超长宽比皮下筋膜蒂随意型皮瓣在小耳畸形矫正中耳甲腔创面修复的应用

目的 探讨超常规长宽比的狭长皮下筋膜蒂随意型皮瓣在轻度小耳畸形修复中耳甲腔创面的修复效果及其成活机制.方法 6例先天性轻度小耳畸形患者,均采用耳甲腔复合组织瓣上旋转移小耳畸形修复术,所形成的耳甲腔创面以设计不带知名血管的超长宽比耳前狭长皮下筋膜组织为蒂的侧颌颈部随意型皮瓣修复.皮瓣部最大面积4.0 cm×4.5 cm,最小3.0 cm×3.0 cm,蒂部宽1.0～1.5 cm,长3.5～4.5 cm.结果 6例狭长皮瓣全部成活,伤口Ⅰ期愈合,修复后局部外形满意.结论 设计的超长宽比皮下筋膜蒂皮瓣不带知名血管,且其总体长宽比例远远超过传统随意型皮瓣长宽比例的限度,无需解剖血管,操作简易,修复后外形满意,因而是修复轻度小耳畸形耳甲腔创面的可取皮瓣.     

狭长窄蒂皮瓣在老年人皮肤癌治疗中的应用

目的 探讨狭长窄蒂皮瓣在老年肿瘤切除后软组织缺损修复中的应用及成活机制.方法 设计蒂部位于肿瘤切除后创面旁沿知名或穿支血管走向的狭长窄蒂皮瓣,用于老年人肿瘤切除后软组织缺损的修复.皮瓣切取最大面积12 cm×10 cm,最小3 cm×4 cm,蒂宽1.0～1.5 cm,蒂长2～8 cm.结果 共17例,14例Ⅰ期成活,外形良好,3例因早期包扎不当,延迟愈合.结论 老年人皮肤组织细胞代谢率低,移植后皮瓣组织本身的耐缺血缺氧能力强,设计狭长窄蒂皮瓣修复老年肿瘤切除后软组织缺损,较易成活,且窄蒂狭长,转移容易,皮瓣不臃肿,同时利于肿瘤的早期综合治疗,是老年肿瘤术后修复较理想方法.     

窄蒂侧颌颈部皮瓣修复面部组织缺损

目的　介绍一种因多种原因导致的面部皮肤及深层组织缺损与畸形的修复方法。方法　设计以耳前狭窄皮肤筋膜为蒂的侧颌颈部皮瓣移转修复缺损。皮瓣最大 10cm× 11cm ,最小5cm× 6cm。蒂部宽 1 0～ 1 5cm ,长 2～ 5cm。结果　应用窄蒂侧颌颈部皮瓣治疗 2 1例 ,除 1例皮瓣远端皮肤坏死外 ,其余全部成活。结论　本皮瓣不带知名血管 ,打破带蒂随意皮瓣的长宽比例规定 ,是一种新的皮瓣设计 ,窄蒂移转方便 ,修复后外形满意 ,是修复面部较大面积组织缺损的较理想方法     

耳后窄蒂皮下蒂皮瓣修复耳廓内软组织缺损

目的探讨应用耳后窄蒂皮下蒂皮瓣修复耳廓内软组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法 2008年6月-2011年7月,收治11例耳廓内肿物切除后软组织缺损患者。男7例,女4例;年龄26～75岁,平均50岁。其中色素痣5例,基底细胞癌2例,混合性血管瘤2例,皮肤乳头状瘤2例。病程3～50年,平均35年。彻底切除肿物后,软组织缺损范围为1.5 cm×1.0 cm～3.5 cm×3.0 cm。沿颞浅动脉及耳后动脉走向,设计耳后"乒乓球拍状"窄蒂皮下蒂皮瓣,通过隧道移位修复缺损,皮瓣切取范围1.8 cm×1.3 cm～3.8 cm×3.3 cm,蒂宽0.4～0.7 cm、长2～5 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合或局部皮瓣移位修复。结果术后供、受区皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后8例获随访,随访时间6个月～1年。皮瓣质地、弹性、色泽良好,耳廓外形良好。肿瘤患者无复发。结论耳后窄蒂皮下蒂皮瓣蒂部窄长、旋转角度大、修复范围广、不含知名血管,手术操作简便,供区隐蔽,是修复耳廓内软组织缺损的理想方法之一。     

颜面体表肿瘤切除缺损的即期修复

目的 探讨面部体表肿瘤手术切除后缺损修复方法及效果.方法 均采用手术切除方法,治疗修复26例颜面部体表肿瘤.后遗缺损经局部松解不能直接闭合,根据部位,缺损大小设计以下邻近皮瓣或岛状皮瓣修复:V-Y滑行瓣12;颏下岛状皮瓣3块;眼睑轮匝肌皮瓣3块;眶上血管肌皮穿支瓣3块;颞浅额前支血管蒂岛状皮瓣2块;耳前窄蒂侧颌颈皮瓣3块.结果 自2000年2月～2006年6月,本组临床治疗26例,除2例皮瓣远端有少量表皮脱落,经换药愈合外,余例皮瓣均完全成活,伤口一期愈合,术后接受放疗4例.随访2个月～5年,肿瘤无复发,且皮瓣切口大都选择在面侧部、发际、鼻唇沟等顺皮纹处,外观无明显影响,功能外形恢复满意.结论 根据面部外形解剖特点,采用带血管蒂或皮下组织蒂邻近皮瓣或皮肤筋膜窄蒂皮瓣是修复颜面部体表肿瘤切除后缺损简便、高效的方法.     

股后皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复臀骶部大面积软组织缺损中的应用

目的:探讨以股后皮神经营养血管为蒂的顺行岛状皮瓣修复臀骶部大面积软组织缺损的临床应用价值.方法:2005年7月～2012年2月期间收治28例臀部臀骶部大面积软组织缺损采用以股后皮神经营养血管为蒂的顺行岛状皮瓣修复,其中Ⅲ度褥疮23例,皮肤鳞状细胞癌3例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例.其中男15例,女13例.年龄27～68岁.病程5～12个月.清创或肿瘤切除后臀骶部软组织缺损为12cm×5cm～15cm× 10cm,采用以股后皮神经营养血管为蒂的顺行岛状皮瓣修复,切取皮瓣范围12cm×5cm～15cm×10cm.供区宽度＜8 cm均可直接缝合,余植皮覆盖.结果:术后28例皮瓣全部成活,伤口及供区创面均Ⅰ期愈合,随访2.5～12个月,皮瓣质地、外观及感觉良好.均未再出现皮肤溃疡.结论:股后皮神经营养血管为蒂的顺行岛状皮瓣可为修复大面积臀骶部软组织缺损的首选.     

腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损

目的:观察应用腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损的临床效果方法:以腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损16例,创面最大10cm×14cm,最小5cm×7cm,其中足背部皮肤缺损10例,足跟部皮肤缺损6例。结果:16例皮瓣均成活;1例远端边缘出现水疱,但无坏死;术后经4～24个月随访,皮瓣外形及足功能恢复均良好结论:应用腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损切取方便,成活率高,疗效好,易于广大基层医院普及。     

颞筋膜蒂乳突发际皮瓣修复前额发际皮肤缺损

目的 探讨额颞部发际内外皮肤缺损的修复方法.方法 近十年间,应用耳后发际颞筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复前额颞部发际皮肤缺损5例.结果 皮瓣全部成活,5～7 d可见头发生长,发际内外界限清楚,额颞部形态佳.结论 应用耳后发际颞筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复颞额部发际皮肤缺损是一种可行的方法.     

邻近非主干血管蒂皮瓣移位修复足跟部皮肤缺损

目的探讨足跟部皮肤缺损皮瓣修复的优化选择及临床效果. 方法 2000年2月～2004年4月,应用4种邻近非主干血管蒂皮瓣移位修复足跟部皮肤缺损30例,其中男19例,女11例,年龄8～65岁.致伤原因:车轮绞伤19例,重物压伤5例,电锯伤3例,骨髓炎2例,足跟部鳞状细胞癌1例.皮肤缺损6.0 cm×5.5 cm～16.5 cm×11.0 cm者14例,均合并足后跟或足底皮肤缺损,采用腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣及隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复,皮瓣切取范围6.0 cm×5.0 cm～18.0 cm×12.0 cm;皮肤缺损2.5 cm×2.0 cm～5.5 cm×4.5 cm者16例,采用足外侧皮瓣及足底内侧皮瓣修复,皮瓣切取范围4.0 cm×3.0 cm～8.0 cm×7.0 cm.供区采用全厚或中厚皮片移植覆盖. 结果术后皮瓣均成活.获随访6～12个月,皮瓣外观良好,无破溃,2例出现胼胝.皮瓣痛觉或触觉部分或完全恢复,两点辨别觉恢复至1.0～3.2 cm.供区外观恢复良好. 结论采用邻近非主干血管蒂皮瓣移位修复足跟部皮肤缺损,具有切取简便、损伤少、不影响患肢血供、可选择性高和可操作性强等优点,是足跟皮肤缺损修复的一种较好选择.     

臂后侧筋膜皮瓣在腋臭术后并发腋部皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨应用臂后侧筋膜皮瓣修复腋臭术后并发腋部皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法：以臂后筋膜皮动脉为血管蒂,设计臂后侧筋膜皮瓣,皮瓣面积略大于缺损面积,皮瓣经隧道转移至受区,皮瓣供区直接缝合。结果：本组16例患者,腋部皮肤缺损面积为3.5 cm×4.0cm～6.0 cm×7.0cm,均获得了Ⅰ期修复,术后随访3～6个月,皮瓣全部成活,修复后缺损部位功能和外形良好。结论：臂后侧筋膜皮瓣具有良好的血运,且血管解剖结构恒定,是一种修复腋部皮肤缺损的可行方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.