对血管性痴呆病人认知功能障碍的调查

[目的 ]了解血管性痴呆 (VD)病人的认知功能障碍特点。 [方法 ]采用简易精神状况检查 (MMSE )、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、数字广度测验 (DS)及Hamilton抑郁量表 (HAMD)对 3 6例VD病人和 3 6例健康老年人 (对照组 )进行了测评 ,并将测评结果加以比较。 [结果 ]VD组病人的MMSE总分及时间定向、地点定向、语言即刻记忆、注意和计算、短程记忆、言语表达、图形描述评分均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;ADL及HAMD评分均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而倒背能力评分则明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 [结论 ]VD病人存在着一定程度的认知功能障碍 ,日常生活能力较差 ,且伴有不同程度的抑郁症状。     

脑外伤后的知觉功能障碍

脑外伤后常常出现知觉障碍.脑损伤部位和损伤程度不同,知觉障碍的表现亦不相同.临床上常见的主要障碍有左右分辨障碍、躯体失认、手指失认;图形背景分辨困难、空间关系和空间定位障碍、地形失定向;单侧忽略;意念性失用、意念运动性失用,以及结构性失用等.本文分别就其概念、临床表现以及相关损伤部位做简要回顾.     

急性脑卒中偏瘫患者认知功能障碍的相关研究

目的　探讨急性脑卒中患者早期认知功能障碍 ,及其与运动功能障碍间的相关性。方法　选择急性脑卒中偏瘫患者 44例 ,应用洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验 (LOTCA)评定其认知功能 ,采用简式Fugl Meyer运动量表 (FMA)评定其运动功能 ,评定时间为发病后半个月内。应用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析。结果　皮层下病变所致的偏瘫患者的认知功能LOTCA总积分与FMA积分呈显著相关 (r =0 .5 2 3 ,P <0 .0 1) ,其中定向力、知觉力及视运动组织能力的LOTCA积分与FMA积分呈显著正相关 (r =0 .5 15 ,0 .5 83 ,0 .495 ,P <0 .0 1) ,思维运作能力的LOTCA评分与FMA积分无显著相关性 (r =0 .3 0 6,P >0 .0 5 )。右侧与左侧偏瘫患者的各项LOTCA评分经t检验 ,差异均无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　皮层下病变所致的急性脑卒中患者的认知功能障碍与运动功能障碍呈显著正相关 ;左、右两侧半球病变均可引起不同程度、不同类型的认知损害 ;对于偏瘫较重的患者应注意其认知功能的评估与治疗。     

脑卒中患者病发部位的性质与血管性认知损害的相关性

目的根据早期脑卒中患者不同的发病部位和性质，研究患者的血管性认知功能损害（VCI）特点，以便在临床采取相应的认知康复治疗而提高疗效。 方法通过前瞻性病例对照研究，用洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验（LOTCA）对符合入选标准的119例早期脑卒中患者在入院1周内进行认知功能评定，比较不同发病性质的大脑左、右侧半球损伤患者的VCI特点。 结果左大脑半球梗死组与出血组比较，LOTCA总分差异无统计学意义；但梗死组知觉分组总分高于出血组（P<0.05）。右大脑半球梗死组和出血组比较，LOTCA总分和分项总分差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。比较左、右大脑半球脑梗死组，LOTCA总分左侧低于右侧（P<0.05），其中定向、思维运作分组总分左侧低于右侧（P<0.01或<0.05）；比较左、右大脑半球脑出血组，LOTCA总分差异无统计学意义，但定向、知觉分组项左侧低于右侧（P<0.01或0.05）。 结论左大脑出血和梗死者相比，出血者更要注重知觉功能的康复；左和右侧大脑梗死者相比，左大脑梗死者更要注重对定向、思维运作训练；左和右侧大脑出血者相比，左大脑出血者更要注重对定向、知觉功能训练。     

脑血管病患者失认症的神经心理学研究

为了解脑血管病患者失认症的类型与半球侧向性,对35例经影像学证实为单一病灶的脑血管病患者进行了汉语失语症检查法及自行设计的失认症检查法测试。结果显示：左半球组出现了物体、图画、色彩的失认,失认性失算,听失认,触觉失认,忽视,地理失定向,身体失认和病觉缺失;右半球组出现了色失认,忽视,地理失定向和病觉缺失。结论：大多数右利手患者的视觉、听觉、触觉、身体认知的优势半球位于左侧大脑半球;右半球可以产生色失认;忽视、病觉缺失在任何半球病变均可产生,右半球的机率高于左半球     

轻度颅脑损伤患者认知功能变化分析

目的：观察轻度脑损伤患者认知功能损害特征，寻求进行干预的可能性方法：58例轻度脑损伤患者在出院前1周分别接受了中国成人韦氏智力测试量表(WAIS．RC)评估，并与正常人常模数据进行比较。结果：轻度脑损伤患者WAIS—RC智测成绩中，知识(18.0&;#177;4.7)分，算术(6．8&;#177;2.4)分，数字广度(9．1&;#177;2．8)分，数字符号(37.6&;#177;19.4）分，填图(9．9&;#177;1．6)分，木块图[30.1&;#177;13.5）分，图形排列(18.2&;#177;3.7)分，图形拼凑(19．4&;#177;4.9)分明显低于正常人常模(t=2．130～2.379，P均&;lt;0．05)。在按性别分组后，男性脑损伤患者的知识、算术、数字符号、填图、图形排列等分量表评分明显低于女性患者(t=1.976～2.157，P均&;lt;0．05)在按脑损伤分型分组后，脑挫裂伤患者的算术、数字广腰、填图和图形排列等分量表评分均明显低于脑震荡组(t=2.055～2．287，P均&;lt;0.05)。结论：轻度脑损伤患者常伴有明显的认知功能损害特征，后者又常与患者性别和临床分型密切相关。     

神经行为认知状态检查表信度与效度的初步测定

目的　引进神经行为认知状态检查表 (NCSE)并测定中文NCSE的信度和效度。方法　以康复科住院病人 2 5例为样本 ,间隔 1周评定重测信度。以康复科因脑损伤而住院的患者 5 5例为样本 ,评定效度。结果　绝大部分项目重测信度好 (r >0 .7,P <0 .0 1) ;5 5例脑损伤患者 ,被神经康复专家临床评定分为两组 (正常组和认知功能障碍组 ) ,认知功能障碍组在中文NCSE中的得分低于正常组 (P <0 .0 1) ;中文NCSE的语言项目与CRRCAE 中国康复研究中心失语症检测结果相关性强 ((r =0 .72 -0 .78,P <0 .0 1) ,记忆项目与Rivermead行为记忆能力评定结果的相关性强 (r =0 .72 ,P <0 .0 1) ;以量表给定的临界值为标准 ,中文NCSE对器质性脑损伤患者认知功能障碍的临床诊断灵敏度为 93 .5 % ,特异度为 65 %。结论　中文NCSE经初步测试 ,信度和效度基本满意 ,尤其适用于器质性脑损伤患者的筛选 ,建议扩大样本临床试用。     

无症状性脑梗死患者近记忆障碍及认知电位P300的特点

目的　探讨无症状性脑梗死 (asymptomaticcerebralinfarction ,ACI)患者近记忆障碍及认知电位P30 0的特点。方法　用《临床记忆量表》和体感刺激诱发的认知电位对 6 7例ACI患者和 6 5例健康人进行检测。结果　ACI患者指向记忆、联想学习、图像自由回忆、人像特点联系回忆测验的成绩和记忆商 (MQ)均显著低于对照组 (P 均 <0 .0 0 1) ,而无意义图形再认测验的成绩两组间比较无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;ACI组认知电位N2 、P30 0波峰的潜伏期分别为 (2 6 9.8± 2 9.5 )ms和 (389.7± 35 .6 )ms,均较对照组 [分别为 (2 14 .6± 2 3.5 )ms和 (32 1.8± 30 .5 )ms]明显延长 ,P30 0波幅 [(3.8± 2 .2 ) μV]较对照组 [(10 .9± 3.6 ) μV]显著降低 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。多灶脑梗死组指向记忆、联想学习、图像自由回忆、人像特点联系回忆的测验成绩和MQ均明显低于单灶脑梗死组 (P <0 .0 0 1～ 0 .0 1) ;认知电位N2 、P30 0的潜伏期也较单灶脑梗死组明显延长 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,P30 0波幅下降。结论　ACI患者近记忆障碍的特点是再认障碍不明显 ,而主动回忆、抽象概念的记忆和学习能力明显下降 ,梗死灶越多 ,近记忆障碍越重 ;ACI患者确有不同程度的认知功能障碍 ,将记忆检查和认知电位结合起来应用于临床 ,会提高检测的     

轻中度老年期认知功能障碍患者认知行为干预的效果观察

目的探讨认知行为干预用于老年期轻中度认知功能障碍患者的临床效果。方法选择2010年7月—2013年6月在神经内科门诊或住院老年期轻中度认知功能障碍患者70例,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组各35例。对照组患者采用常规药物治疗及护理,观察组患者在常规治疗、护理基础上加用认知行为干预措施,包括认知能力训练、肢体功能训练、生活自理能力训练。分别于干预前,干预后3个月及6个月收集两组患者临床疗效指标,采用简易智力状态检查量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)及日常生活量表(Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL)评估其临床效果。结果干预后3个月观察组MMSE及ADL评分均较干预前明显改善(P0.05),而对照组改善差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。干预后6个月观察组MMSE评分及ADL评分较干预前有显著性差异(P0.01),对照组ADL评分较干预前差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组时间判断力、地点定向、记忆力及语言能力单项评分较干预前改善明显(P0.05)。结论认知行为干预能明显提高老年期轻中度认知功能障碍患者的认知能力及日常生活自理能力,可有效控制及延缓病情进展。     

Loewenstein认知评定量表与简易精神状态检查评定脑损伤患者认知功能的比较

目的　比较Loewenstein认知功能评定量表 (LOTCA )与简易精神状态检查 (MMSE)评定脑损伤患者和同年龄组非脑损伤患者的结果 ,并分析LOTCA的特征。方法　 2组对象参加研究 ,病例组 ( 3 6例 )男 2 8例 ,女 8例 ,平均年龄 ( 61.0± 16.7)岁 ;对照组 ( 4 4例 )男 19例 ,女 2 5例 ,平均年龄 ( 5 5 .4± 2 3 .7)岁。分别采用LOCTA和MMSE对 2组对象评定 ,同时对其评定结果进行相关性和项目内容比较。结果　LOTCA和MMSE总分高度相关 (r =0 .892 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,LOTCA总分与MMSE子项目 (除了记忆力 )呈中至高度相关 (r =0 .64 0～ 0 .871,P <0 .0 0 1)。对照组MMSE总分正常者中 ,LOTCA评定发现视运动组织项和思维操作项得分明显低于其他几项。完成LOTCA所需时间是MMSE的 3倍。结论　LOTCA较MMSE能更全面地评定认知功能 ,特别是在视运动组织和思维操作方面 ,可作为临床上深入研究认知功能的工具。     

Neuropsychological aspects of dementia diagnosis

In the interdisciplinary diagnostics of dementia neuropsychology is applied in early detection, in differential diagnostics and in progressive course assessment. With standardized neuropsychological testing severity and nature of cognitive dysfunction is assessed. In particular memory disorders, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia and disorders of executive functions are assessed by these methods. In early stage of Alzheimer's Disease episodic and semantic memory as well as certain language functions are affected. Apractic and agnostic disorders often appear only in the later course of the disease. Depending on localization and nature of lesion cognitive dysfunction patterns tend to be more lateralized in vascular dementia (e.g. aphasic, apractic or visual-constructive disorders). In the various forms of fronto-temporal dementia executive functions and/or personality are mainly affected.     

The rehabilitation of limb apraxia: a study in left-brain-damaged patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a rehabilitative training program for patients with limb apraxia. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Neurologic rehabilitation unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirteen patients with acquired brain injury and limb apraxia (lasting more than 2 months) as a result of lesions involving the left cerebral hemisphere. Patients were assigned to a study group or to a control group following a randomization scheme. The study group underwent an experimental training for limb apraxia. The control group received conventional treatment for aphasia. INTERVENTION: A behavioral training program consisting of gesture-production exercises. The rehabilitative program was made up of 3 sections dedicated to the treatment of gestures with or without symbolic value and related or nonrelated to the use of objects. Thirty-five experimental sessions, each lasting 50 minutes, were given. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuropsychologic tests for assessment of aphasia, verbal comprehension, "general intelligence," oral apraxia, constructional apraxia, and 3 tests concerning limb praxic function (ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, gesture recognition). Scores related to each test were used to measure the outcome. Video recordings of ideational and ideomotor apraxia tests allowed us to register type and number of praxic errors. All outcome measures, except the aphasia test, were recorded before and after the experimental (or control) treatment time interval. RESULTS: The patients in the study group achieved a significant improvement of performance in both ideational (p = .039) and ideomotor (p = .043) apraxia tests. They also showed a significant reduction of errors in ideational (p = .001) and ideomotor (p < .001) apraxia tests. A trend toward improvement was found in the gesture comprehension test (p = .058), while other outcome measures did not show any significant amelioration. Control patients did not show any significant change in performance. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the possible effectiveness of a specific training program for the treatment of limb apraxia.     

Assessment of disability and quality of life in patients with cognitive disorders]

OBJECTIVE: To identify disability, handicap and quality of life questionnaires available for patients with cognitive impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically reviewed the literature in Medline using the keywords assessment, evaluation, deficiency, disability, disadvantage, handicap, quality of life, scale, index, questionnaire, ICIDH-1, and ICIDH-2, combined with the cognitive deficits dysexecutive syndrome, memory deficits, attention deficits, neglect, apraxia, aphasia, agnosia and mood disorders. We focused on validated scales and distinguished scales dedicated to assess disability, handicap and quality of life. RESULTS: At the level of disability, global and specific scales are available. Specific scales exist for dysexecutive syndrome, memory deficits, attention deficits, unilateral neglect, aphasia and mood disorders. French adaptations of foreign language tests and original tests developed in French have been validated in these areas. No specific tool is available for isolated apraxia or agnosia. Generic scales and pathology-specific scales (for stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis) are available for quality of life. For aphasia, specific tools are available for incapacity handicap and quality of life. CONCLUSION: Previous results show the impact of the ICIDH-1 framework on functional outcome assessment of cognitive impairments. This approach is often limited by the lack of theoretical background and by the difficulty to assess the involvement of environment and anosognosia.     

语言疗法和作业疗法对脑卒中后运动性失语伴口颜面失用的作用

目的探讨语言疗法结合作业疗法对脑卒中致运动性失语伴口颜面失用的语言康复方法。方法 5 5名脑卒中致运动性失语伴口颜面失用患者随机分为训练组和对照组。用前瞻法对两组进行比较分析 ,训练组患者进行语言康复训练的同时 ,用作业疗法对其进行失用症康复训练 ;对照组只进行语言康复训练。分别于训练前后进行测评。结果训练组口颜面失用现象改善效果优于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;语言表达能力 (复述、说、出声读 )训练组优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论脑卒中致运动性失语伴口颜面失用患者在语言康复训练同时 ,运用作业疗法进行口颜面失用的康复训练 ,可明显改善口颜面失用 ,并提高语言表达能力     

脑卒中患者的知觉功能评测：附58例报告

根据目前国外常用的评测方法结合汉语习惯制定了一组评测表格,评测了58例住院脑卒中患者,结果发现知觉功能障碍发病率为41.38％:其中结构功能障碍24.14％,单侧忽略症5.17％,失用症3.45％,颜色失认症1.72％,面容失认症6.90％;时间、方向定向力障碍12.07％;知觉功能障碍同病变部位有明显关系;知觉功能障碍对日常生活活动能力有较大影响。     

Assessment of apraxia: inter-rater reliability of a new apraxia test, association between apraxia and other cognitive deficits and prevalence of apraxia in a rehabilitation setting

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inter-rater reliability of a new apraxia test. Furthermore to examine the association of apraxia with other neuropsychological impairments and the prevalence of apraxia in a rehabilitation setting on the basis of the new test. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study, involving 100 patients with a first stroke admitted to a rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands. MEASURES: General patient characteristics and stroke-related aspects. Cognitive screening involving apraxia, visuospatial scanning, abstract thinking and reasoning, memory, attention, planning and aphasia. RESULTS: The indices for inter-rater agreement range from excellent to poor. Significant correlations are found between apraxia and visuospatial scanning, memory, attention, planning and aphasia. The patients with apraxia perform significantly worse than the patients without apraxia on memory, the time needed to complete the tests for scanning and attention, and aphasia. The prevalence of apraxia is 25.3% in the total group, 51.3% in the left hemisphere stroke patients and 6.0% in the right hemisphere stroke patients. Patients with and without apraxia do not differ significantly concerning age, gender and type of stroke. CONCLUSION: The apraxia test has been shown to be a reliable instrument. Apraxia is often associated with aphasia, memory problems and mental slowness. This study shows that on the basis of the apraxia test, the prevalence of apraxia among patients in the rehabilitation centre is high, especially among patients with left hemisphere lesions.     

Functional implications of ipsilesional motor deficits after unilateral stroke

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the functional impact of ipsilesional motor deficits after unilateral stroke and the best predictors of those deficits. DESIGN: Observational cohort. SETTING: Primary care Veterans Affairs and private medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer right-handed sample; stroke patients with left (LHD) or right hemisphere damage (RHD) a mean of 3.9 to 5.2 years poststroke and able-bodied participants who were tested using their left (LAB) or right hand. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JHFT). RESULTS: Ipsilesional JHFT performance was impaired to the same extent in the LHD and RHD groups. LHD patients with apraxia had poorer scores on the JHFT than LHD patients without apraxia and the LAB group. Regression analyses showed that severity of apraxia was the best predictor of JHFT performance for the LHD group and that right (ipsilesional) motor performance (grip strength, finger tapping) was the best predictor of JHFT performance for the RHD group. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilesional deficits are present on simulated activities of daily living after LHD or RHD, suggesting that rehabilitation after stroke should include the ipsilesional arm and that ipsilesional limb apraxia is a better predictor of ipsilesional functional motor skills after LHD than aphasia or simple motor skills (grip strength, finger tapping). These findings suggest that limb apraxia should be assessed more routinely after stroke of the left hemisphere.     

脑损伤患者认知障碍合并失语症的临床观察

目的 探讨失语症对脑损伤患者的认知障碍程度的影响。方法 采用失语症筛查表将35例脑损患者分为有失语症和无失语症两组,应用认知功能障碍筛查（CCSE）量表进行筛查,应用洛文斯顿作业疗法用认知评定成套测验（LOTCA）进行检查。结果 两组的测验结果经统计学分析（P＜0．05－0．001）有显著性差异。结论 脑损伤合并失语症患者的认知障碍程度较严重,在认知评定中,应注意筛查有无失语症的存在。     

Dysgraphia after right hemisphere stroke

Acquired dysgraphia has been described as a disorder of graphemic selection and spatial temporal disorganization which can exist in isolation or as a component of a broader language or cognitive syndrome. There is little agreement on the locus of writing centers, although select areas within the left hemisphere have been suggested. We describe a patient who had dysgraphia after a right hemispheric stroke. He had no demonstrable signs of limb apraxia or visual field deficit, and only subtle signs of language impairment other than the writing disturbance. Treatment emphasized progressively more complex writing tasks which included the following: (1) written responses to picture/word stimuli, (2) word and sentence dictation, and (3) self-generated sentences and functional writing tasks. At discharge from the hospital the patient's writing was within normal limits. Our findings were similar to those described for a patient with a left hemispheric stroke who was primarily dysgraphic. We conclude that our patient's dysgraphia was a component of a subtle aphasia as well as a spatial temporal disorganization disorder.