鞍结节脑膜瘤显微外科手术32例临床分析

目的 报道鞍结节脑膜瘤显微外科手术治疗的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤32例的临床和随访资料,对鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科手术技巧和视神经功能保护方法进行探讨.结果 鞍结节脑膜瘤显微手术32例,肿瘤全切除31例,其中包括Simpson Ⅰ级全切除20例,SimpsonⅡ级全切除11例,肿瘤次全切除1例.手术后视力改善10例,视力无变化15例,视力变差7例.全切除的病例术后随访14～62个月,未见肿瘤复发.结论 应用显微外科手术全切除鞍结节脑膜瘤,保护视神经功能和严密的颅底重建,能够取得较好的临床疗效.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤及其显微外科手术治疗

目的：复习１３例鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术结果。方法：用显微外科手术治疗１３例上述病例，术前经ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及脑血管造影以确定肿瘤的大小、形态、血供及其与周围结构的关系。结果：１３例中肿瘤全切除１０例，次全切除３例，无手术死亡。结论：根据肿瘤的大小，选用单侧额下或双侧额底入路。对较大的肿瘤宜先分块或囊内切除部分肿瘤之后，再分离瘤之被膜及其周围结构的粘连。     

鞍区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：报道鞍区脑膜瘤的显微外科手术和治疗的临床效果。方法：总结采用显微技术治疗24例鞍区脑膜瘤的临床资料。结果：按Simpson手术分类：1类2例，2类12例，3类10例。24例患者随访2-10年，生活自理5理，恢复工作19例。结论：对鞍区脑膜瘤，应用显微外科技术切除，可以避免损伤正常结构前提下尽量切除肿瘤，能大大提高手术治疗效果。     

翼点入路显微手术切除巨大型鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的总结经翼点入路显微手术切除巨大鞍结节脑膜瘤的经验. 方法 2000年2月～2004年11月我院应用显微外科技术,治疗巨大鞍结节脑膜瘤18例.偏侧生长的肿瘤选择翼点入路,先处理肿瘤基底减少血供,再充分利用鞍区脑池及肿瘤与周围结构之间的蛛网膜界面,在保护好重要结构的前提下最大限度地切除肿瘤. 结果全切除16例(88.9%),次全切除2例(11.1%),无一例手术死亡.14例随访3个月～4年,平均2.5年,肿瘤无复发. 结论翼点入路可对中颅窝、鞍区病变进行良好暴露,提高巨大型鞍结节脑膜瘤全切除率.     

鞍上与鞍旁大型脑膜瘤的显微外科手术

应用显微外科技术切除鞍上、鞍旁大型脑膜瘤３１例，其中获全切除２５例（８０．６％）。全组术后Ｋａｒｎｏｆｓｋｙ记分８６．７７±１４，４６，较术前提高３６．４６分（Ｐ＜０．００１），无死亡。结果表明，肿瘤体积大小与手术死亡率并无必然关系。提高显微外科技术、术中尽可能避免脑组织牵拉、避免下丘脑与脑底动脉损伤是改善手术疗效的关键。     

核磁共振多平面重建在鞍区肿瘤显微手术入路选择的意义

目的 报道核磁共振多平面和曲面重建技术在鞍区占位病变对鞍区重要结构的显示效果和探讨其在显微外科手术入路选择的作用。方法 通过应用核磁共振和核磁共振多平面重建技术对鞍区常见肿瘤进行术前检查，重建鞍区病变和周围重要结构整体解剖三维切面，显示视神经、视交叉、垂体柄和视丘部等的三维结构，指导手术计划。结果 13例鞍区肿瘤通过核磁共振多平面重建技术能清楚显示受肿瘤压迫移位的视神经、视交叉、动眼神经、视丘部和垂体柄等结构。其中垂体瘤8例、颅咽管瘤3例、鞍结节脑膜瘤2例均获全切除。结论 核磁共振多平面重建技术在显示鞍区整体结构的效果良好，术前应用核磁共振多平面重建技术检查鞍区病变有助于其显微外科手术入路的选择。     

翼点入路治疗鞍区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨显微手术治疗鞍区脑膜瘤的方法。方法 回顾性分析了23例鞍区脑膜瘤的临床表现、诊断和显微外科治疗结果，采用经翼点入路显微外科治疗。结果 全切17例，大部切除6例。随访1个月～6年，平均19.1个月，22例恢复良好，随访期间3例复发。结论 选择合适的手术入路，应用显微外科技术，是鞍区脑膜瘤全切并取得良好效果的关键。     

眉弓锁孔入路切除鞍区肿瘤25例

目的探讨鞍区及鞍周肿瘤经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析25例经眉弓锁孔显微手术切除的鞍区及鞍周肿瘤的f临床资料和手术方法，其中颅咽管瘤7例，垂体巨大腺瘤11例，鞍结节脑膜瘤4例．微膈脑膜瘤1例，蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤1例，鞍区及Ⅲ室巨大胶质瘤1例。部分病例术中采用神经内镜辅助观察。结果术后复查MRI显示，颅咽管瘤5例全切除，2例次全切除；垂体巨大腺瘤全切除10例，次全切除1例；脑膜瘤全切除5例。次全切除1例；巨大胶质瘤1例镜下全切除。无手术死亡、颅内出血、感染等并发症，术后尿崩6例，3日至1月后恢复正常，视力下降2例，并发脑血管痉挛而行去骨瓣减压术1例。近期随访疗效良好。结论眉弓锁孔入路适用于鞍区及鞍周肿瘤的手术切除，具有手术路径短、创伤性小、切除率满意、疗效佳等特点。内镜术中辅助观察可提高肿瘤全切率，减少神经血管结构的损伤。     

矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微手术切除

目的：与传统的手术方法比较，显微手术提高了矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的全切除率。方法：采用显微手术方法治疗２０例矢状窦旁脑膜瘤，按Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｍ切除分级标准Ⅰ级１４例，Ⅱ级６例。结果：本组无手术死亡，１２例经６个月～９年随访，无肿瘤复发。结论：采用显微外科技术，可有效地防止矢状窦、中央沟静脉及其他脑重要功能区的损伤，提高了肿瘤的全切除率。     

鞍上脑膜瘤的诊断与显微手术切除

鞍上脑膜瘤的诊断与显微手术切除张锡增，王如，刘峥，王守森，李登锦，戴秋生鞍上脑膜瘤源自鞍结节、蝶骨平板、鞍隔和前床突的脑膜。我科近１１年来共收治本病４１例，其中通过对１６例鞍上脑膜瘤的诊断及显微手术切除的经验，达到肿瘤全切除效果的体会，报道如下。临床...     

Microsurgical management of lateral ventricular meningiomas: a report of 51 cases

BACKGROUND: Lateral ventricular meningiomas are notably rare and the optimal surgical management for them remains a challenge. We made a retrospective study of patients with these lesions and analyzed the clinical findings, radiological features and especially the surgical treatment on the basis of surgical approaches and techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 51 patients with lateral ventricular meningiomas were operated on between 1996 and 2006 in our institution. The mean patient age was 44 years (range: 14-75 years). The most common presenting symptoms were related to the gradually increasing high cranial pressure (82.4%) rather than the location of the tumor. The transcortical parieto-occipital approach was used in 38 patients, the temporal approach was used in 9 patients and the transcallosal approach was used in 4 patients. RESULTS: The total surgical excision was complete in 48 patients (94.1%), and 3 patients with subtotal excision received radiotherapy after the operation. The previous visual fields deficits in two patients worsened and a new visual disturbance or sensory aphasia appeared in two patients. One patient died of postoperative hypothalamus complications. Thirty-eight patients underwent follow-up (range: 6 months-10 years). The conditions of 35 of these were excellent or good. No recurrence has been seen in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the features of lateral ventricular meningiomas will help one to select an appropriate surgical approach. An individualized approach is needed, and the transcortical parieto-occipital approach or transtemporal approach is advantageous for most cases in our opinion. Also, it is possible to achieve a good surgical outcome with little neurological morbidity if we take wise strategies and techniques during excision.     

Visual field deficit caused by vascular compression from a suprasellar meningioma: case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Suprasellar meningiomas typically cause bitemporal hemianopsia by direct compression of the chiasm, its blood supply, or both. We report another mechanism for visual loss in suprasellar meningiomas, whereby compression by the suprajacent vascular complex is the offending agent. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old woman with a suprasellar meningioma was diagnosed incidentally. During the follow-up period, she developed an inferior homonymous wedge defect consistent with superior compression, without any detectable radiological progression. It was decided to resect her tumor. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent a fronto-orbital approach for tumoral excision. Intraoperatively, a groove by the anterior cerebral artery complex was found along the superior surface of the chiasm. Postoperatively, the patient's visual deficit resolved. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates an unusual visual field deficit associated with a suprasellar meningioma. It also emphasizes the importance of frequent and careful visual field monitoring, which can precede radiological and symptomatic progression.     

Clinoidal meningiomas

Anterior clinoidal meningiomas are frequently grouped with suprasellar or sphenoid ridge meningiomas, masking their notorious association with a high mortality and morbidity rate, failure of total removal, and recurrence. To avoid injury to encased cerebral vessels, most surgeons are content with subtotal removal. Without total removal, however, recurrence is expected. Recent advances in cranial-base exposure and cavernous sinus surgery have facilitated radical total removal. The author reports 24 cases operated on with vigorous attempts at total removal of the tumor with involved dura and bone. This experience has distinguished three groups (I, II, and III) which influence surgical difficulties, the success of total removal, and outcome. These subgroups relate to the presence of interfacing arachnoid membranes between the tumor and cerebral vessels. The presence or absence of arachnoid membranes depends on the origin of the tumor and its relation to the naked segment of carotid artery lying outside the carotid cistern. Total removal was impossible in the three patients in Group I, with postoperative death occurring in one patient and hemiplegia in another. Total removal was achieved in 18 of the 19 patients in Group II, with one death from pulmonary embolism. In the two patients in Group III, total removal without complications was easily achieved.     

Large sphenoid wing meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: conservative surgical strategies for better functional outcomes

OBJECTIVE: The ability to resect meningiomas that involve the medial and anterior compartments of the cavernous sinus has been refuted. In this retrospective study, we determined the efficacy of total resection of meningiomas that invade the cavernous sinus but are restricted to the lateral compartment. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 38 consecutive patients with sphenocavernous, clinoidocavernous, and sphenoclinoidocavernous meningiomas who underwent surgical treatment. We assessed early and late cranial nerve morbidity, extent of resection, and long-term outcome (mean, 96 mo). RESULTS: In all patients, tumors exceeded 3 cm diameter. In 22 of 24 patients, total microscopic excision was achieved in tumors that involved only the lateral compartment of the cavernous sinus and touched or partially encased the cavernous internal carotid artery (i.e., modified Hirsch Grades 0 and 1, respectively). In 2 of 24 patients, remaining tumor infiltrated the superior orbital fissure. All 14 patients who had tumors that encased (with or without narrowing) the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (Hirsch Grades 2-4) underwent incomplete resection. Among 38 patients, mortality was 0%, late cranial nerve deficits remained in 6 (16%), and late Karnofsky Performance Scale scores exceeded 90 in 34 patients (90%). Four patients (10.5%) developed a recurrence or regrowth. Of 20 patients who were treated with either linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated conformal radiotherapy, 11 had residual tumor and a moderate to high proliferative index, 4 had atypical tumors and 1 had angioblastic meningioma after total excision, 2 had regrowth, and 2 had recurrent tumors. In 18 (90%) of the 20 patients who underwent radiation, tumor size was reduced or controlled. CONCLUSION: On the basis of this study and a review of the literature, we demonstrate that sphenocavernous, clinoidocavernous, and sphenoclinoidocavernous meningiomas of Hirsch Grades 0 and 1 can be excised from the lateral compartment of the cavernous sinus without postoperative mortality and with acceptable rates of morbidity. Residual tumor in the medial compartment (Hirsch Grades 2-4) may be treated with some form of radiation therapy or observation.     

Endonasal transsphenoidal removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: technical note

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculum sellae meningiomas traditionally have been removed through a transcranial approach. More recently, the sublabial transsphenoidal approach has been used to remove such tumors. Here, we describe use of the direct endonasal transsphenoidal approach for removal of suprasellar meningiomas. METHODS: Three women, aged 32, 34, and 55 years, each sought treatment for visual loss and headaches. In each patient, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a suprasellar mass causing optic chiasmal and optic nerve compression (average size, 2 x 2 cm). All three patients underwent tumor removal via an endonasal approach with the operating microscope. Suprasellar exposure was facilitated by removal of the posterior planum sphenoidale. Ultrasound was used to help define tumor location before dural opening. The extent of tumor removal was verified with angled endoscopes in all patients, and with intraoperative MRI in one patient. The surgical dural and bony defects were repaired in all patients with abdominal fat, titanium mesh, and 2 to 3 days of cerebrospinal fluid lumbar drainage. Nasal packing was not used. RESULTS: There were no postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks or meningitis. One patient required a reoperation 2 weeks after surgery to reduce the size of her fat graft, which was causing optic nerve compression; within 24 hours, her vision rapidly improved. At 3 months after surgery, all three patients had normal vision, no new endocrinopathy, and no residual tumor on MRI. At 10 months after surgery, one patient had a small asymptomatic tumor regrowth seen on MRI. CONCLUSION: The endonasal approach with the operating microscope appears to be an effective minimally invasive method for removing relatively small midline tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Intraoperative ultrasound, the micro-Doppler probe, and angled endoscopes are useful adjuncts for safely and completely removing such tumors. Longer follow-up is needed to monitor for tumor recurrence in these patients.     

Transsphenoidal approaches for the extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar and anterior cranial base lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The transsphenoidal approach is an effective method for treating tumors contained within the sella or extending into the suprasellar cistern. The technique of tumor dissection is predicated on preservation of the integrity of the diaphragma, i.e., intracapsular removal. Gross total extracapsular dissection may, however, be accomplished either by using a standard approach to the pituitary fossa or by extending the exposure to include removal of a portion of the planum sphenoidale and division of the superior intercavernous sinus. METHODS: Included in this series were 14 patients with parasellar or sellar tumors with extension into the anterior fossa and/or suprasellar cistern. For 4 of 14 patients (29%), extracapsular access was gained by broaching the tumor capsule from within the pituitary fossa. For the remaining 10 of 14 patients (71%), the dura of the floor of the sella and the planum sphenoidale was exposed, using neuronavigation to verify the limits of bony dissection; extracapsular tumor resection was performed using the operating microscope and endoscopy as indicated. The dural defect was repaired with abdominal fat, the sellar floor and planum sphenoidale were reconstructed, and in selected cases a lumbar drain was placed. RESULTS: Seven of 14 tumors (50%) were craniopharyngiomas, 3 of 14 (21%) were pituitary adenomas, and 2 of 14 (14%) were meningiomas. There was one case of lymphocytic hypophysitis and one yolk sac tumor. Gross total resection was possible in 11 of 14 cases (79%). Immediate postoperative visual function worsened in 2 of 14 cases (14%), improved in 3 of 14 cases (21%), and was stable in the remainder of cases. Postoperatively, 2 of 14 patients (14%) developed bacterial meningitis. Overt postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was not observed. CONCLUSION: Gross total extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar tumors via a transsphenoidal approach is possible but is associated with a higher risk of complications than is standard transsphenoidal surgery.     

Meningioma of the pituitary stalk without dural attachment: case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Tumors in the suprasellar region such as adenomas of the pituitary gland, craniopharyngiomas, nonneoplastic cystic lesions (especially Rathke's cleft cysts), and meningiomas are frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice. Meningiomas originate from the arachnoid layer connected to the dura of the anterior or posterior clinoidal process, or the tuberculum, dorsum, or diaphragma sellae. Tumors originating from the pituitary stalk are rare. Such lesions may include germinomas, astrocytomas, histiocytosis X, hamartomas, and sarcoidosis. We report a patient with a suprasellar meningioma originating from the pituitary stalk with no connection to the adjacent dura. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old man was assessed for impotence and loss of libido. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Endocrinological investigations disclosed nearly complete hypopituitarism, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a suprasellar homogeneously enhancing tumor. INTERVENTION: Complete surgical resection was performed in an endoscope-assisted right-sided supraorbital craniotomy. The tumor originated from the pituitary stalk with no connection to the surrounding dura. The histopathological diagnosis was meningioma. CONCLUSION: Although meningiomas frequently occur in the suprasellar region, this patient with a suprasellar meningioma is unique because the tumor originated from the pituitary stalk with no connection to the surrounding dura. The absence of dural attachment has been described in 43 extracerebral meningiomas, but a suprasellar location has been reported only once previously. Recognition of this phenomenon is important, because meningiomas require a different therapeutic strategy than most other tumors of the pituitary stalk.     

眶上微骨窗入路显微手术切除鞍上脑膜瘤

目的 介绍经眶上微骨窗入路切除鞍上脑膜瘤的显微外科技术和经验.方法 经眉内小切口5例,经翼点入路16例,采用眶上约3.5 cm×2.5 cm小骨窗开颅,显微外科技术切除鞍上脑膜瘤21例,肿瘤最大径2.8～6.2 cm,回顾分析其临床资料.结果 所有肿瘤显露良好,Simpson Ⅰ级切除5例,Simpson Ⅱ级切除15例,Simpson Ⅲ级切除1例.无手术死亡及严重并发症,术前视力障碍患者术后均有不同程度改善.术后随访6个月至5年,平均3.8年,影像学上肿瘤残留1例.结论 眶上微骨窗入路可替代传统额下或翼点入路切除鞍上脑膜瘤并具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快等优点.     

Pterional surgery of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale: surgical results with special consideration of ophthalmological and endocrinological outcomes

OBJECT: The authors reviewed 47 cases of suprasellar meningiomas with special attention to ophthalmological and endocrinological outcomes. METHODS: All patients underwent surgery performed via a unilateral pterional approach between January 1983 and January 1998. Ophthalmological and endocrinological examinations were performed before the operation as well as 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. A special scoring system was adopted to quantify the extent of ophthalmological disturbances. Complete tumor resection was possible in all but one patient. There were no fatalities and the rate of visual improvement was 80%. The best prognoses were found in patients younger than 50 years and in patients in whom the duration of symptoms was less than 1 year. Before surgery, tumor-related endocrine disturbances were present in only three women who suffered from secondary hypogonadism; two of these patients recovered after surgery. Postoperatively, no patient needed replacement therapy for pituitary dysfunction. The overall tumor recurrence rate was 2.1% (one of 47 cases). For patients in whom long-term (> 5 years) follow-up data were available, the recurrence rate was 4.2% (one of 24 cases). CONCLUSIONS: In this series, complete resection of suprasellar meningiomas was possible through a unilateral pterional craniotomy and was associated with a low morbidity rate and no deaths.