A组动脉血E水平明显高于B组(P0.05)。A组带管时间及ICU停留时间明显短于B组(P0.05);A组药物干预例数明显少于C组,但多于B组,A、B组医患满意度均明显高于C组(P0.05)。A组呛咳发生率(55%)明显低于C组(80%),呛咳程度明显轻于C组(P0.05)。结论注药型气管导管间断注入局麻药可明显降低腭咽成形术后患者带管期间应激反应,稳定循环,并缩短患者拔管及ICU停留时间。     

深度血液稀释后家兔脑组织TNF-α生成量的变化

目的 监测深度血液稀释后家兔脑组织肿瘤细胞坏死因子α(TNF-α)生成量的变化.方法 健康成年家兔18只,体重2～2.5 kg,随机分为A,B,C三组,每组6只.A、B两组以6%羟乙基淀粉(200/0.5)行血液稀释,目标血细胞比容(Hct)分别为A组12%、B组18%,C组不进行血液稀释.麻醉下气管插管后行机械通气,维持体温37℃左右.左颈内静脉穿刺置管,以备采取血样;右股动脉穿刺置管以备抽取血液样本及监测动脉压.股动脉放血,同时A组、B组股静脉输注等量6%羟乙基淀粉行等容性血液稀释(ANH)至目标Hct约30 min.于动脉、静脉穿刺置管后20 min(T0)、ANH后2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)时,记录SBP、DBP、MAP、CVP和HR;分别采集静脉血样各0.4 ml,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定脑组织TNF-α生成量.结果 与T0时比较,A组T1～T3、B组T2、T3动、静脉血TNF-α浓度升高(P<0.05);各时点C组脑组织TNF-α生成量比较差异无统计学意义.结论 常温下ANH目标Hct为18%及12%均不能维持脑氧供需平衡,可导致脑缺氧性炎症.     

目标导向液体治疗对腹腔热灌注化疗患者机体氧供需平衡及组织灌注的影响

目的探讨目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)对腹膜癌行腹腔热灌注化疗术患者围术期机体氧供需平衡及组织灌注的影响。方法选择择期全麻下行腹膜癌热灌注化疗的患者80例,男61例,女19例,年龄30~60岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为常规液体治疗组(C组)和每搏变异度(SVV)为导向液体治疗组(S组),每组40例。术中应用FloTrac/Vigile系统连续监测血流动力学,记录入手术室后(T0)、气管插管后5 min(T_1)、腹腔热灌注化疗开始前(T_2),热灌注化疗30min(T_3)、热灌注化疗60min(即热灌注结束时,T_4)、热灌注化疗结束后30min(T_5)、手术结束时(T_6)的MAP、HR、CVP、CI、PaO_2、SaO_2、PvO_2、ScvO_2和Lac。根据公式计算氧供(DO2I)及氧耗指数(VO2I)。结果 S组患者输液总量,晶体液量及尿量明显低于C组患者,但胶体液量明显高于C组(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_3、T_4时两组患者MAP明显降低,T_4时C组HR明显增快、CI明显降低,T_3~T_6时C组和T_3~T_5时S组CVP明显升高(P0.05);T_3~T_5时S组患者MAP及CI明显高于C组,HR明显慢于C组(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_4、T_5时C组DO2I明显降低,T_3~T_6时C组VO_2I,O_2ER及Lac水平明显升高,ScvO_2明显降低(P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_4~T_6时S组VO2I明显升高(P0.05),T_3、T_4时ScvO_2明显降低(P0.05);T_4、T_5时S组DO_2I明显高于C组,T_3~T_6时S组VO2I,O_2ER及Lac水平明显低于C组,ScvO2明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论每搏变异度为导向液体治疗能够有效维持血流动力学稳定,增加机体氧供,降低氧耗,保证组织微循环灌注。     

急性高血容量血液稀释技术在骨科全麻手术中的应用

目的探讨急性高血容量血液稀释技术在骨科全麻手术中的意义。方法 2016年6月至2017年6月本院手术患者40例随机分为两组,A组采用急性高血容量血液稀释技术予以30ml/min速率琥珀酰明胶注射液15ml/kg为中度稀释血液组,B组为对照组予以6ml/kg/h输入复方乳酸钠电解质注射液。观察两组患者术中失血情况及术后输血情况,AHHD前(T1)、AHHD结束即刻(T_2),AHHD后半小时(T_3)、AHHD后l小时(T_4)四个时间节点的平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、HB、Hct、PLT、PT、APTT、氧代谢指标CaO_2、CcvO_2、ERO_2等指标。结果两组患者AHHD前(T_1)平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、HB、Hct、PLT、APTT比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);AHHD结束即刻(T_2)、AHHD后半小时(T_3)、AHHD后l小时(T_4)两组患者颈内静脉监测中心静脉压(CVP)、HB、Hct、PLT对比差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)而平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、APPT对比差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组和B组两组在AHHD结束即刻(T_2)、AHHD后半小时(T_3)、AHHD后l小时(T_4)两组间对比患者CaO_2、CcvO_2对比差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。而ERO2各时间节点前后对比没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论急性高血容量血液稀释技术对骨科手术患者氧代谢及血流动力学影响较小,可减少术中失血,利于术后恢复。     

急性非等容量血液稀释与控制性降压的联合应用

目的 研究术前急性非等容量血液稀释(ANIH)联合控制性降压(CH)对腹部手术患者血流动力学和氧代谢的影响.方法 60例择期行胃癌根治术患者随机分为两组:术前ANIH联合CH组(A组)和单纯CH组(C组),每组30例.A组于全麻插管后切皮前行ANIH;C组不行ANIH;术中两组患者均用硝酸甘油行CH,MAP控制在60～70 min Hg.观察气管插管后ANIH前(T0)、ANIH后CH前(T1)、CH后30 min(T2)、切除病灶后(T3)和术毕(T4)的MAP、HR、CVP、CO、外周循环阻力(SVR)及动脉血乳酸(Lac)浓度的变化,计算氧供(DO2)、氧耗(VO2)和氧摄取率(ERO2).结果 T1时A组MAP明显高于T0时及C组,T2、T3时两组MAP均明显低于T0、T1和T4时(P＜0.05).A组HR在T1时明显减慢,T2～T4时C组HR明显快于T0、T1时和A组(P＜0.05);T1～T2时A组CVP、CO、CI及ERO2均明显高于T0时及C组,T1～T4时A组SVR和DO2则显著低于T0时及C组(P＜0.05).T1～T2时A组Hct显著低于T0时和C组,T3、T4时两组Hct均明显低于T0时(P＜0.05).两组VO2及Lac在稀释前后无明显变化.结论 术前ANIH联合硝酸甘油CH不影响腹部手术时的机体氧代谢,可有效减少术中用血.     

急性等容血液稀释在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产手术中的应用

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产手术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法将52例需剖宫产终止妊娠的完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的产妇随机双盲分为三组:A组在术前进行ANH,B组在术前进行急性高容血液稀释(AHH),C组术前无特殊处理。记录三组产妇术中总出血量、异体血输注例数、术前、术后2h血常规及三组新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气。结果 A、B组产妇急性血液稀释后血气分析差异无统计学意义。A组输注异体血例数明显少于B、C组(P0.05),术后2 h产妇Hb、Hct、Plt明显高于B、C组(P0.05),B、C组差异无统计学意义;三组新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血气分析差异无统计学意义。结论 ANH自体输血对孕妇及胎儿均无不良影响,是一种安全、有效的输血方式。     

不同靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定用于颈椎手术麻醉中经鼻清醒气管插管效果的比较

目的观察不同靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定用于颈椎手术麻醉经鼻清醒气管插管的安全性和有效性,探讨临床适宜的瑞芬太尼靶控浓度。方法选择择期在全身麻醉下行颈椎手术患者60例,男40例,女20例,年龄18~68岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按瑞芬太尼靶控浓度不同随机分为三组:A组:瑞芬太尼1.5ng/ml,B组:瑞芬太尼2.0ng/ml,C组:瑞芬太尼2.5ng/ml。三组患者均给予右美托咪定1μg/kg。观察并记录入手术室时(T_1)、插管前(T_2)、气管导管过鼻咽即刻(T_3)、气管导管过声门即刻(T_4)、导管套囊充气即刻(T_5)、导管进入气管后1min(T_6)的MAP、HR、SpO_2、RR;并记录插管时间、插管一次成功率、患者插管过程中呛咳、肢体运动及呼吸抑制等不良反应和知晓情况。结果与T_1时比较,T_3~T_5时A组MAP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05),B组、C组差异无统计学意义;与T_1时比较,T_4~T_6时C组SpO_2明显下降(P0.05),T_3~T_6时C组RR明显减慢(P0.05),A组、B组差异无统计学意义。A组呛咳、肢体运动发生率明显高于B组和C组(P0.05);A组、B组呼吸抑制发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论 2.0ng/ml靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定能有效抑制插管时的应激反应,减少呼吸抑制发生,适合用于颈椎手术患者电子插管软镜引导经鼻清醒插管。     

Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用

目的探讨Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用对心血管及应激反应的影响。方法选择择期行亲属活体肾移植手术的尿毒症患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄21~38岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为A、B两组,每组20例。A组在Narcotrend监测下采用Diprifusor TCI输注泵输注丙泊酚,B组人工推注丙泊酚。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、气管插管前(T_1)、气管插管后1 min(T_2)、3 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)的HR、MAP、Narcotrend指数(NTI)及血糖(Glu)、血浆皮质醇(Cor)浓度。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组患者HR明显减慢,MAP明显下降(P0.05),且B组明显低于A组(P0.05);T_2、T_3时B组HR明显增快,MAP明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T2~T4时A组Glu、Cor略有升高,但差异无统计学意义;T_2~T_4时B组Glu、Cor浓度明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。结论 Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚TCI用于肾移植患者全麻诱导时,麻醉深度可控性强,能有效减轻气管插管引起的机体应激反应,维持血流动力学平稳。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.