老年呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素调查分析

目的：探讨老年呼吸机相关性肺炎（ VAP）病原菌分布及其发病的相关危险因素,为早期防治VAP提供依据。方法采用回顾性病例对照的研究方法,将197例机械通气≥48h患者依据是否发生VAP分为VAP组和非VAP组,分析VAP病原菌分布,采用单因素、多因素logistic回归分析影响VAP发病的危险因素。结果老年机械通气患者的VAP发病率为31.5%（62/197）;VAP病原菌分布革兰阴性菌占54.4%、革兰阳性菌占31.2%、真菌占14.5%;多因素分析结果显示基础疾病（OR=2.746）、侵入性操作（OR=5.720）、机械通气（≥7d, OR=3.740）、长期使用抗菌药物（OR=3.927）、长期使用糖皮质激素（OR=4.646）、使用抑酸制剂（OR=2.570）、APACHE II评分（OR=1.809）均为VAP发病的危险因素。结论老年机械通气患者具有很高的VAP发病率,以革兰阴性菌为主,基础疾病多、有侵入行操作、长期使用抗生素和糖皮质激素、使用抑酸制剂、低蛋白血症、APACHE II评分高均为VAP发病的独立危险因素。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及危险因素分析

目的分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率及危险因素,探讨护理预防对策。方法回顾性分析176例机械通气患者临床资料,观察VAP与年龄、营养不良状态、使用制酸剂及抗菌药物、胃内容物反流、机械通气时间、不良心理反应等变量的相关性;应用SPSS13.0软件进行单因素条件logistic回归分析。结果 176例机械通气治疗患者发生VAP42例,发生率为23.86%;logistic回归分析结果显示,引起VAP的危险因素包括:高龄(OR=3.12)、胃内容物反流(OR=4.02)、血清白蛋白低(OR=3.08)、机械通气时间长(OR=4.16)、抗酸剂应用(OR=2.67)、预防应用抗菌药物(OR=2.69)、存在不良心理反应(OR=2.87);VAP组呼吸机依赖发生率、住院时间、病死率分别为23.81%、(34.23±10.34)d、14.29%,非VAP组分别为11.19%、(17.28±4.34)d、2.23%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 VAP发生率较高,影响因素复杂,对预后有不良影响,应加强对高危因素的预防护理,以减少和预防VAP的发生。     

急诊重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的：探讨急诊重症监护病房（EICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的危险因素及防护措施。方法：采用回顾性病例对照研究的方法,将185例机械通气时间≥48h的患者依据是否发生VAP而分为病例组（n=65）和对照组（n=120）,进行单因素和多因素分析VAP发病的危险因素。结果：VAP发病率为35.1%;VAP发病的独立危险因素包括机械通气时间（OR=3.015）、侵入性操作（OR=3.166）、留置胃管（OR=4.757）、制酸剂（OR=4.211）、COPD（OR=4.125）、APACHEⅡ评分（OR=2.366）。结论：EICU进行机械通气具有较高的VAP发病率,影响其发病的危险因素较多,应采取综合预防措施来防止VAP的发生。     

放疗中心医院感染的危险因素分析

目的 分析医院放疗中心医院感染的危险因素,并制定预防策略,以降低医院感染率.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月-2012年5月在医院放疗中心治疗的1304例患者临床资料,对医院感染的各项危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析.结果 共有90例患者发生医院感染,感染率6.9％,其中以呼吸系统感染率最高,占46.7％,其他依次为泌尿系统、消化系统及皮肤,分别占24.4％、15.6％及13.3％;单因素分析显示,高龄(＞65岁)、白细胞计数＜1.5×109/L、长期使用免疫抑制剂及广谱抗菌药物使用≥20 d、住院时间＞30 d是医院感染的危险因素;logistic分析显示,长期使用免疫抑制剂危险性最大(OR=9.247),其他依次为广谱抗菌药物(OR=6.781)、高龄(OR=6.374)、白细胞计数(OR=5.647)、住院时间长(OR=4.247).结论 医院放疗中心医院感染的危险因素较多,治疗上应针对危险因素采取相应的预防对策,从而有效控制感染率.     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎目标性监测分析

目的 通过医院感染的目标性监测,分析ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌特点及发病危险因素.方法 对2010年1-12月入住ICU＞48 h患者进行医院感染目标性监测,对确诊呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏学分析,并单因素分析VAP发生的危险因素.结果 共监测患者191例,发生VAP 51例,检出病原菌84株,其中革兰阴性杆菌61株,占72.6％,革兰阳性球菌15株,占17.9％,真菌8株,占9.5％,主要病原菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,分别占26.2％、13.1％、9.5％、7.1％;APACHEⅡ评分高、呼吸机使用时间长、昏迷、使用皮质激素、患糖尿病、应用制酸剂及广谱抗菌药物≥3d为VAP发生的危险因素(P＜0.01).结论 ICU医院感染率高,通过目标性监测能够对病原菌与危险因素及时进行分析评价,进一步有针对性的采取措施降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析及护理对策

目的 调查呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的危险因素,探讨相应的护理对策.方法 回顾性分析226例行机械通气患者VAP发生率、病原菌特点、相关危险因素及护理措施,总结预防和控制VAP的有效护理干预对策.结果 226例行机械通气患者发生VAP 49例,发生率为21.7％,随年龄增长VAP发病率逐渐上升(P＜0.05)；基础疾病中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发VAP 20例,发生率40.8％；通气时间＞15 d患者VAP发生率明显增高(P＜0.05)；VAP患者共检出病原菌114株,革兰阴性菌占65.4％,革兰阳性菌占24.0％,真菌10.6％；鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌是VAP主要致病菌；机械通气、原发基础疾病、抗菌药物不合理使用等因素是VAP的重要危险因素.结论 VAP发生与危险因素存在密切相关；严格护理操作,加强对危险因素控制及护理干预,减少VAP发生率.     

ICU医院感染的危险因素分析及预防对策

目的分析ICU医院感染的危险因素,并制定预防策略,以降低医院感染率。方法对医院ICU 2008年5月-2012年5月收治的1 030例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用χ2检验、单因素及多因素非条件logistic回归分析,模型筛选采用Stepwise法,评价影响感染的危险因素。结果共有330例患者发生医院感染,感染率32.0%;单因素分析显示,侵入性操作、合并基础病、高龄(>60岁)、长时间使用免疫抑制剂及抗菌药物、住院时间长等均是医院感染的危险因素;而logistic回归分析显示,机械通气等侵入性操作危险性最大(OR>5),其余依次为合并基础疾病(OR=4.781)、高龄(OR=4.374)、长期使用免疫抑制剂(OR=3.647)、长期使用抗菌药物(OR=3.547)、住院时间长(OR=2.247)。结论 ICU医院感染的危险因素较多,临床上应采取针对性的预防对策,从而使感染率得到有效控制。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸机相关肺部感染的临床研究北大核心CSCD

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者实施机械通气过程中并发呼吸机相关肺部感染(VAP)的病原菌分布和相关危险因素,为临床治疗VAP提供参考依据。方法选取2012年1月-2016年1月128例实施机械通气的COPD患者为研究对象,观察COPD患者接受机械通气过程中的VAP发生率,对发生VAP的相关因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,同时患者留取合格痰标本进行痰培养检测病原菌分布情况。结果128例COPD患者发生VAP 88例,VAP发生率为68.75%;88例VAP患者痰标本共培养出病原菌125株,其中革兰阴性细菌103株占82.4%,革兰阳性细菌3株占2.4%,19株真菌占15.2%;COPD患者实施机械通气后发生VAP的独立危险因素为气管插管、合并糖尿病、机械通气持续时间≥3d、吸烟史以及留置胃管;VAP患者的病死率为31.8%,明显高于非VAP患者的7.5%。结论 COPD患者实施机械通气VAP发生率高,发生VAP的相关危险因素较多,临床应针对感染病原菌合理应用抗菌药物。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素的前瞻性研究

目的研究呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)危险因素及各因素相互之间的作用,为有效防治VAP提供科学依据。方法前瞻性调查某三级医院2007年1-12月重症监护病房236例机械通气患者的相关危险因素;根据患者有无VAP将病例分为感染组和对照组,用2χ检验进行单因素分析,选择差异有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果 VAP发病率为41.52%,病死率为37.76%;APACHEⅡ评分OR=1.175、年龄OR=1.069、机械通气时间OR=1.008、机械通气方式OR=0.203、湿化器微生物定植OR=0.024,是影响VAP发生的重要危险因素。结论加强危险因素监测,严格落实无菌操作制度,减少呼吸机管路的污染,尽可能缩短有创机械通气时间,可有效控制VAP的发生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸机相关肺部感染的临床研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者实施机械通气过程中并发呼吸机相关肺部感染(VAP)的病原菌分布和相关危险因素,为临床治疗VAP提供参考依据。方法选取2012年1月-2016年1月128例实施机械通气的COPD患者为研究对象,观察COPD患者接受机械通气过程中的VAP发生率,对发生VAP的相关因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,同时患者留取合格痰标本进行痰培养检测病原菌分布情况。结果128例COPD患者发生VAP 88例,VAP发生率为68.75%;88例VAP患者痰标本共培养出病原菌125株,其中革兰阴性细菌103株占82.4%,革兰阳性细菌3株占2.4%,19株真菌占15.2%;COPD患者实施机械通气后发生VAP的独立危险因素为气管插管、合并糖尿病、机械通气持续时间≥3d、吸烟史以及留置胃管;VAP患者的病死率为31.8%,明显高于非VAP患者的7.5%。结论 COPD患者实施机械通气VAP发生率高,发生VAP的相关危险因素较多,临床应针对感染病原菌合理应用抗菌药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.