微创膝关节单髁置换术治疗合并骨质疏松的内侧间室骨关节炎

目的 探讨骨质疏松对膝关节单髁置换术操作和临床效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月~2010年12月采用膝关节单髁置换术治疗老年女性膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者47例,其中骨质疏松患者21例,非骨质疏松患者26例.观察切口大小、手术时间、引流量和并发症.采用HSS 评分法对术前、术后膝关节功能进行评估,采用X线摄片对股骨假体力线进行分析.结果 两组患者在切口大小、术后引流量、假体力线上无统计学差异,所有股骨假体大小与股骨髁匹配,骨质疏松组中1例术后X线摄片发现内侧胫骨平台轻度劈裂,但骨折无明显移位,其余患者无感染、脂肪栓塞或下肢深静脉血栓,无假体位置不良.所有患者均获得了完整的随访,术后平均随访24个月(12~60月).末次随访患者膝关节内侧间室疼痛明显减轻,HSS 评分和膝关节活动度明显增加,无假体位置不良、脱位及假体松动等并发症.结论 老年绝经后女性骨关节炎患者中合并骨质疏松十分常见,通过注意手术技巧术中操作避免使用暴力,术后正规抗骨质疏松治疗,单髁膝关节置换术可获得满意的临床效果和股骨假体力线.     

微创膝关节单髁置换术股骨髓内定位与髓外定位假体位置的影像学比较

[目的]通过对膝关节单髁置换术股骨假体的力线测量,评价股骨髓外定位法指导假体放置的有效性.[方法]回顾性分析2007年5月～2010年5月采用微创单髁置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎的患者73例(80膝),其中股骨髓内定位组(intramedullary alignment guide,IM) 54例(56膝),男23例(23膝),女31例(33膝);股骨髓外定位组(extramedullary alignment guide,EM)19例(24膝),男9例(10膝),女10例(14膝).测量术后即刻股骨假体内翻/外翻和屈/伸力线.[结果]IM组股骨假体内翻/外翻力线为0.59°内翻±3.98°,EM组股骨假体力线平均为0.81°外翻±3.30°,P=0.235 2.IM组股骨假体屈/伸力线为0.70°伸直±3.89°,EM组股骨假体力线为1.12°伸直±3.43°,P=0.564 3.[结论]微创膝关节单髁置换术股骨髓内定位可取得与髓外定位法相同优良的股骨假体力线.     

骨关节炎患者股骨后髁角与股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角、股胫角的相关关系

[目的]发展一种膝关节术中直接测量股骨后髁角的新方法,并分析股骨后髁角与股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角、股胫角的相关性,探讨各角度在膝关节置换术中的意义.[方法]研制股骨后髁角测定仪.对29例(30膝)在本院行人工膝关节置换术的骨关节炎患者,术前测量患膝负重前后位X线片上股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角、股胫角,术中用股骨后髁角测定仪测量后髁角;分析股骨后髁角与股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角、股胫角的相关关系.[结果]该组股骨后髁角为5.2°±2.6°,股骨髁外翻角为8.6°±2.9°,胫骨平台内翻角为4.1°±4.0°,股胫角为4.1°±7.3°,股骨后髁角和股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角之间存在正相关关系,和股胫角尤相关关系.[结论]股骨后髁角测定仪提供了术中测苗股骨后髁角的新方法,为股骨假体旋转对线提供依据;股骨后髁角和股骨髁外翻角、胫骨平台内翻角之间存在正相关关系,术前测量股骨髁外翻角和胫骨平台内翻角,可为股骨假体旋转角度提供参考.     

全膝关节置换术股骨及胫骨假体旋转定位研究进展

全膝关节置换术中股骨假体与胫骨假体的旋转力线至关重要,旋转力线不良影响手术效果.该文就股骨假体旋转定位参照轴中股骨上髁轴、股骨后髁线、股骨髁间前后轴、屈曲间隙平衡技术,以及胫骨假体旋转定位参照轴等研究进展作一综述.     

股骨远端旋转力线定位标志研究进展

目的综述人工全膝关节置换术中股骨远端旋转力线定位标志的研究进展。方法广泛查阅近年国内外股骨远端旋转力线相关文献,并对其进行综合分析。结果若假体旋转力线对位不良将导致诸如髌骨脱位、弹响、磨损、髌前疼痛等多种髌股关节并发症。人工全膝关节置换术中确定股骨假体旋转力线的方法较多,常用方法包括股骨上髁轴线、前后轴线、股骨后髁线、屈曲间隙平衡技术、计算机导航技术等。正确选择旋转力线,对减少术后并发症和降低假体翻修率均至关重要。目前人工全膝关节置换术中选择合适的参照轴以保证股骨假体旋转力线对位的准确性仍有争议。结论股骨假体旋转力线是影响人工全膝关节置换术预后极其重要的环节。确定股骨假体旋转力线的方法有待进一步改进。     

国人胫骨平台内翻角的测量及其临床意义

[目的]目前人工膝关节置换术(TotalKneeArthroplasty,TKA)中,冠状面上胫骨侧都采用垂直截骨,为了代偿由此所致的胫骨侧非对称截骨,需将股骨假体适度外旋位放置,以后髁轴为参照,其外旋角度等于胫骨平台内翻角。临床术中作者发现参照国外3.00°的标准进行手术时常常出现股骨假体外旋不足所致的一系列并发症,考虑到人种间的区别可能导致的细致解剖上的差异,因而设计了该课题,通过对正常国人X线片的测量,得出其胫骨平台内翻角的数值,为人工膝关节置换术时国人股骨假体的外旋放置角度提供参照。[方法]200例青年健康志愿者摄双侧小腿全长正位片,用AutoCAD软件分别测量小腿机械轴垂直线与胫骨平台面切线(PT角)及双侧股骨髁远端切线的夹角(FT角)。[结果]正常国人的平均PT角为4.06°,FT角为5.00°,均明显大于国外的的参考值。[结论]国人TKA手术以股骨后髁轴为参照时,后髁的外旋截骨角度应>3.00°放置,以5.00°为宜,以获得满意的股骨假体的外旋放置。     

3D打印截骨导板辅助截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝内侧骨性关节炎

目的观察3D打印截骨导板辅助截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-10—2019-09诊治的9例股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎,先采用3D打印截骨导板辅助股骨畸形截骨矫形,然后一期行单髁置换术。结果 9例均获得随访,随访时间平均13.6(12～18)个月。术后所有患者膝关节内侧疼痛明显减轻,膝关节活动度满意,无下肢肌肉萎缩。术后3个月复查X线片显示股骨截骨处均骨愈合,下肢力线矫正精确,单髁假体位置良好且无脱位迹象。术后6个月疼痛VAS评分1～2(1.44±0.53)分,HSS评分83～90(85.44±2.19)分。术后12个月KSS临床评分(88.33±2.87)分,KSS功能评分(86.66±3.54)分,OKS评分(17.33±1.50)分,WOMAC评分(20.56±1.94)分。结论 3D打印截骨导板辅助一期截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎是可行的,术后下肢力线矫正精确,膝关节疼痛明显减轻,患者满意度高。     

全膝关节置换术后股胫关节运动学轨迹的数字化模型研究

 目的 通过透视技术结合数字化模型注册技术分析全膝关节置换术后股骨假体与胫骨垫片之间的相对运动和接触位置。方法 2007年7月至2008年6月,接受GENESISⅡ假体全膝关节置换术患者16例,均为女性;年龄56～76岁,平均66.4岁。随访48～60个月,平均(56±3)个月。采用膝关节学会评分(Knee Society Score,KSS)评价膝关节功能;采用循环透视方法获取影像学数据,对假体逆向数字建模,进行数字模型和影像学数据的匹配,重建膝关节的三维运动;测量股骨内、外髁接触位置的移动,计算胫骨内旋角度,测量股骨凸轮和胫骨立柱的接触时相和范围。结果 末次随访时KSS膝评分(93±5)分,功能评分(88±13)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义。股骨内髁的移动范围(8.5±2.5) mm,外髁的移动范围(9.5±4.8) mm,胫骨内旋角度2.5°±8.4°。屈膝约30°～40°时凸轮和立柱发生接触,立柱后方的接触范围(8.0±1.8) mm。胫骨平台后倾角度越大,凸轮和立柱的接触越晚。结论 全膝关节置换术后股胫关节的运动学特征与正常膝关节不同,膝关节屈曲10°~30°时股骨内髁前移,屈曲大于40°后股骨内、外髁后移,胫骨平台后倾与凸轮和立柱的接触时相有相关性。     

骨性关节炎患者人工膝关节假体旋转定位标志研究

目的探讨对合并内、外翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎行人工全膝关节置换术，以股骨内外上髁外科轴（surgical epicondylar axis，SEA）作为股骨假体旋转参考轴，以胫骨结节内1／3作为胫骨假体旋转定位的骨性标志，判断股骨假体和胫骨假体的旋转对线情况。方法2004年7月～2005年1月，对32例（62膝）拟行人工全膝关节置换术的膝关节骨性关节炎患者（病例组），男2例，女30例；年龄58～80岁，平均68．9岁；内翻畸形55膝，胫股角平均内翻-8．23°；外翻畸形7膝，胫股角平均外翻＋15．48°。于术前行伸膝旋转中立位CT扫描，测量膝关节股骨后髁角（posterior condylar angle，PCA），并以10个正常膝关节作为对照组，测量SEA中点C与髌腱内1／3连线（BC）和经SEA中点C的垂线（AC）之间的夹角，即α角。结果病例组80％以上膝关节CT图像显示股骨内上髁陷凹；PCA中位数为＋2．36°（0～＋7．5°）；对照组膝关节α角为＋6．45±3．68°（0～＋11．8°）；病例组内翻畸形患者膝关节α角为＋10．85±10．47°（0～＋28．1°），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），病例组外翻畸形患者膝关节α角为＋11．6±7．3°（-6．5～＋26．8°），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论以胫骨结节内1／3作为胫骨假体旋转参考轴线，胫骨假体相对于股骨假体处于轻度外旋位；合并内、外翻畸形患者的胫骨假体外旋角度明显增大，容易使股骨假体和胫骨假体间出现旋转对线不良。     

计算机导航对人工全膝关节置换术下肢旋转对线的影响

目的 对比分析计算机导航人工全膝关节置换术与标准人工全膝关节置换术对假体旋转对线、术后下肢力线、假体位置及功能恢复的影响.方法 将82例患者随机分为两组进行前瞻性对照研究.对照组采用标准全膝关节置换手术,导航组采用计算机导航人工全膝关节置换术.CT测量两组患者术后股骨假体旋转角、胫骨假体旋转角、假体的联合旋转角及假体之间的相对旋转角;X线片上测量两组下肢冠状面力线,假体在冠状位、矢状位的位置.记录术后6周、6个月的膝关节活动范围、KSS评分、Oxford评分及髌股关节评分.结果 对照组和导航组术后股骨假体平均旋转角分别为1.51°±3.55°和-0.63°±3.04°,假体联合旋转角为2.85°±4.07°和0.28°±3.43°,假体之间的相对旋转角为1.44°±4.55°和-0.43°±2.86°,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组之间胫骨假体旋转角差异无统计学意义.术后X线片测量结果显示,导航组下肢冠状面力线、股骨假体冠状面位置优于对照组.功能评分显示,术后6周导航组优于对照组,术后6个月两组差异无统计学意义.结论 导航可以避免假体旋转不良,改善下肢旋转对线及冠状面力线,有助于术后早期功能恢复.     

膝关节内侧固定平台单髁假体放置位置优化的有限元分析

目的探讨股骨组件及胫骨组件冠状面位置变化对股骨及胫骨生物力学的影响。方法取1名汉族男性志愿者的左侧膝关节CT及MRI图像,建立正常膝关节三维有限元模型(finite elemental model,FEM)。设计股骨组件及胫骨组件内翻6°、内翻3°、0°、外翻3°、外翻6°,组合成25个膝内侧单髁置换FEM。沿股骨机械轴加载1000 N载荷,观察von Mises云图应力分布,测量外侧间室载荷比例,测量胫骨组件下方松质骨及内侧皮质骨、聚乙烯衬垫上表面、外侧间室股骨软骨高接触应力值。将与中立位(胫骨及股骨假体内外翻0°、胫骨假体后倾5°)比较有统计学意义的指标通过散点图标识,找出点项目密集区和稀疏区,比较两区有统计学意义的项目数量,确定股骨组件、胫骨组件优化位置。结果股骨组件0°位放置时,胫骨从内翻6°至外翻6°各组合的胫骨组件下方松质骨高接触应力差异无统计学意义;胫骨组件0°位放置时,股骨组件内翻6°、外翻6°组件下方松质骨高接触应力值与中立位比较增加(9.21±3.38)MPa和(9.08±4.13)MPa(P<0.05)。股骨、胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°变化时,胫骨下方内侧皮质骨高接触应力值逐渐下降(P<0.05)。股骨组件0°位放置时,胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°各组合聚乙烯衬垫上表面高接触应力值的差异无统计学意义;胫骨组件0°位放置时,股骨组件内翻6°、外翻6°组与中立位组比较分别增加(2.88±2.53)MPa和(3.47±2.86)MPa(P<0.05);股骨及胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°变化时,外侧间室载荷比例及外侧间室股骨软骨高应力值逐渐下降(P<0.05)。稀疏区(股骨或胫骨从内翻3°至外翻3°的所有组合的集合)有统计学意义的指标比例(2.8%,1/36)明显小于密集区(去除稀疏区以外的所有组合的集合)的比例(57.8%,37/64),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=29.61,P<0.001)。结论在下肢力线正常、关节线不变的条件下,膝关节内侧固定平台单髁假体放置位置为股骨组件、胫骨组件内翻、外翻角度不宜超过3°。     

Factors influencing walking and stairclimbing following unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

The authors quantitatively evaluated the relationship between component placement, limb alignment, and function following unicompartmental knee replacement surgery. It was found that anatomic alignment, prosthetic positioning, and prosthetic design influence the patients' ability to walk and climb stairs. There was wide variation in the placement of the tibial and femoral component among patients. The placement of the femoral component corresponded directly to function during stairclimbing and level walking. Anterior malpositioning of the femoral component resulted in reduced ability to climb stairs. The tibial component position varied primarily in varus-valgus position. Varus-valgus alignment in the frontal plane correlated directly with the magnitude of the adduction moment during level walking. A varus alignment produced a twofold increase in the magnitude of the adduction moment at the knee during walking. Given the potential advantages of the unicompartmental knee, improved precision in component placement should improve the long-term results of hemiarthroplasty knee surgery.     

Multiparameter quantitative computer-assisted tomography assessment of unicompartmental knee arthroplasties

BACKGROUND: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is a popular alternative to total knee replacement in selected patients. Component alignment has not yet been described by computer-assisted tomography (CAT) imaging techniques; these have been developed for total knee arthroplasty analysis. The aims of this study were to report two new technologies; a new unicompartmental knee arthroplasty system was radiographically assessed with a new CAT scan protocol. METHODS: In a consecutive cohort study, 60 knees were analysed by the 'UniCAT Protocol'. Patients were implanted with a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty system that uses a unique ligament tensor for femoral component alignment. The uniCAT protocol requires a long anteroposterior and lateral scout scan to measure limb alignment and component orientation. A spiral computer-assisted tomography at the knee is used to measure component rotation. The total scan time was 20 s with a calculated unshielded radiation dose of 1 mSv or less. RESULTS: The mechanical axis had a mean of 2.7 degrees varus. Femoral components were implanted with a mean of 0.37 degrees valgus and 1.3 degrees flexion. Tibial components were implanted with a mean 3.47 degrees varus and 5.1 degrees posterior slope. Femoral components were externally rotated a mean of 3.36 degrees, tibial components were externally rotated 6.59 degrees from the posterior tibia and 5.68 degrees from the transepicondylar axis. CONCLUSION: The UniCAT protocol uses less radiation than whole-limb spiral scans and is a method that can be used with all modern computer-assisted tomography machines. The coronal and sagital alignment results compare favourably with previous published reports without computer-assisted tomography. Component rotation has not previously been reported and its implications are yet to be defined.     

Oxford单髁置换术的术后影像学评价及分析

目的对Oxford单髁置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎（OA）的患者进行术后x线评价,并对假体位置不良原因分析和改进。方法回顾性分析2010年1月～2011年12月的35例膝OA患者行Oxford单髁置换的资料,男7例,女28例,左膝15例,右膝20例,年龄51～73岁,平均年龄63．8岁,体重48～68kg,均为内侧间室置换。手术后常规拍摄膝关节标准正侧位x线片,对患者术后假体位置进行x线片上测量,并按照Oxford单髁的标准值进行数据对比。结果股骨假体内外翻角（A角）和胫骨假体后倾角（F角）的变异百分比小,分别为0和2．857％,而股骨假体屈伸角（B角）和胫骨平台内外翻角（E角）变异百分比较大,分别为31．429％和17．143％。结论Oxford牛津单髁假体位置不良的好发部位是B角和E角,提高B角和E角的准确性将能够明显改善假体位置。     

Implant position in knee surgery: a comparison of minimally invasive,open unicompartmental,and total knee arthroplasty

This is a retrospective radiographic analysis of implant position in minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), open UKA, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Implant position and limb alignment were recorded in the AP and lateral planes. Of the 3 groups evaluated, the total knee group had the least variation and greatest accuracy of implant placement and limb alignment. UKA groups had small but significant differences in postoperative alignment and AP tibial position. Using contemporary instrumentation, UKA is less accurate than TKA in implant placement and limb alignment. Minimally invasive UKA was not as accurate as open UKA in AP tibial placement or postoperative limb alignment.     

Limb alignment in computer-assisted minimally-invasive unicompartmental knee replacement

Twenty patients underwent simultaneous bilateral medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Pre-operative hip-knee-ankle alignment and valgus stress radiographs were used to plan the desired post-operative alignment of the limb in accordance with established principles for unicompartmental arthroplasty. In each patient the planned alignment was the same for both knees. Overall, the mean planned post-operative alignment was to 2.3 degrees of varus (0 degrees to 5 degrees ).The side and starting order of surgery were randomised, using conventional instrumentation for one knee and computer-assisted surgery for the opposite side.The mean variation between the pre-operative plan and the achieved correction in the navigated and the non-navigated limb was 0.9 degrees (sd 1.1; 0 degrees to 4 degrees ) and 2.8 degrees (sd 1.4; 1 degrees to 7 degrees ), respectively. Using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, we found the difference in variation statistically significant (p < 0.001).Assessment of lower limb alignment in the non-navigated group revealed that 12 (60%) were within +/- 2 degrees of the pre-operative plan, compared to 17 (87%) of the navigated cases.Computer-assisted surgery significantly improves the post-operative alignment of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty compared to conventional techniques in patients undergoing bilateral simultaneous arthroplasty. Improved alignment after arthroplasty is associated with better function and increased longevity.     

Meta-analysis of navigation vs conventional total knee arthroplasty

Navigated total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is promoted as a means to improve limb and prosthesis alignment. This study involved a systematic review and meta-analysis for all randomized controlled trials in the literature from 1986 to 2009 comparing alignment outcomes between navigated and conventional TKA. Alignment outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was explored. Twenty-three randomized controlled trials were identified comparing navigated vs conventional TKA involving 2541 patients. Patients who underwent navigated TKA had a significantly lower risk of implant malalignment at more than 3° as well as more than 2°. In addition, the risk of malalignment was reduced for the coronal plane tibial and femoral components as well as femoral and tibial slope. This meta-analysis demonstrates that navigated TKA provides significant improvement in prosthesis alignment.     

The effect of extraarticular varus and valgus deformity on total knee arthroplasty

Because of trauma, metabolic bone disease, congenital deformity, or prior osteotomy, an extraarticular deformity may be present in patients requiring total knee arthroplasty. If the extraarticular deformity is not corrected extraarticularly, it must be corrected by compensatory distal femoral or proximal tibial wedge resection to produce overall limb alignment. Because such a wedge resection between the proximal and distal attachments of the collateral ligaments will produce asymmetrical ligament length, complex instabilities may result. This article, through overlay templates and trigonometric analysis, evaluates all the issues confronting the surgeon deciding whether to pursue intraarticular or extraarticular correction. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the closer a deformity is to the knee, the greater its importance, (2) femoral deformities are more difficult to correct intraarticularly than tibial deformities because femoral compensatory wedge resection produces instability only in extension, and (3) intraarticular correction of varus deformities produces lateral instability that is usually better tolerated than medial instability, and some extraarticular deformities are best treated by extraarticular correct, independent, or total knee arthroplasty.     

Symptomatic Valgus Knee: The Surgical Options

Valgus knee deformities requiring surgery are difficult to manage due to the relative rarity and abnormal biomechanics of the condition and the unique soft-tissue and osseous pathologic features. Surgical options include arthroscopic debridement, abrasion arthroplasty, proximal tibial varus osteotomy, distal femoral varus osteotomy, combined femoral-tibial varus osteotomy, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, and total knee arthroplasty. Each procedure has its own indications, contraindications, and limitations.