胸腺瘤166例临床分析

目的 对166例胸腺瘤进行临床分析,以探讨不同分期胸腺瘤手术的特点及与预后的关系。方法 分析1985年2月－2000年2月收治的166例胸腺瘤患者。按Masaoka分期法进行分期,I期102例（61．4％）,Ⅱ期28例（16．9％）,Ⅲ期24例（14．5％）,Ⅳa期12例（7．2％）。对166例患者进行随访,分析不同分期胸腺瘤与生存率之间的关系。用寿命表法统计生存率。结果 手术后死亡1例（0．6％）,完整切除137例（82．5％）。随访所有患者,逐年失访30例。10年生存率为56．8％,其中I期为79．8％,Ⅱ期为51．6％,Ⅲ期为33．5％,Ⅳ期为0。结论 胸腺瘤诊断仍需依靠临床与病理结合判断,治疗原则应尽可能广泛切除肿瘤,以达到缓解症状、延长生存时间的目的。其预后与分期相关。     

胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力与单纯胸腺瘤的临床与预后比较

目的 探讨胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力患者与单纯胸腺瘤患者的临床病理特点及预后。方法 回顾分析2008—2014年经病理证实的161例胸腺瘤伴或不伴重症肌无力患者(128例或33例)的临床病理资料,Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,χ²检验或 Fisher′s 精确概率法检验差异。结果胸腺瘤伴或不伴重症肌无力患者平均发病年龄分别为45.2、48.5 岁,肿瘤直径≤5 cm、≥5 cm分别占74.2%、75.8%,Masaoka分期Ⅰ+Ⅱ、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期占78.1%、51.1%;总体3年生存率分别为98.1%、81.8%(P=1.000),5年生存率分别为91.1%、42.9%(P=0.000)。全组完整切除(140例)与非完整切除(21例)患者3年生存率分别为 97.2%与58.8%(P=0.000),5 年生存率分别为 92.7%与25.0%(P=0.000)。Masaoka 分期Ⅱ期患者中单纯完整切除(25例)与完整切除+术后放疗(25例)患者3年生存率分别为95%与100%(P=1.000),5年生存率分别为86%与100%(P=0.467)。结论 较单纯胸腺瘤患者,伴重症肌无力的胸腺瘤患者发病年龄更趋向年轻化,肿瘤直径明显偏小,Masaoka 分期较早。重症肌无力、完整手术切除是胸腺瘤患者积极的预后因素,Ⅱ期完整手术切除患者术后放疗可降低复发率。     

侵袭性胸腺瘤术后三维适形放疗预后分析

目的 不同临床分期及手术方式对胸腺瘤术后放疗长期生存的影响报道较少.本研究分析不同的Masaoka临床分期(Ⅱ～Ⅳ期)及手术方式(完整切除R0与不完整切除R1、R2)对胸腺瘤患者术后行三维适形放疗长期生存的影响及预后因素.方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军第三O九医院2008-10-01-2014-05-31收治的52例侵袭性胸腺瘤术后行三维适形放疗患者临床资料,52例患者中36例接受联合化疗,其中同步放化疗14例,序贯放化疗22例.放疗采用三维适形或调强,R0切除患者计划靶区(planning target volume,PTV)剂量50 Gy/25次,R1、R2切除患者PTV剂量60 Gy/30次,对已明确转移者,应先给予全纵隔放疗,后局部瘤床加量.化疗采用CAP方案(顺铂60 mg/m2,静脉滴入,d1;30 mg/m2,静脉滴入,d2;吡柔比星70 mg/m2,静脉滴入,d1;环磷酰胺800 mg/m2,静脉滴入,d1,21d为1个周期).采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率并以Log-rank法检验和单因素分析,独立预后因素采用Cox多因素分析进行评估.结果 52例胸腺瘤患者中伴重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的患者27例.随访时间17～83个月,中位生存时间为56个月,3年生存率为100.0％(52/52).单因素分析结果显示,男性与女性患者的5年生存率分别为67.6％和73.3％,x2=1.208,P=0.272;手术方式完整切除与不完整手术切除的5年生存率分别为86.1％和62.5％,x2=4.628,P=0.031;伴或不伴重症肌无力患者的5年生存率分别为74.1％和72.0％,x2 =3.460,P=0.063;Masaoka临床分期Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为100.0％、81.o％和64.7％,x2=6.986,P=0.030;WHO病理分型AB、B1、B2和B3型5年生存率分别为100.0％、87.5％、82.4％和81.8％,x2=0.615,P=0.433.手术方式和Masaoka临床分期与预后相关.多因素分析结果显示,手术方式和Masaoka临床分期为侵袭性胸腺瘤独立预后因素.结论 完整手术切除是侵袭性胸腺瘤患者术后放射治疗预后的有益因素,Ⅱ期患者生存情况较好,分期越晚预后越差.     

142例胸腺瘤临床分析

目的：分析胸腺瘤的分期、病理类型、临床特点及治疗方法，评价影响预后的因素。方法：对1954年1月～1997年1月收治的142例胸腺瘤患者进行统计学分析，按Masaoka分期法进行分期，运用寿命表法计算生存率，回顾性分析影响预后的因素结果：手术治疗109例(76．8％)，根治性切除71例(65．1％)，姑息性切除16例(14．7％)，探查术22例(20．2％)放疗94例(66．2％)，单纯放疗6例(6．4％)。随访所有患者，5年、10年生存率分别为59．9％，45．8％，其中Ⅰ期93．8％，，79.2％，Ⅱ期79.3％，55.2％，Ⅲ期51．5％，33．3％，Ⅳ期0。结论：胸腺瘤诊断主要依靠临床及病理学判断，治疗原则应尽可能广泛切除肿瘤，术后根据具体情况辅以放疗、化疗。手术方式、分期对预后影响最大。     

胸腺瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结１９８５年至１９９８年胸腺瘤外科治疗的经验。方法：对手术治疗的１０９例胸腺瘤患者作回顾性分析。结果：肿瘤完整切除７６例,姑息切除１９例,探查活检１４例。按Ｍａｓａｏｋａ分期：Ⅰ期２７例,Ⅱ期４１例,Ⅲ期３２例,Ⅳａ期９例。术后并发肌无力危象１１例,２例死亡。５年生存率为６４．５％。结论：手术切除范围、临床分期、术后放疗是影响预后的重要因素。术后肌无力危象是围术期死亡的首要原因。外科治疗应     

259例胸腺瘤术后放疗长期生存结果及预后因素分析

目的回顾性分析259例胸腺瘤治疗结果，试图获得影响胸腺瘤术后放疗长期生存的预后因素。方法267例中符合入组条件的胸腺瘤共259例进入研究，其中男166例，女93例，中位年龄45岁。Masaoka分期Ⅰ期55例，Ⅱ期56例，Ⅲ期131例，Ⅳ期17例。手术完全切除179例，不完全切除62例，仅做活检18例。259例术后常规放疗的中位剂量为4939cGy（2148～6691cGy）。72例在不同时期接受了环磷酰胺、阿霉素、顺铂，氟尿嘧啶、长春新碱等的化疗。用Kaplan-Meier法计算总生存率、肿瘤特异性生存率、无瘤生存率和局部控制率。Cox回归比例风险模型用于影响预后的多因素分析。结果全组5、10年总生存率分别为81％、69％。5、10年肿瘤特异性生存率分别为82％、72％。5、10年无瘤生存率分别为74％、60％。5、10年局部控制率分别为82％、73％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的5年总生存率分别为94％、85％、74％、36％，10年总生存率分别为85％、61％、49％和24％。多因素分析显示Masaoka分期、手术切除的完全性、肿瘤包膜有无侵犯和性别是影响长期生存的独立预后因素。结论全组5、10年总生存率较高，Masaoka分期、手术切除的完全性、肿瘤包膜有无侵犯是影响胸腺瘤手术后放疗预后的主要因素。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的外科治疗

目的 探讨胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力(MG)的手术疗效。方法 观察分析近10年50例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力手术患者病理分型、分期及重症肌无力临床分型的关系，手术方式和围手术期处理方法。结果 完整切除肿瘤38例，肿瘤大部分切除10例，仅作活检者2例。术后发生肌无力危象12例(24.0％)。胸腺瘤合并MG以上皮细胞型为主，Osserman分型以ⅡbⅢ型为主，肌无力危象发生率较高；其次为上皮淋巴细胞型，症状相对比上皮细胞型轻，多以I型、Ⅱb型为主，亦有肌无力危象发生。术后MG症状缓解42例(84.0％)。结论 手术是治疗胸腺肿瘤合并MG的主要方法，手术切除效果及预后与肿瘤的临床分期、手术切除范围、病理类型、病理分期等因素有关，围手术期处理是否恰当直接影响手术的安全。     

胸腺瘤预后的Cox多因素分析及分期探讨

目的 分析胸腺瘤的临床病理特点,探讨影响预后的因素和分期标准。方法 将159例胸腺瘤临床资料输入计算机,运用寿命表法计算生存率,应用Log-rang法和Cox多因素分析模型,进行回顾性预后分析及分期研究。结果 经多因素分析,手术方式（OR＝2．10）、肿瘤侵犯范围（OR＝1．73）为影响预后的重要因素。临床病理分期应将无包膜或包膜不完整但未受侵者、以及与周围器官致密黏连者归入Ⅱ期（Ⅱa)。同时,根据预后和手术情况,将肿瘤周围组织器官明显受侵,但常规手术能予完全切除者也归为Ⅱ期（Ⅱb),不能完全切除者为Ⅲa期,不能切除者为Ⅲb期。结论 手术方式、肿瘤侵犯范围对预后影响最大,可作为分期的最佳指标,并根据其制定分期方案。     

胸腺瘤168例临床资料分析

目的 探讨胸腺瘤的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析本院收治的168例胸腺瘤并结合文献对其诊治进行讨论。结果 肿瘤完整切除126例，姑息切除29例，探查活检13例。术后并发肌无力危象7例，其中2例死亡。本组5年生存率为69．1％。结论 恶性胸腺瘤诊断后应尽早手术治疗；预后取决于肿瘤是否外侵及手术的彻底性，术后放疗、化疗有助于改善预后；手术治疗原则是即使不能完整切除也应尽可能多地切除肿瘤，复发的胸腺瘤仍有手术指征。     

MasaokaⅡ期胸腺瘤患者完整手术切除后辅助放疗的疗效及预后分析

目的 探讨MasaokaⅡ期胸腺瘤患者完整手术切除后辅助放疗的临床效果及预后情况.方法 回顾性分析65例MasaokaⅡ期胸腺瘤患者的临床资料.根据患者术后是否接受辅助放疗将患者分为对照组(接受单纯手术治疗,n=43)和观察组(术后接受辅助放疗,n=22).采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制两组患者的生存曲线,组间比较采用Log-rank检验.结果 观察组患者的3年累积生存率为90.91％(20/22),对照组患者的3年累积生存率为86.05％(37/43),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).观察组患者的无进展生存率为90.91％,高于对照组患者的72.09％,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).放疗后,观察组共有3例患者发生不良反应,占13.64％(3/22).结论 MasaokaⅡ期胸腺瘤患者完整手术切除后进行辅助放疗虽然不能提高患者的总生存率,但可以提高患者的无进展生存率,且术后辅助放疗后,患者发生的不良反应较少.     

Thymoma

A review of the evaluation, treatment, and end results for 52 patients with thymoma treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (1950-1984) is presented. The objective of the study was to examine the influence of a number of clinical characteristics on survival, including histologic and staging classifications, associated diseases, symptom status, and treatment. Forty-nine patients (94%) underwent surgical exploration; 13 were stage I, 12 were stage II, and 24 were stage III. Complete resection was accomplished in all of the stage I and II groups and in 6 of the stage III patients. An asymptomatic history, surgical stage I disease, lymphocytic thymoma cell type, and complete resection favorably influenced prognosis. The cumulative 5-year survival rate for all patients was 40%. No patient with stage I thymoma had recurrent disease, however, there were 9 recurrences (50%) in the completely resected stage II/III patients, six of whom remained disease-free following treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combined approach.     

82例胸腺瘤新组织学分型与患者临床特征和预后的相关性分析

背景与目的:世界卫生组织(WHO)于1999年制定了新的胸腺瘤组织学分型标准。本研究探讨胸腺瘤WHO组织学分型与临床特征和预后的相关性。方法:回顾性分析82例经外科治疗的胸腺瘤患者的临床资料,经有经验的病理科医生按WHO组织学分型标准重新做出诊断,并结合患者的临床特征和预后进行分析。结果:胸腺瘤A型5例(6.1%),AB型21例(25.6%),B1型14例(17.1%),B2型12例(14.6%),B3型14例(17.1%),C型16例(19.5%)。根据Masaoka临床分期,Ⅰ期29例(35.4%),Ⅱ期13例(15.8%),Ⅲ期32例(39.0%),Ⅳa期8例(9.8%)。临床分期与组织学分型的相关性有显著性意义(χ2=47.29,P<0.001)。肿瘤外侵的程度与组织学分型的相关性也有显著性意义(χ2=30.78,P<0.001)。A﹑AB﹑B1和B2型胸腺瘤合计切除率较B3和C型胸腺瘤合计切除率高(84.6%vs.50.0%,χ2=11.29,P=0.002)。临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳa期胸腺瘤切除术后5年生存率分别为100%、100%、69.5%和37.5%;10年生存率分别为88.1%、57.1%、47.5%和0。不同临床分期患者生存率的差异(log-rank=40.31,P<0.001)与组织学分型间生存率的差异(log-rank=16.0,P=0.007)均有统计学意义。结论:WHO组织学分型可在一定程度上反映胸腺瘤的生物学行为和临床特征,对临床诊断和治疗胸腺瘤有指导意义。     

Cytomorphologic features characteristic of tumor stages of thymomas

The cytologic findings of the tumor cells characteristic of the stages of thymomas were investigated to assess the invasiveness of the tumors. Forty-six patients with thymoma who underwent extensive thymectomy without pre-operative corticosteroid therapy were included in this study. The histologic subtypes included 18 round/oval, 20 mixed, and 8 spindle type. The stages of thymoma classified according to Masaoka's clinicopathological classification included 16 stage I, 20 stage II, 6 stage III, 2 stage IVa, and 2 stage IVb, and myasthenia gravis was recognized in 5 patients. Cytologic findings were retrospectively analyzed in the Papanicolaou-stained stamp smears obtained from the cut surfaces of thymoma specimens. Morphometry of the epithelial tumor cells using Cosmozone-1A was performed to evaluate the validity of our cytologic categories. Compared with the cytologic findings of stage I or II thymomas, those of epithelial tumor cells in stage III or IV more frequently showed necrotic background (50.0%-stage III or IV vs 11.1%-stage I or II, p=0.006), large clusters of epithelial tumor cells (70.0% vs 36.1%, p=0.055), marked nuclear enlargement (90.0% vs 52.7%, p=0.033), marked anisokaryosis (100% vs 52.7%, p=0.006), marked nuclear polymorphism (40.0% vs 5.5%, p=0.004), hyperchromasia (50.0% vs 11.4%, p=0.007) and prominent nucleoli (50.0% vs 16.6%, p=0.028) whereas no significant correlation was observed between cytologic findings and tumor volume. Morphometric studies of thymoma tumor cells revealed that the nuclear size (mean values, 78.8 microm(3)-stage III or IV vs 58.2 microm(3)-stage I or II), the coefficient of variation of the nuclear size (0.326 vs 0.282), and the nuclear rotundity (0.849 vs 0.858) differed significantly between the two categories (p<0.05). Our findings demonstrated that there were significant differences between the cytologic findings of epithelial tumor cells of stage I or II thymomas and those of stage III or IV thymomas, and that the cytologic findings of thymoma tumor cells appear to be useful for distinguishing between non-invasive and invasive thymomas.     

Role of radiation therapy in locally advanced thymoma

The records of all patients treated for thymoma in the Department of Radiotherapy of the University of Torino between 1970 and 1988 were reviewed. There were 77 patients in stage III or IVa (59 in stage III and 18 in stage IVa); 74 patients were operated upon before radiotherapy and 3 had a pre-operative irradiation followed by surgery and post-operative boost. Complete resection was possible in 55.9% of cases with stage III and in none with stage IVa. Subtotal resection was done in 35.6% of patients in stage III and 83.3% in stage IVa. 8 patients had only a biopsy: 5 in stage III (8.5%) and 3 in stage IVa (16.6%). Post-operative radiation doses ranged between 39.6 and 46 Gy to the whole mediastinum followed by a 10-16 Gy boost on smaller fields in cases presenting residual disease after surgery. The pre-operative dose was 30 Gy followed by a post-operative boost of 16-24 Gy. Conventional fraction sizes of 1.8-2 Gy were always used. The 10 years survival rate was 58.3%. There was a significant difference between stage III (70.9%) and stage IVa (26.3%) (p less than 0.0004). Survival of patients in stage III was not significantly affected by the type of surgery. No significant difference in survival or recurrence rate was observed in patients with different histologies and in patients with or without myasthenia. Thoracic relapses occurred in 15.2% of patients in stage III and in 50% of patients in stage IVa (p less than 0.01). Only 7 relapses (9.1%) were within the limits of the radiation field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

合并重症肌无力的胸腺瘤患者术后生存的初步分析--ChART数据库回顾性结果

背景与目的重症肌无力（myasthenia gravis, MG）对胸腺瘤患者预后的影响至今尚不明确,本文旨在比较单纯胸腺瘤与合并肌无力胸腺瘤患者的手术预后。方法1992年至2012年中国胸腺协作组（Chinese Alliance for Research in hTymomas, ChART）数据库录入的18个胸外科中心诊断胸腺瘤并接受相关手术的患者分为合并重症肌无力组（合并组）和单纯胸腺瘤组（对照组）。收集两组患者的人口学资料及临床资料,比较两组患者生存率。结果共1,850例患者纳入研究,其中合并肌无力组及单纯胸腺瘤组分别421人和1429人,行胸腺全切的比例分别是91.2%和71.0%（P<0.05）;肌无力组患者的WHO病理类型多分布于AB、B1和B2型,优于单纯胸腺瘤组（P<0.05）;合并肌无力组的Masaoka分期较早（I和II期）的比例高于单纯胸腺瘤组。5年和10年的总体生存率在MG组和非MG组中分别为93%和88%;83%和81%（P=0.034）;在Masaoka III、IVa和IVb期胸腺瘤患者中,合并肌无力患者的生存曲线高于单纯胸腺瘤患者（P=0.003）。在进展型胸腺瘤患者中,MG组和非MG组患者的Masaoka III、IVa、IVb的构成比相似,组织学结果中,MG组的AB/B1/B2/B3型的比例高于C型比例更高的非MG组（P<0.001）。整体的单因素分析结果提示,MG、WHO分型、Masaoka分期、手术方式、化疗、放疗和临床切除状况均为预后的影响因素。而在多因素分析中,WHO分型、Masaoka分期和临床切除状况是独立的预后预测指标。结论虽然重症肌无力不是独立的预后影响因素,但是在胸腺瘤患者中,合并MG的患者预后较优,尤其是Masaoka分期晚期的患者,可能与疾病的早期发现、病理类型分布相对较好、整体R0切除率较高以及复发率较低有关。     

Debulking surgery for advanced thymoma.

AIMS: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of debulking surgery in the treatment of locally advanced but operable malignant thymoma. METHODS: We reviewed 43 cases with incompletely resected stage III and IVa malignant thymoma managed between January 1987 and December 2002. RESULTS: Twenty-two had stage III and 21 had stage IVa disease. Maximal debulking was performed in 15 patients, nine with stage III and six with stage IVa disease. Nine patients also had myasthenia gravis (MG). Using univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis, we found that maximal debulking surgery, RT, and with the presence of MG were associated with better survival. Debulking resulted in a better outcome than non-debulking surgery (mean survival: 106 months vs 57.2 months). After adjustment with multivariate analysis, RT and MG were both associated with better survival. CT did not appear to be beneficial for advanced thymoma. CONCLUSIONS: RT is independently associated with a better outcome in locally advanced thymoma. Debulking surgery apparently allows for a better response to RT.     

Multimodal management of stages III-IVa malignant thymoma

PURPOSE: The optimal therapy for locally advanced malignant thymoma is controversial. We review our experience with a multimodal approach in 63 consecutive cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients had stage III and 20 stage IVa disease. Surgery with radical intent was initially performed in 30 cases, while 33 cases not amenable to radical surgery underwent neoadjuvant treatment (radiotherapy in 8 and chemotherapy in 25) before surgical reassessment. All patients, whether or not surgically resected, received radiation therapy. RESULTS: Radical resection (RR) was performed in 20 patients ab initio (all stage III) and in 12 patients after neoadjuvant treatment (eight stage III and four stage IVa). With the addition of patients radically operated with neoadjuvant treatment, the radical resection rate increased from 46 to 65% in stage III patients, and from 0 to 20% in those with stage IVa disease, respectively. Radical surgery was associated with longer progression free survival and overall survival according to both univariate analysis ( P< 0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) and multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, gender, histology and disease stage ( P<0.001 and <0.02, respectively). Progression free survival (median 56.9 months) was slightly lower in patients undergoing radical surgery after neoadjuvant approaches than in those radically resected ab initio (median not achieved), but overall survival (median not achieved) was similar in both groups. Subtotal surgical resection promoted complete response to subsequent radiation therapy. This condition significantly correlated with a better outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Complete surgical resection is an independent prognostic parameter in locally advanced thymoma treated with a multimodal approach. Preoperative treatment to increase the complete resection rate could improve the overall survival of these patients.     

Significance of TNM classification in prognostic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatectomy

　Objective To analyze correlation between TNM classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and disease-free survival in order to evaluate its significance in predicting the long-term result after hepatctomy. Methods A retrospective survey was carried out in 1,725 cases with HCC patients performed hepatectomy from January 1990 to December 1995. The follow-up rate was 84.5%. The prognostic factors were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards survival model and disease-free survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier estimation. Results Univariate analysis showed thirteen clinicopathological prognostic factors including TNM staging. Multivariate analysis revealed four significant predictors such as preoperative lesion number, tumor size, daughter nodules and vascular invasion, which were encompassed in TNM classification. The 5-year disease-free survival rate were 24.6% of stage I, 38.4% of stage II, 15.9% of stage III, and 5.3% of stage IVa respectively. There was no significant difference in disease-free survival between stages I and II. Conclusion TNM staging is one of the most significant prognostic factors in predicting disease-free survival of HCC patient after hepatectomy, but some items need modifying.