Impact ofTemperature onMortality inThree Major Chinese Cities

Objective To study the relation between temperature and mortality by estimating the temperature-related mortality in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Methods Data of daily mortality, weather and air pollution in the three cities were collected. A distributed lag nonlinear model was established and used in analyzing the effects of temperature on mortality. Current and future net temperature-related mortality was estimated. Results The association between temperature and mortality was J-shaped, with an increased death risk of both hot and cold temperature in these cities. The effects of cold temperature on health lasted longer than those of hot temperature. The projected temperature-related mortality increased with the decreased cold-related mortality. The mortality was higher in Guangzhou than in Beijing and Shanghai. Conclusion The impact of temperature on health varies in the 3 cities of China, which may have implications for climate policy making in China.     

Diurnal temperature range as a novel risk factor for sudden infant death

Objective To assess the relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and sudden infant death (SID) between 2001 and 2004 in Shanghai,China.Methods We conducted a time‐stratified case‐crossover analysis to estimate the percent increase of SID associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and outdoor air pollution.Results DTR was significantly associated with daily SID.An increase of 1 °C in the current‐day (L0) and in the 2‐day moving...     

Interaction between ambient particles and ozone and its effect on daily mortality

Objective To examine the effect of particulate matter （PM） less than 10 microns in diameter （PM10） and ozone （O3） on daily mortality in Shanghai, China. Methods A generalized additive model with penalized spline function was used to observe the acute effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality. Results Higher PM10 significantly increased the effect of 03 on total mortality, and O3 also increased the effect of PM10 although the estimated increment was statistically insignificant. Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence for the effect of PM10 and O3 on daily mortality.     

Association Between Diurnal Temperature Range and Respiratory Tract Infections

Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection (RTI) with diurnal temperature range (DTR), a weather parameter closely associated with urbanization and global climate change. Methods We conducted a semiparametric time-series analysis to estimate the percentage increase in emergency-room visits for RTI associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and outdoor air pollution. Results DTR was significantly associated with daily emergency-room visits for RTI. An increase of 1 °C in the current-day (L0) and in the 2-day moving average (L01) DTR corresponded to a 0.94% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34%-1.55%] and 2.08% (95% CI, 1.24%-2.93%) increase in emergency-room visits for RTI, respectively. Conclusion DTR was associated with increased risk of RTI. More studies are needed to understand the impact of DTR on respiratory health.     

Relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality of SARS in Beijing

Objective To study the relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality of SARS in Beijing. Methods The approach of time-series Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between daily SARS mortality, ambient air pollution, and other factors from April 25 to May 31, 2003 in Beijing. Results An increase of each 10 μg/m3 over a 5-day moving average of PM10, SO2 and NO2 corresponded to 1.06 (1.00-1.12), 0.74 (0.48-1.13) and 1.22 (1.01-1.48) relative risks(RRs) of daily SARS mortality, respectively, The relative risks (RRs) values depended largely on the selection of lag days.Conclusion The daily mortality of SARS might be associated with certain air pollutants in Beijing.     

Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Outpatient Visits for Acute Bronchitis in a Chinese City

Objective To investigate the short-term association between outdoor air pollution and outpatient visits for acute bronchitis,which is a rare subject of research in the mainland of China.Methods A time-series analysis was conducted to examine the association of outdoor air pollutants with hospital outpatient visits in Shanghai by using two-year daily data(2010-2011).Results Outdoor air pollution was found to be associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits for acute bronchitis in Shanghai.The effect estimates of air pollutants varied with the lag structures of the concentrations of the pollutants.For lag06,a 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentrations of PM10,SO2,and NO2 corresponded to 0.94%(95% CI:0.83%,1.05%),11.12%(95% CI:10.76%,11.48%),and 4.84%(95% CI:4.49%,5.18%) increases in hospital visits for acute bronchitis,respectively.These associations appeared to be stronger in females(P0.05).Between-age differences were significant for SO2(P0.05),and between-season differences were also significant for SO2(P0.05).Conclusion Our analyses have provided the first evidence that the current air pollution level in China has an effect on acute bronchitis and that the rationale for further limiting air pollution levels in Shanghai should be strengthened.     

Diurnal Temperature Range and Daily Emergency Room Admissions among the Elderly in Beijing,China

In recent years, more attentions have been paid to the association between climate change and human health. Increasing and more variable global surface temperature is one of the key climatic change factors which have been consistently reported about the effect on human health. So far, more researches have revealed that temperature lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses but also to aggravation of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Typically, the relationship between temperature and mortality or morbidity is V-, U-, or J- shaped, with optimum temperature corresponding to the lowest point in the temperature mortality curve.     

Effects of Outdoor Temperature on Blood Pressure in a Prospective Cohort of Northwest China

Objective The relationship between outdoor temperature and blood pressure(BP) has been inconclusive. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study in northwestern China to investigate the effect of outdoor temperature on BP and effect modification by season.Methods A total of 32,710 individuals who participated in both the baseline survey and the first follow-up in 2011–2015 were included in the study. A linear mixed-effect model and generalized additive mixed model(GAMM) were applied to estimate the association between outdoor temperature and BP after adjusting for confounding variables.Results The mean differences in systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)between summer and winter were 3.5 mm Hg and 2.75 mm Hg, respectively. After adjusting for individual characteristics, meteorological factors and air pollutants, a significant increase in SBP and DBP was observed for lag 06 day and lag 04 day, a 0.28 mm Hg(95% CI: 0.27–0.30) per 1 °C decrease in average temperature for SBP and a 0.16 mm Hg(95% CI: 0.15–0.17) per 1 °C decrease in average temperature for DBP, respectively. The effects of the average temperature on both SBP and DBP were stronger in summer than in other seasons. The effects of the average temperature on BP were also greater if individuals were older, male, overweight or obese, a smoker or drinker, or had cardiovascular diseases(CVDs), hypertension, and diabetes.Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant negative association between outdoor temperature and BP in a high-altitude environment of northwest China. Moreover, BP showed a significant seasonal variation. The association between BP and temperature differed by season and individuals' demographic characteristics(age, gender, BMI), unhealthy behaviors(smoking and alcohol consumption), and chronic disease status(CVDs, hypertension, and diabetes).     

Association between time in range and cancer mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study

Background: Little was known about the association among time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), and cancer mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate the association among TIR, TAR, TBR, and the risk of cancer mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: A total of 6225 patients with type 2 diabetes were prospectively recruited in Shanghai, China. TIR was measured with continuous glucose monitoring at baseline and was defined as...     

Predictive value of serum uric acid on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in urban Chinese patients

Background The association between increased serum uric acid （SUA） levels and cardiovascular risk has been debated for decades. Several large studies have provided conflicting results regarding the clinical significance of elevated SUA levels in cardiovascular disease （CVD） or cerebrovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SUA and CVD and all-cause mortality and their potential diagnostic value. Methods A total of 3570 in-patients ranging in age from 56 to 95 years （mean （67.36_＋11.36） years） were selected from 20 hospitals in Beijing and Shanghai. A carefully designed questionnaire was used to gather baseline data of each patient All patients were divided into two main groups according to their SUA levels： high SUA and normal SUA groups. Serum indices and other important parameters were measured. Results Compared with normal SUA group, high SUA group had significant difference in systolic blood pressure （SBP）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, body mass index （BMI）, and age （P 〈0.05 or P 〈0.01）. High SUA prevailed in female and patients with history of essential hypertension, while history of smoking and diabetes showed no significant difference between two groups. All-cause and CVD mortality occurred more frequently in high SUA group than in normal SUA group. In the accumulative survival analysis, high SUA group had lower survival rate than normal SUA group both in CVD and all-cause mortality. COX regression analysis indicated that the history of smoking, age and high SUA were independent risk factors for the development of CVD. Conclusions These preliminary observations suggest that patients with high SUA levels would face higher risk of mortality. SUA measurement may be applied as a routine predictor for clinical assessment.     

日均气温与呼吸系统疾病急诊人次相关性的时间序列分析

目的：定量分析和评价北京市日均气温对呼吸系统疾病急诊人次的影响。方法：收集北京市某三甲医院2004年1月至2009年6月急诊呼吸系统患者病例资料、同期北京市的气象因素及大气污染物数据,采用时间序列分析方法的广义相加模型,通过三次样条函数控制长期趋势、短期波动、星期几效应及其他可能的混杂因素,拟合日均气温与呼吸系统疾病急诊人次的暴露 反应关系模型,并探讨对不同特征人群的影响差异。结果：共收集呼吸系统急诊病例总计35 073人次,其中男性14 707（41.93%,14 707/35 073）人次,女性19 122（54.52%, 19 122/35 073）人次,性别缺失1 244（3.55%, 1 244/35 073）人次。日均气温与呼吸系统疾病急诊人次之间的关系基本呈“V”字型,最适日均温度在4 ℃左右,日均气温滞后0~3 d的效应明显。日均气温低于最适温度时,日均气温每降低1℃,当天因呼吸系统疾病而发生急诊治疗的超额危险度,总人群为3.75%（95% CI of RR: 0.938 3～0.965 3）,男性3.10%（95% CI of RR: 0.949 2～0.989 1）,女性4.09%（95% CI of RR: 0.940 7～0.977 8）;日均气温高于该最适温度时,日均气温每升高1℃,当天因呼吸系统疾病而发生急诊治疗的超额危险度,总人群为1.54%（95% CI of RR: 1.006 6～1.024 3）,男性为1.80%（95% CI of RR: 1.005 3～1.030 9）,女性为1.51（95% CI of RR: 1.003 2～1.027 2）。低温的效应随年龄增大而增大,高温对45~59岁人群的效应最大。结论：北京市日均气温与人群呼吸系统疾病急诊人次的关系基本呈“V”字型,最适日均温度在4 ℃左右。日均气温在低于最适温度时降低以及在高于最适温度时升高,均造成发生呼吸系统疾病急诊的危险度增大,而且前者的效应比后者的大,不同年龄组、不同性别人群的气温效应有差异。     

Climatic temperature and variation in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome between the Australian states.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between climatic temperature and the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) for the Australian States and examine the extent to which differences in climatic temperature might explain the regional variation of SIDS in Australia. DESIGN: Case series study. A generalised linear model was used to model the association between monthly average temperature and the incidence of SIDS. SETTING: The report is population based. Data are available from all Australian States. SUBJECTS: Cases of SIDS from birth to less than 12 months of age occurring in Queensland (1981-1987), New South Wales (1981-1987), Victoria (1984-1987), Tasmania (1975-1989), South Australia (1980-1989), and Western Australia (1980-1988). RESULTS: Every one degree Celsius decrease in average monthly temperature within the range 9 degrees C to 25 degrees C is associated with a 10.6% (95% confidence interval, 9.6%-11.7%) increase in the incidence of SIDS. Climatic temperature accounts for 84% of the interstate variation in the rate of SIDS. After controlling for the effect of temperature, a significant overall difference in SIDS incidence remains (P less than 0.0001) for the Australian States. CONCLUSION: Climatic temperature accounts for most but not all of the regional variation of SIDS incidence in the Australian States. The remaining variation may reflect differences in the maternal and infant characteristics of the State populations.     

湿热环境下Ⅱ度烫伤大鼠施行冷却疗法后皮肤温度的改变

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in skin temperature after cooling therapy immediate following superficial second-degree scald injury in Wistar rats in a hot and humid environment, and evaluate the effect of the dressing materials for the cooling therapy. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal temperature control (NTC), normal temperature cooling therapy (NCT), hot and humid control (HHC), and hot and humid cooling therapy (HCT) groups (n=6). Different interventions were applied to the scalded rats: dry bulb temperature (Tdb) of 26.33+/-1.29 degree with a relative humidity (rh) of 71.05%+/-4.57% for the two normal temperature groups, and Tdb 35.33+/-0.35 degree with rh of 70.81%+/-1.38% for the two hot and humid environment groups. The dressing materials for the cooling therapy were applied to the two cooling therapy groups but not for the two control groups. The exposure time for the therapy was 125 min, and the skin temperature was measured every 20 min, starting from 5 min after the scald. RESULTS: The skin temperature rose in hot and humid environment and decreased when cold therapy was applied (P<0.001). Interactions were found between the exposure time and environmental temperature (P<0.002), between the exposure time and cooling therapy (P<0.05), and between these 3 factors (P<0.05) to influence the skin temperature, which was 1.92+/-2.13 degrees Celsius lower in NCT group than in NTC group, and 2.36+/-1.03 degrees Celsius lower in HCT group than in HHC group. CONCLUSION: The dressing materials for cooling therapy effectively reduce the skin temperature at the site of the scald injury to prevent the progression of heat-induced injury and the unfavorable effects of the heat remaining on the scalded skin.     

Effect of fast-acting spray for heat stroke in enhancing heat tolerance of rats]

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of fast-acting spray for heat stroke, a preparation of traditional Chinese drugs, in enhancing the heat tolerance in rats. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomized into 3 groups(with 10 in each group), and group A was treated with the fast-acting spray for heat stroke, group B with chlorpromazine, and group C with cool boiled water, before they were exposed to heat at 41 degrees Celsius in a heat chamber with relative humidity of 70% till death. The rats' rectal temperature was measured before and 1 h after the heat exposure, and the time when death occurred in the rats was recorded. RESULT: In comparison with group C, the rats in groups A and B had lower rectal temperature and prolonged survival time with decrease mortality. CONCLUSION: The fast-acting spray for heat stroke we prepared may enhance the heat tolerance of rats.     

湿热环境下Ⅱ度烫伤大鼠施行冷却疗法后体核温度的改变

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in rectal temperature (Tr) after immediate cooling therapy for Wistar rats with superficial second-degree scald burn in hot and humid environment, and evaluate the effect of the dressing material for cooling. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6), namely normal temperature control (NTC), normal temperature cooling therapy (NTCT), hot and humid control (HHC), and hot and humid cooling therapy (HHCT) groups. Superficial second-degree scald burns were induced in the rats, followed by interventions with cooling therapy in the two therapy groups at dry bulb temperature (Tdb) of 35.33+/-0.35 degrees Celsius with relative humidity of 70.81%+/-1.38%, whereas the two control groups were treated at Tdb of 26.33+/-1.29 degrees Celsius with relative humidity of 71.05%+/-4.57% without dressing for cooling therapy. The exposure time of each group was 120 min, and the Tr was recorded every 20 min. RESULTS: On the basis of comparisons between the measurements taken at 7 different time points, we found that the Tr of the rats was elevated in hot and humid environment (P<0.001) and decreased when cooling therapy was applied (P<0.001). Interactions between the environmental temperature and cooling therapy were noted in their influence on Tr (P=0.003). As the exposure time was prolonged, Tr slowly decreased in NTC group, mildly fluctuated in NTCT group, but elevated in HHC and HHCT groups with gradual increase of the differences between the measurements taken at the same time point. CONCLUSION: Application of the dressing material on the abdomen for cooling therapy can efficiently lower the Tr, which may prevent the progression of the heat injury.     

Daily visibility and hospital admission in Shanghai, China

Objective The study is to investigate the associations between visibility, major air pollutants and daily counts of hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Methods Daily data on hospital admission, visibility, and air pollution during 2005‐2008 were obtained from the Shanghai Insurance Bureau (SHIB), Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, respectively. The generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines was used to examine the associations between daily visibili...