2007-2010年革兰阴性菌对抗菌药物的敏感性分析

目的 了解医院2007年1月-2010年12月临床常见革兰阴性菌的分离情况及其对常用抗菌药物的敏感率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月-2010年12月临床标本分离出的革兰阴性杆菌,并对其进行药敏试验.结果 4年共检出革兰阴性菌14784株,主要为铜绿假单胞菌2260株占15.29％,鲍氏不动杆菌2700株占18.26％,大肠埃希菌6241株占31.87％,肺炎克雷伯菌2139株占11.80;铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南保持相对较好的抗菌活性,敏感率均＞50.00％;鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、阿米卡星保持相对较好的抗菌活性,敏感率均＞50.00％;而大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性菌仅对含酶抑制剂和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物显示较好的抗菌活性.结论 临床医师应加强药敏试验,根据试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物.     

头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗肺部感染病原菌的抗菌活性研究

目的观察ICU患者肺部感染病原菌的分布及构成,研究头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对主要ICU肺部感染患者病原菌的抗菌活性,为临床治疗ICU肺部感染提供依据。方法选取医院2009-2012年ICU发生肺部感染病例152例,对送检标本进行细菌培养,选取主要病原菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等10种抗菌药物进行药敏试验,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法;采用WHONET 5.5软件进行统计分析。结果共分离病原菌183株,其中革兰阴性菌120株占65.57%,革兰阳性菌45株占19.67%,真菌27株占14.75%;排前4位病原菌依次为鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌,分别占21.31%、17.49%、13.66%、10.38%;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌的敏感率分别为84.62%、90.32%、78.26%、89.47%,其中对鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性均明显高于其他9种抗菌药物,对于肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,仅次于亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论 ICU肺部感染以革兰阴性菌为主,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦为优选的治疗抗菌药物。     

某三级综合医院2017年度细菌耐药性监测分析

目的了解2017年临床检出病原菌的耐药性,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法利用微生物分离鉴定系统及纸片扩散法(K-B法)等,对2017年医院门急诊和住院患者临床检出病原菌的分布情况及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 2017年共分离病原菌4 547株,其中革兰阴性菌3 163株占69.56%,革兰阳性菌983株占21.62%,真菌401株占8.82%。检出前五位的病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率分别<3.00%和10.00%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为14.67%和6.00%;鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别高达78.88%和79.37%。结论 2017年临床分离病原菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,且革兰阴性菌的耐药形势非常严峻,合理选用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

临床分离革兰阴性杆菌分布与耐药特征

目的 分析2005、2009年哈尔滨市3所医院临床分离菌株分布特征.方法 收集2005、2009年革兰阴性杆菌,采用API20和常规生化反应进行鉴定.结果 2005年收集革兰阴性菌1172株,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,其构成比分别占34.22％、25.43％、22.35％、5.97％、5.21％;2009年收集2188株,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌,其构成比分别占30.85％、20.89％、19.83％、12.89％、8.27％;2005年铜绿假单胞菌及鲍氏不动杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率分别为43.1％和9.8％,而2009年分别为98.5％和42.5％;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0～3.3％,而铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为22.6％～31.0％;2009年肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与2005年相比呈下降趋势.结论 感染症菌群分布发生变化,肺炎克雷伯菌检出率呈上升趋势,抗菌药物的耐药状况因时而异.     

EICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解急诊重症监护病房(EICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布特征及耐药性,为临床防治提供参考.方法 回顾性调查医院2007-2011年EICU60例VAP患者感染病原菌的种类及耐药性.结果 共检出103株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌84株占81.6％,居前3位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性菌11株占10.7％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌8株占7.7％,均为白色假丝酵母菌;革兰阴性菌对各种常用抗菌药物耐药严重,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较为敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁较敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感度高,真菌对两性霉素B敏感度高;检出病原菌呈现多药耐药现象.结论 EICU的VAP病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,多呈多药耐药,应重视对抗菌药物的合理应用,积极预防危险因素.     

ICU患者感染病原菌的分布与耐药性研究

目的探讨ICU感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法选取2010年5月-2013年10月ICU收治的529例患者,对患者的痰液、尿液、胸腹腔积液等标本进行病原菌培养、鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B琼脂扩散法,采用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌371株,其中革兰阳性菌82株占22.11%,革兰阴性菌232株占62.53%,真菌57株占15.36%;主要革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率普遍较高,鲍氏不动杆菌对妥布霉素、阿米卡星敏感,耐药率<10.00%,铜绿假单胞菌对妥布霉素、美罗培南敏感,对阿米卡星100.00%敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南100.00%敏感;鲍氏不动杆菌对三代头孢的耐药率高达100.00%,对环丙沙星、头孢吡肟的耐药率>90.00%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率已>80.00%。结论 ICU病原菌感染主要分布在呼吸道,以革兰阴性菌为主,其中鲍氏不动杆菌的感染率逐年上升,并呈现泛耐药性,临床诊疗中应加强抗菌药物的合理使用和鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性检测。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及药敏结果分析

目的监测下呼吸道感染患者病原菌的分布和耐药谱,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法对2008年全年及2009年1-3月桂林医学院附属医院重症监护病房(ICU)下呼吸道感染患者病原菌的菌群分布、耐药性进行分析。结果革兰阴性杆菌是引发呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,占87.3%,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌占优势,分别占44.7%、22.5%。在31株革兰阳性球菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌为主要菌群,占革兰阳性球菌54.8%。在73株真菌中以白假丝酵母菌为主,占真菌的68.5%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、多黏菌素E、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为11.8%~27.2%,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类及含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂等其他抗菌药物的耐药率则为38.2%~100.0%;鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率分别为7.9%、8.8%,而对其他抗菌药物的耐药率较高,分别为53.5%~100.0%;大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率(90.9%)高于肺炎克雷伯菌的产酶率(36%),均对美罗培南、亚胺培南敏感,对于其他的抗菌药物,大肠埃希菌的耐药性普遍较肺炎克雷伯菌严重,MRSA占所分离金黄色葡萄球菌的52.9%。结论该院ICU下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其对常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应加强监测与控制。     

老年肺部感染患者病原菌耐药性分析

目的对老年肺部感染患者检出病原菌耐药性进行分析,为临床医师诊疗提供参考。方法选取2014年11月-2016年11月浙江医院呼吸内科收治的老年肺部感染患者326例,回顾性分析老年肺部感染患者临床资料,以明确患者临床特征、病原菌构成以及耐药性。结果 326例肺部感染患者共检出病原菌262株,其中革兰阴性菌212株,以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌45株,以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌主要为白假丝酵母;革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均对氨苄西林/舒巴坦不敏感,对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南较敏感;革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素及利福平敏感性较高。结论老年肺部感染患者主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,主要革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感,主要革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、利福平较为敏感。     

呼吸科病房病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的 分析医院2011年呼吸科病房下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为临床科学用药提供依据.方法 对下呼吸道感染住院患者送检的痰标本中分离出病原菌,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性监测.结果 2822例下呼吸道感染住院患者中,共分离出革兰阴性菌326株占74.8％;革兰阳性菌110株占25.2％;检出率排前5位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs株分别占38.6％和58.4％,产ESBLs株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于非产酶株;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、环丙沙星及亚胺培南的敏感率＞70.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,未检出耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 对该地区病原菌进行监测,掌握常见病原菌分布及耐药特点,对合理选择抗菌药物非常重要.     

细菌耐药监测与医院感染控制

目的了解临床分离病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性,指导临床有效的控制医院感染。方法用纸片扩散法(K-B)进行药物敏感试验,判定标准按CLSI 2009年版规定。结果收集947株临床分离病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌占78.7%、革兰阳性菌占21.3%;常见病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素、头孢吡肟、氨曲南的耐药率分别在16.7%～49.1%和18.6%～44.1%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍高度敏感,但耐药菌也已出现;鲍氏不动杆菌耐亚胺培南和美罗培南菌株占>60.0%,耐亚胺培南和美罗培南铜绿假单胞菌分别为42.7%和50.3%,非发酵菌对多黏菌素E敏感性较好;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素仍高度敏感。结论细菌多耐药现象严重,尤其耐三代头孢菌素的肠杆菌科细菌和对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的非发酵菌增多,必须加强耐药菌监测,并采取有效的控制措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.