伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(附1例报道)

目的　探讨伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病 (Cerebralautonomicdominantarteriopathywithsubcorti calinfarctsandleukoencephalopathy ,CADASIL)的常染色体显性遣传性脑动脉病的临床特点和诊断方法。 方法　对 1例CADASIL患者的临床表现、影像学 (MRI、CT)特点及皮肤活检等方面进行了探讨。结果　患者临床表现为反复发作的缺血性脑卒中、记忆力减退、假性球麻痹、MRI、CT见皮质下梗死和白质脑病的改变 ,皮肤活检显示小动脉含糖原颗粒 ,管腔狭窄 ,血管内皮下黑色嗜锇颗粒。结论　通过本病的临床特点、影像学和皮肤活检 ,可在生前进行诊断。     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床、影像和病理学一例分析

目的探讨伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的临床特点、影像和病理学特征,提高对CADASIL的认识。方法对一例CADASIL患者的临床表现、影像学表现及皮肤活检进行总结。结果患者妊娠晚期发病,表现为反复的缺血性卒中发作,头颅MRI见皮质下梗死和白质脑病的改变,皮肤活检提示微小动脉的平滑肌细胞表面出现颗粒样嗜锇物质(GOM)。结论有阳性家族史,无常见脑血管病危险因素且发病年龄较早的缺血性脑血管病患者要考虑到CADASIL的可能,同时妊娠可能会对促进本病的发展有一定的影响。     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病（附l例报道）

目的 探讨伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病(Cerebral autonomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床特点和诊断方法。方法 对1例CADASIL患者的临床表现、影像学(MRI、CT )特点及皮肤活检等方面进行了探讨。结果 患者临床表现为反复发作的缺血性脑卒中、记忆力减退、假性球麻痹、MRI、CT见皮质下梗死和白质脑病的改变，皮肤活检显示小动脉含糖原颗粒，管腔狭窄，血管内皮下黑色嗜锇颗粒。结论 通过本病的临床特点、影像学和皮肤活检，可在生前进行诊断。     

以急性可逆性意识模糊或浅昏迷为主要临床表现的CADASIL（附1例报道）

目的报道1例以急性可逆性意识模糊或浅昏迷为主要临床表现的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色显性遗传性脑动脉病（Cerebral autonomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy，CADASIL），探讨其临床特点和可能的发病机制。方法对1例临床表现为反复发作的发热、头痛、呕吐、意识模糊或浅昏迷的患者，进行临床、影像学、皮肤活检检查。结果患者临床表现为反复发作的发热、头痛、呕吐、意识模糊或浅昏迷，MRI见广泛的脑白质病变，皮肤活检光镜下见小动脉含糖原颗粒，管腔狭窄，电镜下见血管内皮下黑色嗜锇颗粒沉积。结论CADASIL可以表现为急性可逆性意识障碍或浅昏迷，当临床上出现用其它原因不能解释的急性可逆性意识障碍时，需考虑CADASIL的可能。     

NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑病的临床特征(附1家系报告)

目的探讨NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑病(CADASIL)的临床特征。方法对1例NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的CADASIL患者及其家系的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果先证者20多岁起出现剧烈的偏头痛样发作,近2年来反复出现头晕、双下肢无力,并伴有兴趣减退、焦虑不安,无明显智能减退。头颅MRI显示双侧基底节区、皮质下及脑干多发缺血梗死灶,并在基底节区和丘脑可见多发微出血病灶。皮肤活检见真皮小血管基底膜增厚及嗜锇颗粒物质。NOTCH3基因突变分析发现14号外显子C2182T突变。家族中有类似患者多例,另有4名亲属检出同样位点的基因突变。结论 14号外显子C2182T突变CADASIL的临床表现主要为偏头痛、情感障碍和反复皮质下脑缺血发作,认知功能减退可能出现较晚。MRI特征为颅内多发白质高信号及微出血病灶,皮肤活检可见嗜锇颗粒物质。NOTCH3基因检测可发现突变。     

伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(附一例报告及文献复习)

目的 提高对伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy，CADASIL)临床特点和诊断方法的认识。方法 对2003年4月7日收治的1例CADASIKL患的临床表现、影像学特点及皮肤活检结果等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 主要临床表现为偏头痛、记忆力下降，头部MRI检查可见皮质下梗死、脑白质变性；皮肤活检电子显微镜显示小血管内皮下出现嗜锇酸颗粒。结论 对出现反复发作性偏头痛的中年人，MRI检查示皮质下白质或基底节区长T1、长T2异常信号，应高度怀疑为CADASIL，需进一步行皮肤活检及基因检测，以明确诊断。     

以脑出血所致头痛为主要表现的CADASIL 1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨1例以脑出血所致头痛为主要表现的伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteiopathy with subcortical infracts and leukoencephalopathy)的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的可能发病机制。方法 对1例CADASIL患者进行临床表现、影像学、基因学等方面检查。结果 患者临床表现为头痛,MRI平扫可见皮质下多发腔隙性脑梗死及双侧脑室旁脑白质病变,左侧颞叶陈旧性出血软化灶。基因检测发现Notch3基因c.1630C>T,p.(Arg544Cys)常染色体显性遗传错义杂合突变,翻译蛋白中第544位氨基酸残基由精氨酸变为半胱氨酸。结论 脑出血可能为CADASIL的一种临床表现亚型,对于无出血危险因素的脑出血患者,应进一步检测CADASIL相关基因,而且对此类患者的治疗应更加个体化。     

CADASIL的临床、影像学特征及其诊断策略(附2例报道)

目的 探讨常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病(CADASIL)的临床表现及影像学特征和确诊的要素。方法 系统回顾分析经皮肤及肌肉活检或基因检测确诊的2例CADASIL的临床及影像学资料。结果 例1临床表现为进行性记忆障碍,例2临床表现为脑缺血性卒中样发作,2例均无通常的脑血管疾病的危险因素,脑MRI T₂W及FLAIR序列均显示两侧脑室周围及深部脑白质、外囊及前颞区对称性分布的高信号,例1皮肤活检发现在血管壁平滑肌细胞基膜层有嗜锇颗粒(GOM)沉积; 例2基因检测显示Notch3基因外显因子4,c.544C>T位点突变。结论 如若患者具有进行性认知损害、反复缺血性脑卒中样发作等临床表现,且无通常的脑血管病的危险因素,磁共振检查显示两侧脑白质对称性异常信号时,应考虑CADASIL的可能,此时进行皮肤或肌肉活检及/或基因检测有助确诊。     

合并脑出血伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病

目的分析2例合并脑出血伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with the subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)的临床、影像学特征及危险因素。方法收集2例合并脑出血CADASIL患者的临床资料,并行常规头颅MRI、磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility-weighted imaging,SWI)扫描。结果 2例患者均伴有高血压、未接受抗栓药治疗。脑出血分别位于外囊和枕叶。2例患者均伴多发微出血灶(31个和131个)、多发腔隙、脑白质脱髓鞘。其中1例患者脑出血为首发症状,另1例患者伴认知功能减退。结论 CADASIL患者不仅表现为缺血性卒中,而且可合并脑出血,部分患者以脑出血为首发症状。应积极管理患者的血压。     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床特点(附1家系报告)

目的 探讨伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的临床特点.方法 对1例CADASIL患者及其家系的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 先证者以大脑皮质下梗死起病,伴有渐进性认知功能障碍.头颅MRI示皮质下多发梗死灶,脑白质疏松.NOTHC3基因检测为第3号外显子Arg110Cys突变,家系调查显示为常染色体显性遗传.结论 CADASIL临床表现主要为缺血性卒中、认知障碍、偏头痛及精神症状.MRI特征性改变是颞极白质T2的异常高信号.NOTCH3基因检查发现突变.     

伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床和影像学特征分析

目的 报道1例影像学上表现为双侧小脑和胼胝体膝部梗死的伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(Cerebral autonomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy CADASIL),探讨CADASIL的临床及影像学表现。方法 对1例疑诊为CADASIL的78岁女性患者进行临床表现、影像学检查及实验室检查,神经心理测评的收集,取得患者知情同意后对其进行NOTCH3基因检测和皮肤活检,并对家系成员进行验证分析。结果 患者首发症状为记忆力减退,起病年龄较大,伴有情感淡漠、步态不稳、小便功能障碍,无偏头痛,头颅磁共振见广泛的脑白质脱髓鞘,丘脑、胼胝体膝部、双侧基底节、双侧小脑半球多发陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死,NOTCH3基因检测发现11号外显子存在c.1630C>T错义突变,即p.R544C。结论 本例CADASIL患者的起病年龄75岁,首发症状为记忆力减退,腔隙性脑梗死不仅累及丘脑、基底节,同样也可以累及小脑。胼胝体全层梗死为CADASIL的特征性影像表现之一。     

CADASIL的临床影像和病理学特征分析(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的分析CADASIL的临床、影像和病理学特征,提高对CADASIL的认识。方法诊治1例CADASIL患者,详细追问病史,常规检查常见脑血管病危险因素,调查其家系,阅读头部MRI和CT片,进行肌肉、皮肤小动脉活检,结合文献对其临床、影像和病理学进行讨论。结果患者血糖、血压、血脂在正常范围,中年起病,表现为反复缺血性卒中发作;其家系缺血性脑卒中发病呈常染色体显性遗传;头部MRI可发现胼胝体、外囊区长T1和长T2信号,无论头部MRI还是CT均显示额顶叶相对对称的白质病变;电镜检查发现外周血管GOM阳性。结论有阳性家族史、无常见脑血管病危险因素并且发病年龄相对较早的缺血性脑血管病患者应考虑到CADASIL可能,其头部MRI或CT所显示的胼胝体和/或外囊和/或颞极及额顶叶白质对称出现的病变支持该病可能,通过外周血管活检,GOM阳性则可确诊。     

Diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage in cerebral Whipple's disease

A 30-year-old Chinese male with a history of diarrhea and arthralgia presented for evaluation of progressive dementia, epilepsy, and increased intracranial pressure. Imaging of the brain showed progressive cortical and subcortical lesions with hemorrhage involving the bilateral temporal and occipital lobes, the posterior parietal lobes, and the left frontal lobe. "Foamy" periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages were demonstrated on brain biopsy. The patient showed clinical improvement following treatment with chloromycetin and sulfadiazine for 2 months. This constitutes the first reported case of cerebral Whipple's disease with diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage reported in a Chinese individual. Further, this case points out the significance of early recognition and treatment of cerebral Whipple's disease, especially in those cases with unusual manifestations.     

表现为家族性偏头痛的CADADASIL家系临床及病理研究

目的 探讨以偏头痛为主要临床特征的伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autonomic dominant arteriopathy with subeortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)的病理学改变、影像学特征以及诊断方法.方法 选取一临床确诊的CADASIL家系,调查先证者及其家族的发病情况、病程变化及误诊情况;对其临床表现、病理学及影像学等方面进行研究.结果 先证者青年起病,早期临床主要表现为反复发作的先兆型偏头痛,进而出现波动渐进性记忆、认知功能减退以及反复发作的缺血性脑卒中.磁共振显示皮层下多发腔隙性或小灶性梗死,以及特征性的颞极白质损害.皮肤血管活检:电镜下见小动脉基底膜增厚,其中存在嗜锇颗粒物质沉积.全家系4代中,已有4代6人呈临床或亚临床发病,符合常染色体显性遗传.结论 青年期发病的家族性先兆型偏头痛可能是CADASIL的早期表现,影像学磁共振的特征性表现和皮肤活检发现嗜锇颗粒是确诊该病的重要途径.     

Arg332Cys mutation of NOTCH3 gene in the first known Taiwanese family with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

The phenotype and genotype of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy and subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in Caucasians have been well characterized, but CADASIL is less recognized in Asian populations. Here we investigated the first known Taiwanese family affected by CADASIL and identified an uncommon NOTCH3 mutation. The family had clinical manifestations in affected members including recurrent strokes, early dementia, and depression, but not migraine. A skin biopsy in the proband patient showed characteristic pathological findings of CADASIL on electron microscopy. Afterward, genetic analysis found an Arg332Cys mutation at exon 6 of NOTCH3. Neuropsychological evaluation showed vascular dementia in two of four affected people. Head MRI showed multiple infarcts in bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, periventricular white matter, external capsules, and brainstem, but involvement of the anterior temporal pole was found only in two people with milder symptoms. To our knowledge, the Arg332Cys NOTCH3 mutation at exon 6, which was identified in the studied family, has not been reported in Asian populations. Our findings emphasize the importance of genetic analysis of NOTCH3 for Asians with a phenotype typical of CADASIL.     

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): a morphological study of a German family

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is characterized clinically by recurrent cerebral infarcts, subcortical dementia and pseudobulbar palsy, and morphologically by a granular degeneration of cerebral and, to a lesser degree, extracerebral blood vessels. We present morphological findings in a further German family affected by CADASIL. The index case showed the typical periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in cerebral vessels, which did not react with antibodies against various immunoglobulins or complement factors. Ultrastructurally, granular osmiophilic material (GOM) covered the VSMC in different cerebral regions as well as in extracerebral organs (muscle, nerve, skin, small and large intestine, liver, kidney and heart). Skin biopsy samples from other family members of the last two generations also revealed GOM irrespective of the clinical symptomatology (CADASIL, migraine only or asymptomatic). Patients in the third generation had higher amounts of GOM in skin vessels than did asymptomatic or migraine patients in the fourth generation. We conclude that skin biopsy is a useful and less-invasive screening method for the differential diagnosis of CADASIL. Received: 9 February 1996 / Revised, accepted: 24 April 1996