鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病24例报告

本文报告经CT扫描诊断的鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病24例,首程放疗时平均年龄47.7岁。9例在出现脑病症状之前已对原发灶行再次放疗。脑病平均潜伏期为首程放疗后40个月、再次放疗后16个月。脑病为单侧性12例、双侧性12例(一侧较显著7例),主要癌灶与显著的脑病同侧者占72.2％(13/18例)。临床表现:无症状8例;神经官能症候群样模糊症状5例,伴有颞叶损害症状2例、伴单瘫1例;广泛脑实质损害8例。药治有效6例均为水肿期,囊性期1例无效。本文就本组资料对放射性脑病的发病机制进行讨论。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗与放射性脑损伤

目的　探讨鼻咽癌的放疗剂量和照射技术与放射性脑损伤之间的关系。方法　回顾性分析我院 1990～ 2 0 0 0年间收治的鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑损伤病例 2 6例。所有病例均为临床、病理和影像学确诊的鼻咽癌根治性放疗患者。放疗后的脑损伤经临床检查结合CT表现给与诊断。结果　 2 6例放射性脑损伤病例的CT表现为持续性单侧或双侧颞叶片状低密度影 ,部分累及脑干。脑损伤范围与照射野大小相关。放射性脑损伤放疗后 2年内发生率 :单程放疗组 35 2 9% (6 / 17) ,第二程放疗病人为77 77% (7/ 9) ,P <0 0 5。 8例病人死于放射性脑病 ,其中照射剂量≤ 70Gy组死亡率为 9 0 9% (1/ 11) ;74～ 170Gy组死亡率为4 6 6 7% (7/ 15 ) ,P <0 0 5。结论　脑损伤的范围与照射野大小相关 ,再程放疗会加速放射性脑损伤的出现 ,鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑损伤死亡率随放疗剂量增加而增加     

鼻咽癌放射性脑病20例的CT及MRI诊断

目的探讨放射性脑病(REP)的CT及MRI表现.方法 对20例鼻咽癌放疗后REP患者的CT及MRI资料进行回顾性分析.结果 REP的发生以颞叶最常见(占85.0%),其CT主要表现为脑白质区指状、片状低密度影,增强后大部分无强化,少部分呈脑回状或不规则强化.MRI则表现为指状水肿、脑坏死、囊变,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号.增强后少部分呈脑回状或不规则强化.囊变区则呈环状强化.结论 鼻咽癌放疗后REP的CT及MRI表现具有一定的特征性.CT及MRI检查能够准确地进行定位诊断,MRI检查有助于早期发现和诊断REP.     

鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病17例临床分析

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的临床特点及治疗。方法回顾性分析鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病17例的临床资料,发生放射性脑病病变部位：颞叶14例,双侧4例,单侧10例,脑桥3例,采用CT和/或MRI诊断。诊断后予糖皮质激素、甘露醇、多种维生素B族、血管扩张剂、神经营养药及高压氧等治疗。结果治疗后症状和体征有不同程度改善,17例随访率100%,12例仍存活,2例死于放射性脑病,3例死于远处转移。结论鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病与剂量及照射野设计有关;CT、MRI对诊断有重要价值,尽早给予激素、脱水、扩血管和脑细胞营养药及高压氧等治疗可有一定效果。     

鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病72例临床特征分析

目的 析鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病的临床特征,为临床医生提供放射性脑病发生规律.方法 收集2006年3月-2011年8月我科接受放疗的72例鼻咽癌患者分析发生放射性脑病的临床特征,进行.结果射性脑病发生在鼻咽癌放疗后72例中12例经手术切除脑损伤病灶获得病理证实,24例行CT+MRI(正电子发射体层成像)证实,36例行MRI检查证实,变均位于颞叶.结论 射性脑病多数发生在放疗结束后3年内与肿瘤分期、放疗方式以及高剂量照射等有关.     

鼻咽癌放疗后迟发性放射性脑病分析

放射性脑病(Radiation Encephalopathy,RE)是鼻咽癌放疗后的晚期并发症之一.随着鼻咽癌患者生存期的延长,MRI等影像学手段广泛开展,RE逐渐增多.     

鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病的磁共振氢波谱研究

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病的磁共振氢波谱(1H-MRS)表现,了解N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)和胆碱(Cho)3种物质的代谢规律,为放射性脑病的早期诊断提供方法.方法 选取10例健康志愿者作为对照组,21例病理诊断为鼻咽癌并进行根治性放疗后经症状及影像学诊断为放射性脑病的病人作为病例组,用化学位移成像法(CSI)行1H-MRS检查.观察各像素中NAA、Cr和Cho的含量、代谢图及它们之间的比例.结果 磁共振成像(MRI)可见放射性脑病病灶中的液化坏死区3种物质含量基本为零,代谢图中无信号;病灶中非液化坏死区NAA轻度升高,Cr和Cho明显降低或为零,NAA代谢图呈高信号,Cr和Cho低信号.病灶周边存在一个区域NAA降低,Cf和Cho升高,NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho＜1,代谢图中信号区分不明显.远离可见病灶的区域NAA、Cr和Cho含量及比例正常.结论 1H-MRS可显示放射性脑病的物质代谢变化规律,发生变化的区域面积大于MRI中可见病变区,从而为该病的早期诊断提供了可能.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑脊髓损伤的探讨

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑脊髓损伤的临床和影像学诊断;放射性脑脊髓损伤与照射剂量、照射技术之间的关系.方法对20例鼻咽癌放射治疗后引起脑脊髓损伤患者的临床表现和CT及MRI的影像学表现进行了回顾性分析.结果单侧颞叶损伤12例,双侧颞叶损伤8例,其中颞叶伴脑干损伤6例,颞叶、脑干、颈段脊髓损伤2例.放射性脑脊髓损伤部位的CT片表现为颅底线上指状低密度影;MRI片多表现为T1WI等信号或低信号,T2WI为高信号或混合信号.鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑脊髓损伤的范围与放疗照射野的大小和照射剂量有关.结论放射性脑脊髓损伤可根据临床表现、CT/MRI的影像学特征、结合病史做出诊断.脑脊髓损伤的范围与照射野技术相关.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颞叶放射性脑病的1H-MRS表现

目的用氢质子磁共振波谱（proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS）分析鼻咽癌放疗后颞叶放射性脑病代谢产物改变,探讨1H-MRS在放射性脑损伤中的应用价值。方法鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病26例共39个颞叶病灶和健康正常人21例共21个颞叶均作1H-MRS,在颞叶脑白质区域测量N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（N-acetylaspartate,NAA）、肌酸（Creatine Cr）、胆碱（Choline,Cho）值。结果放射性脑病脑白质内NAA、PCr、Cho有较明显降低,其差异具有统计学显著性意义（p〈0.05）,NAA/Cho降低、Cho/PCr升高,两组间比较具有统计学上显著差异（p〈0.05）,NAA/PCr在放疗后略增高,两组间统计学上无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。结论鼻咽癌放疗后迟发性放射性脑病1H-MRS出现异常改变,其脑内三种主要代谢产物均有降低,对放射性脑损伤能起到辅助诊断作用。对放射性脑损伤准确诊断提供了一种新的影像学诊断手段。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的MRI诊断与分析

目的:探讨与研究鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的MRI表现及临床价值.方法:分析36例确诊鼻咽癌多年放疗后穿刺活检确诊为放射性脑病MRI影像诊断表现及临床表现的回顾性分析.结果:放射性脑病主要好发大脑双侧放射野颞叶深部、脑干、小脑等部位;MRI表现[1]为脑内斑片状自旋回波T1WI呈低或等信号,自旋回波T2WI呈高信号,周围见不等水肿带,部分呈手套样水肿;增强后可呈结节样、脑回样及环状强化;明显强化20例,不规则强化8例,轻度强化8例;病灶占位效应明显;15例复查,3例病灶基本消失,10例未见明显改变,2例病灶稍微增大.结论:MRI检查可以明确放射性脑病诊断,是一种有效无创的检查方法.     

PET/CT imaging of delayed radiation encephalopathy following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background With the significant improvement in the survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC） undergoing radiotherapy and the growing availability of the sophisticated imaging modalities, the number of radiation encephalopathy （RE） cases relating to NPC radiotherapy is increasing. In this study, we investigated the metabolic and density changes of the compromised brain tissues during delayed RE using a positron-emission tomography-computed tomography （PET/CT） to provide clinical evidences for the diagnosis of delayed RE following radiotherapy for NPC. Methods The PET/CT manifestations and the clinical data of 53 pathologically confirmed NPC patients with delayed RE following radical radiotherapy and 15 healthy volunteers were investigated. The standardized uptake values （SUV） of the bilateral temporal lobes, the occipital lobe and the brain stem were measured respectively; and then the metabolic reduction rate of 88 temporal lobes and 13 brain stems were calculated for a statistical comparison between the two groups. Results The earliest case of delayed RE in the investigated patients occurred 1.5 years after radiotherapy. Delayed RE frequently involved the inferior temporal lobe. For patients with delayed RE confirmed by clinical symptoms and imaging findings, PET maintained a 100% coincidence rate with CT; however, in the 25 temporal lobes of the 35 delayed RE patients, PET revealed obvious hypometabolic changes whereas CT displayed normal density. The incidence of brain stem metabolic reductions was 24.5% （13/53） in the investigated patients, including 4 patients with hypometabolic changes shown by PET and negative finding shown by CT. The incidence of granuloma adjacent to the hypometabolic region in the temporal lobe was 12.5% （11/88）. Conclusion Delayed RE patients exhibit significant hypometabolic changes in the inferior temporal lobe, captured by PET much earlier than by CT. PET/CT offers a valuable means for the diagnosis of delayed RE in subacute stages and granuloma formation.     

颞叶微小病灶并发颞叶癫痫的18F-FDG PET显像研究

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET 显像对颞叶微小病灶并发颞叶癫痫的癫痫灶定位的诊断价值.方法 CT或MRI检查发现颞叶小病灶、有癫痫发作的21例患者,发作期间行18F-FDG PET显像及EEG检查,对比二者对癫痫灶定位的相符情况.结果 21例患者中,18F-FDG PET检查阳性19例,正常2例,其灵敏度为90.5%(19/21),特异度为84.2%(16/19).16例癫痫灶18F-FDG PET与EEG定位一致患者,行病灶及前颞叶切除术;2例18F-FDG PET未检出癫痫灶患者行单纯病灶切除术;3例癫痫灶为两侧颞叶患者,口服抗癫痫药物治疗.18例术后患者随访1～5年,癫痫发作完全消失12例,发作减少6例,总有效率为94.4%.结论 发作期间18F-FDG PET 显像对颞叶微小病灶并发颞叶癫痫癫痫灶的检出率较高,但PET显示的低代谢区比病灶及癫痫灶范围大,手术时尚需综合分析临床特点及EEG检查结果,进一步明确致痫灶.     

18F-FDG PET/CT在颞叶癫癎术前评定中的价值

目的:评价18F-FDG PET/CT显像在颞叶癫癎术前的定位作用.方法:对53例临床诊断为颞叶癫癎患者行EEG检查及Discovery LS PET/CT扫描仪显像,其中的38例在皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测下行手术治疗,比较EEG、术中ECoG及病理结果与18F-FDG PET/CT显像定位的一致性.结果:53例患者均获得清晰的脑解剖与功能双重显像;颞叶癫癎的PET/CT显像敏感性为94.3%(50/53); PET结果阳性的50例中,多种EEG检查发现有明确癫样放电者为42例(85.0%),其中明确有定侧意义32例与PET/CT结果完全或基本一致的占93.8%(30/32),定侧结果相反2例.38例接受手术者,PET/CT结果与术中ECoG定位完全或基本相符的32例,相反6例,所有患者病理结果均证实为海马硬化或萎缩;以ECoG监测结果为标准,PET/CT对癫癎灶检出的特异性为84.2%(32/38).结论:18F-FDG PET/CT可以实现颞叶癫癎的解剖与功能双重显像,是颞叶癫癎灶术前定位较为灵敏有效的一种无创检查,但其显像结果的解释必须慎重,尤其应强调PET/CT结果与EEG结果的一致性是病灶定侧定位的关键.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of radiation encephalopathy after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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Influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia: an analysis of 63 cases by chest CT

Background  In early April 2009, cases of human infection with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus were identified in Mexico. The virus then spread rapidly to other regions of the world. From October 2009, sporadic imported cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) were continuously confirmed in Suzhou. The aim of the study was to review the chest CT findings in 63 patients with laboratory-confirmed novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) infection.

Methods  Chest CT examinations were collected from 63 S-OIV infected patients during their hospital stay. Three experienced radiologists inspected images to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize S-OIV induced image changes. CT scores of lesion severity were calculated based on the percentage of affected area to determine severity of infectious lesions. Patients were divided into two groups based on the leukocyte counts. Lesion patterns, local distributions, and quantitative measures were investigated and compared between the two groups.

Results  Various degrees of bilateral multifocal lesions of ground-glass opacities were found with or without consolidations on the chest CT images. The lesions were both bronchocentric and centrilobular. Patients with elevated leukocyte counts had more extensive lesions, in terms of severity and affected area, than the patients with normal leukocyte counts. The lesion severity scores of patients in the elevated leukocyte group were significantly higher than those of the normal leukocyte group in terms of the entire lung area (P <0.01), and upper (P <0.05) and lower (P <0.01) lobes as well. There were changes in the CT characteristics seen at follow-up as demonstrated by lesions absorption (P <0.01), especially in the upper lobe of the lung (P <0.01), but less so in the middle lobe/lingual and lower lobe of the lung (P >0.05).

Conclusions  The most common CT findings in S-OIV infection patients were bilateral multifocal distributed ground-glass opacities and consolidations. The lesions were located dominantly at bronchocentric and centrilobular areas. Lung lesions were more obviously absorbed in upper lobes between two examinations. The observations and analysis from this study provide information that may be useful in image understanding and patient management for future pandemic influenza.

     

18F-FDG PET/CT在诊断多发性骨髓瘤中的临床应用

目的分析多发性骨髓瘤的PET/CT表现,探讨其在诊断多发性骨髓瘤中的作用。方法 19例经骨髓穿刺活检证实为多发性骨髓瘤患者,均行全身PET/CT检查,分析影像形态、功能代谢的特点,并测量平均标准摄取值(SUVmean)。结果 19例患者均表现为全身多发骨病变。CT共检出病灶221处(占全部骨骼病变的85.3%),表现为穿凿样、皂泡样溶骨改变,以中轴骨受累为主,一般位于骨髓腔内,较少形成软组织肿块及髓外侵犯。PET检查198处阳性病灶(76.4%),表现为全身多灶性18F-FDG摄取增高,SUVmean为3.1±1.4(范围1.3-7.4)。PET所示病灶大部分与CT匹配,少数病灶不匹配。PET/CT表现出一定特征,大致可分为:①部分病例中CT表现为多发骨质破坏,而PET累及的不均匀性代谢增高区与之不完全相符。②部分病灶CT未见明确骨质破坏,PET表现为代谢异常增高。③少数病灶CT示骨质破坏并局部软组织肿块形成时,PET显示代谢显著增高,且与CT基本相当。本组有2例常规骨穿阴性的患者在PET/CT引导下活检确诊为多发性骨髓瘤。结论 PET/CT对多发性骨髓瘤诊断具有重要价值,其引导下穿刺活检有利于提高诊断的灵敏度,尤其在常规骨穿假阴性病例中。     

^18F-FDG PET显像和CT平扫对原发和复发鼻咽癌诊断价值的比较

目的探讨^18F-FDG PET/CT显像中的PET和CT对原发和复发鼻咽癌诊断价值的差别。方法对48例均经病理确诊鼻咽腔内有癌组织存在的鼻咽癌患者进行^18F-FDG PET/CT显像,并按治疗经过分为原发组（A组）和复发组（B组）,分别统计、比较PET和CT对A、B两组病例的检出率。结果A组的PET和CT的检出率分别是94.74%（36/38）和84.21%（32/38）（P〉0.05,χ^2=1.30）;B组的PET和CT的检出率分别是10%（1/10）和30%（3/10）（P〉0.05,χ^2=0.83）。PET检查A、B组的检出率分别是94.74%（36/38）和10%（1/10）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01,χ^2=27.56）,CT检查A、B两组的检出率分别是84.21%（32/38）和30%（3/10）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01,χ^2=9.20）。结论18F-FDG PET和CT对鼻咽癌病灶的检出率有高度的一致性,^18F-FDG PET/CT诊断原发鼻咽癌比复发鼻咽癌更敏感。     

18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层成像/CT与同机CT对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者淋巴结及结外病灶的诊断价值对比

目的 比较18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖电子发射断层成像/CT(18F-FDG PET/CT)与同机CT显像对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)淋巴结及结外病灶的诊断价值.方法 选取48例经病理确诊为DLBCL的患者,行18F-FDG PET/CT全身显像检查,对比分析18F-FDG PET/CT与同机CT对DLBCL患者受累淋巴结和结外病灶的检出率,以及对淋巴结、结外病灶的诊断效能.结果 经手术或活检病理发现,299枚可疑受累淋巴结中确诊受累淋巴结272枚,90处可疑受累结外病灶中确诊受累结外病灶84处.18F-FDG PET/CT对受累淋巴结检出率为86.29%,高于同机CT的74.92%(P<0.05);18F-FDG PET/CT诊断受累淋巴结、受累结外病灶的敏感性、准确度均优于与同机平扫CT图像(P<0.05).结论 18F-FDG PET/CT对DLBCL患者受累淋巴结、受累结外病灶的诊断效能高于同机CT.     

18F-FDG PET/CT对13例肺部非典型性表现病例误诊分析

目的 分析18F-FDG PET/CT对肺部非典型性表现病变的误诊原因,以提高对此类病变诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析于2009年1月至2011年6月在我院行18F-FDG PET/CT检查的13例肺部病灶患者误诊原因,其中4例为恶性肿瘤(细支气管肺泡癌3例,乳头状腺癌1例),9例为良性病变(炎性假瘤2例、结核瘤7...     

18F-FDG PET/CT与MRI在评价鼻咽癌颅底骨转移中的价值

目的比较18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射体层摄影术(FDG PET)/CT与MRI在鼻咽癌(NPC)颅底骨转移的检出率,为诊断NPC颅底骨侵犯提供依据。方法对25例NPC患者同时行MRI1、8F-FDG PET/CT检查,比较两种方法对颅底骨侵犯的检出率。结果 MRI检出颅底骨侵犯16例,PET/CT检出21例,肿瘤侵犯颅底骨最多的部位是枕骨斜坡(14例),其次是蝶骨体(12例),差异无统计学意义(P=0.096)。其中PET/CT检出溶骨型侵犯11例,MRI检出2例,差异有统计学意义(P=0.047)。PET/CT检出成骨型侵犯6例,MRI检出6例,差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。PET/CT检出混合型侵犯4例,MRI检出8例,差异无统计学意义(P=0.207)。结论 PET/CT与MRI都是NPC颅底骨转移的有效检查手段,PET/CT对溶骨型侵犯的检测优于MRI,且在对放疗靶区的定位中,PET/CT优于MRI。