掌背动脉皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法：应用掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指的皮肤软组织缺损24 例.皮瓣大小3 cm×2 cm～7 cm×2 cm.结果：24例皮瓣全部成活,2例病人出现张力水泡.术后随访3～24个月,手指的外观及运动和感觉功能均比较满意.结论：应用掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指的皮肤软组织缺损,解剖恒定,操作简便,外形良好,效果满意.     

阻断小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤缺损

目的探讨采用阻断小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月,39例因外伤、感染导致的小腿、踝关节、足部皮肤软组织缺损患者(创面面积3.5 cm×3 cm~9.0 cm×7.2 cm),根据手术方式分为对照组19例,结扎组20例,均采用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复创面。其中对照组皮瓣面积4 cm×3.5 cm~10 cm×6.5 cm,在皮瓣近端结扎并离断小隐静脉;结扎组皮瓣面积5 cm×3 cm~10 cm×8 cm,在对照组基础上于外踝后方分离结扎小隐静脉起始处。术后比较两组皮瓣肿胀发生率、青紫发生率、皮瓣完全成活率。末次随访观察成活皮瓣质地、皮瓣供区愈合、踝关节功能情况。结果所有患者均获随访,平均(33.5±8.6)月。5例皮瓣坏死,34例皮瓣完全成活。结扎组皮瓣肿胀发生率低于对照组(10%比47.37%,P<0.05),皮瓣完全成活率明显高于对照组(100%比73.68%,P<0.05);两组在皮瓣青紫发生率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访两组所有成活皮瓣质地、踝关节功能、皮瓣供区创面愈合及功能良好。结论阻断小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养逆行岛状皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝部皮肤缺损的一种较好的方法。     

桡动脉腕背支为蒂的手背逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨手背部桡动脉腕背支为蒂的三种逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的手术方法。方法分别以桡动脉的腕背皮支、第1骨间肌背侧支和拇指背侧支三支动脉为蒂，形成鼻烟窝皮瓣、第1掌背动脉逆行皮瓣、拇指背侧动脉逆行皮瓣；修复拇指损伤、虎口挛缩、食指损伤、腕掌腕背缺损。结果成功切取挠动脉逆行岛状皮瓣13例，修复拇指、虎口、食指、腕掌腕背损伤及组织缺损。术后随访皮瓣外形及手功能恢复满意。结论桡动脉腕背支手背逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣血运好，质地柔软，切取方便，不损伤主要动脉，是修复手部皮肤缺损的好材料，具有简单、安全、损伤小的优点。     

桡动脉鼻烟窝穿支蒂前臂皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损

目的探讨桡动脉鼻烟窝穿支前臂外侧皮-头静脉神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣临床应用效果。方法在前臂远端动脉穿支解剖学研究的基础上,2005年3月至2013年3月间临床采用虎口动脉穿支蒂前臂皮瓣修复手部创伤性软组织缺损27例,致伤原因:机器致伤15例,车祸致伤8例,爆炸伤4例。缺损部位:手背软组织缺损13例;手掌软组织缺损3例;虎口区挛缩11例。软组织缺损面积5.0 cm×3.0cm~12.0 cm×4.0 cm。皮瓣切取面积:最小为6.0 cm×4.0 cm,最大为14.0 cm×6.0 cm,皮瓣旋转点平桡腕关节。结果临床修复27例,创面Ⅰ期愈合26例,Ⅱ期愈合1例。所有病例经2~12个月随访,皮瓣色泽正常,手外形与功能改善满意,前臂供区创面植皮愈合良好,对功能无不良影响。结论桡动脉鼻烟窝穿支蒂前臂皮瓣,可以修复手部远侧创面,效果好。     

桡动脉掌浅支血流桥接皮瓣在复杂性断指再植中的应用

目的 探讨腕横纹部桡动脉掌浅支血流桥接皮瓣应用于复杂性断指再植的可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年2月徐州仁慈医院手足显微外科收治的11例复杂性断指患者的临床资料。其中男7例,女4例;年龄18～41岁,平均29.5岁。患指均血运障碍,伴皮肤软组织缺损范围1.5 cm×2.5 cm～3.0 cm×6.0 cm,指动脉缺损长度1.0～3.5 cm。患者均采用腕横纹部桡动脉掌浅支游离皮瓣桥接进行断指再植,观察患者患指成活情况,术后1年参照中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准评定患指功能。结果 本组11例,10例顺利完成手术,1例因桡动脉掌浅支的浅支血管缺如,改行静脉皮瓣完成手术。10例患者术后皮瓣及患指均顺利成活,创面及供区切口一期愈合。患者均获随访12～18个月,平均15.5个月。末次随访时患者皮瓣颜色及质地与周围皮肤相似,供区无明显瘢痕,腕部功能正常。术后1年患指功能优8例,良1例,差1例,劣0例。结论 腕横纹部桡动脉掌浅支血流桥接皮瓣的血管蒂与指动脉口径匹配,适宜用于复杂性断指再植。     

游离桡动脉腕横纹穿支皮瓣修复手指小面积软组织缺损

目的　探讨游离桡动脉腕横纹穿支皮瓣移植修复手指小面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。 方法　2016年01月~2017年06月对11例手指皮肤缺损患者,缺损面积约为1.5 cm×3.0 cm～2.0 cm×4.0 cm,采用游离桡动脉腕横纹穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指小面积皮肤缺损。 结果　术后11例皮瓣均成活,随访6~12个月,修复手指外形和功能恢复满意,皮瓣供区损伤小,瘢痕轻、仅遗留线状瘢痕,腕关节屈、伸功能无明显障碍。 结论 动脉腕横纹穿支皮瓣具有不牺牲主干血管、血供可靠、供区损伤小等优点,是修复手指小面积皮肤软组织缺损较为理想的方法。     

大鱼际皮瓣的显微解剖及其临床应用

目的:报道大鱼际皮瓣的显微外科解剖学基础及游离移植修复指腹缺损的方法。方法:10例新鲜废弃手标本,在远侧腕横纹上方5～6cm处解剖出桡动脉,向其远端灌注红色乳胶,在手术显微镜下进行解剖,观察皮瓣供区血管神经走行、分布及吻合情况,确定该皮瓣设计切取的“点、线、面”,游离移植修复指腹缺损7例。结果:10例标本及7例病人中,除1例标本外,余均有桡动脉掌浅支存在。其起点处的直径1.2～1.4mm,长度1.5～2.5cm,皮瓣面积约3cm×5cm。7例游离皮瓣全部成活,术后随访6～12个月,手外形及功能满意。结论:(1)、大鱼际皮瓣血管蒂的长度、口径适合显微外科的吻合要求,可用于游离移植;(2)、皮瓣结构、血管口径与指部相当,是修复指腹软组织缺损的较理想方法。     

带隐神经营养血管胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨带有隐神经及其营养血管的胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣的临床应用效果.方法:以胫后动脉发出的筋膜皮穿支为血管蒂,沿隐神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面,临床应用5例,皮瓣面积为26 cm×10 cm～18 cm×6 cm,修复受区创面大小为16 cm×8 cm～6 cm×4 cm.结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,随访5～20个月,皮瓣质地良好,供区愈合良好,植皮面积明显减少,1例创面面积为6 cm×5 cm供区可直接缝合.结论:该皮瓣血运可靠,设计灵活,手术切取简便安全,适合修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面,是穿支蒂皮瓣和皮神经营养血管皮瓣相结合的复合皮瓣.     

携带穿支血管推进皮瓣在肢体软组织缺损创面修复中的应用

目的 探讨应用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复软组织缺损的临床应用。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2015年7月-2017年12月解放军东部战区总医院秦淮医疗区骨科应用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复软组织缺损26例,其中男19例、女7例,年龄7~68岁。腕部缺损3例、手背皮瓣供区缺损4例、指端缺损9例、踝部缺损5例、小腿缺损5例;腕部创面大小为2.0 cm×2.5 cm~2.5 cm×4.0 cm,手背创面大小为1.2 cm×1.6 cm~1.4 cm×2.0 cm,指端创面大小为0.8 cm×1.2 cm~1.0 cm×1.3 cm,小腿及踝部创面大小为2.5 cm×3.0 cm~3.5 cm×5 cm。术前应用多普勒探测穿支血管,以穿支血管为中心设计推进皮瓣。术中分别以桡动脉、掌背动脉、指动脉、胫后动脉、胫前动脉、腓动脉等知名血管穿支为皮瓣之血管蒂,于一侧切开皮瓣,找出穿支血管,然后找出主干血管,应用会师法切取皮瓣,游离后将皮瓣向前推移覆盖创面。25例患者皮瓣供区直接缝合;1例踝部缺损患者供区创面约2 cm×2 cm,行皮片移植修复。结果 26例皮瓣均存活,其中25例皮瓣于术后第14天拆线,创口一级愈合;另1例小腿推进皮瓣远端边角约0.5 cm×1 cm术后出现坏死,经换药后痂下愈合。术后随访1~3年,皮瓣无臃肿,外观满意,质地良好,与周围皮肤质地相近,周围关节活动无受限,手部皮瓣两点辨别觉6~8 mm,腕部及下肢皮瓣感觉恢复S₃~S₅,供区远端皮肤感觉S₄~S₅。结论 采用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复肢体小面积软组织缺损,具有手术操作简便、皮瓣存活率高、外观良好、与周围皮肤质地相近,感觉功能恢复良好等优点,建议临床推广应用。     

足踝部GustiloⅢ°开放性骨折软组织缺损的显微外科治疗

目的：探讨足踝部GustiloⅢ°开放性骨折软组织缺损显微外科的治疗效果。方法：2006年8月至2010年7月收治足踝部Gustilom。开放性骨折并软组织缺损41例,其中ⅢA型18例、ⅢB型15例、ⅢC型8例;软组织缺损面积3．5cm×3．0cm-25．0cm×15．0cm,平均12．0cm×8．0cm;合并软组织感染11例,骨感染4例。均采用显微外科技术行清创和多种皮瓣移植修复术,其中小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣14例,足底内侧动脉皮瓣4例,游离皮瓣移植23例。结果：本组41例,26例骨折固定的同时行一期创面皮瓣移植修复,15例先行骨折固定、软组织创面经数次清创二期行皮瓣移植修复。术后3例腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移植失败,后经游离皮瓣手术完成创面覆盖,其余皮瓣全部成活。创面一期愈合39例,二期愈合2例。术后41例均随访3—24月,根据下肢肢体功能评定标准评定疗效,优16例、良19例、可4例、差2例,优良率为85％。结论：足踝部GustiloⅢ°开放性骨折患者的软组织缺损经清创、皮瓣移植修复可获得满意的疗效。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

电磁辐射生物效应的机理研究述评

电磁辐射好似一束带刺儿的玫瑰,她所奉献的物质文明绚丽多彩,日新月异;但人类在享用的同时,也必须提防被刺儿扎着。随着社会的发展,环境中的电磁辐射剂量（能量密度）会呈几何级数式增长。有人把电磁污染称为除空气、水、噪声污染以外的第四类污染。而且是看不见、听...