国产与进口吲达帕胺片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价吲达帕胺(抗高血压药)在健康人体的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 健康受试者22名,自身随机交叉试验方法,单剂量口服受试制剂及参比制剂2.5 mg,每次间隔1周清洗期.用液质联用方法测定血浆中的吲达帕胺浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 单剂量口服受试制剂T与参比制剂R的Cmax分别为(29.30±9.64),(28.05±7.33)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.00±1.62),(2.80±1.12)h;t1/2分别为(15.80 ±3.48),(15.50±3.95)h;AUC0-tn分别为(562.75±186.25),(533.23±181.98)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(599.43±201.16),(566.76 ±194.32)μg·L-1·h.经统计学分析,组间无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 国产吲达帕胺片与进口吲达帕胺片为生物等效制剂.     

健康志愿者口服氨氯地平片的药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的:研究氨氯地平进口片和国产片在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学及相对生物利用度.方法:单次口服10mg氨氯地平片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,3p97程序处理数据.结果:两种制剂降压平稳,72 h内均有降压作用.受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,峰时间(Tmax)分别为(5.22±1.70),(5.89±1.28)h;峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(6.98±1.30),(6.95±1.15)ng/mL;消除半衰期[T1/2(he)]分别为(38.02±7.30),(41.03±11.62)h;药时曲线下面积(AUC0-72)分别为(244.96±55.80),(243.68±46.87)ng·h/mL;氨氯地平国产片的相对生物利用度平均为(100.7±12.5)%.结论:两种制剂生物等效.     

国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片(抗血栓药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂及参比制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(710.25±305.79),(653.33±311.06)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.39±0.23),(0.38±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(0.72±0.10),(0.67±0.10)h;AUC0-tn分别为(473.80±216.83),(440.17±440.17)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(479.88±224.77),(443.79±144.70)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(110.24±38.24)%,(110.64±39.07)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

普伐他汀片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 建立测定血浆普伐他汀的高效液相色谱一串联质谱法,并评价普伐他汀钠片(降血脂药)试验制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 按两种制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服2种普伐他汀钠片(参比制剂和受试制剂)40 mg后,用高效液相色谱一串联质谱法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服普伐他汀钠片参比制剂及受试制剂40 mg后的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(0.79±0.28),(0.88±0.32) h; Cmax分别为(55.06±22.09),(57.75±30.47) mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.38±0.69),(2.31±0.49) h;AUCO-t分别为(110.49±45.25 ),(108.81±52.16)ng·h·L-1; AUC0-∞分别为(115.58±47.08),(113.60±54.38) mg·h·L-1.受试制剂对参比制剂平均相对生物利用度为(103.76±16.70)%.结论 2种普伐他汀钠片生物等效.     

富马酸酮替芬颗粒与富马酸酮替芬片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究富马酸酮替芬颗粒与富马酸酮替芬片(均为平喘药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24例健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂富马酸酮替芬颗粒及参比制剂富马酸酮替芬片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(247.76±99.61),(229.24±96.44)ng·L-1;tmax分别为(2.38±0.97),(2.46±1.14)h;t1/2分别为(14.85±5.76),(14.69±7.91) h;AUC0-tn分别为(2641.07±1025.19),(2764.19±1231.50) ng·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(3192.01±1272.20),(3431.11±1902.72) ng·L-1·h;受试制剂富马酸酮替芬颗粒的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(100.08±21.81)%,(102.75±30.33)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

复方对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方对乙酰氨基酚片(解热镇痛药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法24名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种国产复方对乙酰氨基酚片(试验与参比制剂)2片,用高效液相色谱法测定对乙酰氨基酚、异丙安替比林和咖啡因的血药浓度,用DAS软件拟合计算药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果药代动力学参数如下。对乙酰氨基酚:tmax分别为(0.81±0.48),(0.78±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(9.29±2.23),(8.76±1.83)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(31.49±6.83),(31.64±7.77)μg·h·mL-1。异丙安替比林:tmax分别为(0.90±0.33),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(6.99±1.79),(7.00±1.60)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(21.92±9.43),(19.51±5.22)μg·h·mL-1。复方中2种成分相对生物利用度分别为(102.3±22.4)%,(112.8±37.4)%。结论试验与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

格列喹酮片在健康人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究两种格列喹酮片在健康人体内的药动学特征,并评价两种制剂间的生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性志愿受试者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂60 mg,清洗期1周,采用HPLC法测定血清中格列喹酮浓度。结果:受试者口服试验制剂和参比制剂后,主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.78±1.87),(4.19±1.57)h,tmax分别为(3.06±1.08),(3.28±1.49)h,Cmax分别为(0.87±0.35),(0.90±0.33)μg.mL-1,AUC0-t分别为(4.35±1.66),(4.62±1.23)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(4.98±1.72),(5.19±1.42)μg.h.mL-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度AUC0-t为(95.8±34.1)%,AUC0-∞为(97.7±29.4)%。结论:两种格列喹酮片为生物等效制剂。     

甲钴胺片剂和胶囊人体药动学和生物等效性研究

目的:研究健康人口服甲钴胺片剂和胶囊后人体内药动学,并对其与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法:21例健康受试者采用3制剂、3周期的二重3×3拉丁方试验设计,分别口服单剂量1500μg国产甲钴胺片剂、胶囊和参比制剂,采用化学发光微粒子免疫法测定血清中甲钴胺的浓度,并对试验数据进行处理。结果:口服国产甲钴胺片剂、胶囊和参比制剂后血清中甲钴胺浓度增加量的ΔC_(max)分别为(219．21±83．12),(194．71±81．25)和(231．24±106．82)pg·mL~(-1);T_(max)分别为(3．67±2．05),(3．40±2．56)和(2．52±1．19)h;t_(1/2)分别为(15．34±4．13),(15．88±5．75)和(15．10±4．74)h;ΔAUC_(0-t)分别为(5009．83±2495．41),(4645．21±2143．82)和(4628．58±2083．71)pg·mL~(-1)·h,ΔAUC_(0-∞)分别为(5851．28±2402．74),(5661．41±2232．75)和(5616．22±1709．24)pg·mL~(-1)·h。口服甲钴胺片剂、胶囊后相对生物利用度F_(0-t)分别为(108．54±25．30)%和(102．37±26．80)%;F_(0-∞)分别为(103．65±23．54)%和(101．90±30．52)%。结论:口服甲钴胺片剂、胶囊与参比制剂后的药动学参数无统计学差异,3种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 比较国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬片(广谱抗真菌药)在健康人体的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者随机分组,双交叉单次口服国产(试验制剂)与进口(对照制剂)盐酸特比萘芬各250 mg,清洗期为1周.服药后于各时间点采血3 mL,用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 对照制剂和试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(17.26±7.60),(17.94±7.94)h;AUC0-t分别为(5.20±2.06),(4.90±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5.70±2.24),(5.40±1.74)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(1.15±0.48),(1.03±0.36)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.56±0.74),(1.36±0.50)h.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F为104.4%.结论 国产和进口盐酸特比萘芬片生物等效.     

甲钴胺软胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的研究甲钴胺软胶囊在健康人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 20例男性健康受试者采用自身交叉单剂量口服给药对照法服用药物,以微生物比浊法测定受试者服药后72 h内血浆中甲钴胺浓度,计算甲钴胺的药动学参数和生物等效性。结果口服单剂量给药药动学参数计算结果显示,血浆中受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(7.3±2.6)h和(6.8±2.5)h,ρmax分别为(426.7±165.2)ng·L-1和(420.7±188.6)ng·L-1t,1/2分别为(23.6±8.4)h和(28.5±7.0)h,AUC0-t分别为(9 568±3 265)ng·h.L-1和(9 398±3 733)ng·h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(11 245±3 676)ng·h.L-1和(11 333±4 138)ng·h.L-1。以AUC0-t计算,甲钴胺软胶囊的平均相对生物利用度为(105.0±19.3)%。结论两种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.