正中神经电刺激对脑梗死后认知功能障碍患者的疗效

目的 探讨正中神经电刺激（MNES）治疗脑梗死后认知功能障碍（PSCI）的临床疗效。方法 本研究对象为2021年1月～2022年3月我院96例PSCI患者,采用数字表法随机分组。对照组采用常规康复治疗,观察组在常规康复治疗基础上给予MNES治疗,共治疗6周。治疗前、治疗后评估两组患者的简易精神状态量表（MMSE）、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）、改良的Barthel指数评定表（MBI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）。结果 治疗后两组MMSE评分、MBI评分较治疗前显著升高,NIHSS评分降低,且治疗后观察组MMSE评分、MBI评分显著高于对照组,NIHSS评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;干预后两组患者SAS、SDS评分较治疗前显著降低,且干预后观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 MNES治疗PSCI能有效改善患者认知功能以及神经功能障碍,并提升生活质量,缓解负性情绪。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合音乐治疗对轻度认知功能障碍 患者的干预效果

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）联合音乐治疗对轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）患者的干预 效果。方法 2017 年 6 月至 2019 年 3 月收治南方医科大学附属无锡精神卫生中心门诊 MCI 患者 100 例, 随机分为rTMS组、音乐治疗组、联合组和伪刺激组各25例,治疗前后接受蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA） 测定和事件相关电位（ERP）P300 检查。rTMS 组采用 rTMS 治疗,选择左侧前额叶背外侧皮质（DLPFC）为 刺激部位,刺激频率 15 Hz,总刺激量 900 脉冲 /d,连续治疗 5 d 为 1 个疗程,间隔 3 周,共 3 个疗程。音乐 治疗组采用综合的音乐治疗手段,30 min/ 次,2 次 / 周,8 次 1 个疗程,共 3 个疗程。联合组采用 rTMS 联合音乐治疗,伪刺激组采用伪刺激。比较干预前后各组患者MoCA及P300 变化,并进行组间比较。 结果 治疗后,rTMS组、音乐治疗组和联合组P300潜伏期及波幅均显著优于治疗前和伪刺激组（P＜0.05）, 且联合组的改善效果优于 rTMS 组和音乐治疗组（P＜ 0.05）;rTMS 组和联合组的视空间及执行、注意力、 计算力、延迟回忆和 MoCA 总分显著优于治疗前和伪刺激组（P＜ 0.05）,音乐治疗组的视空间及执行、注 意力、延迟回忆和 MoCA 总分显著优于治疗前和伪刺激组（P＜ 0.05）;联合组 MoCA 总分显著高于 rTMS 组和音乐治疗组（P＜ 0.05）。结论 经过短期干预,rTMS 和音乐治疗均能改善 MCI 患者的认知功能,且 联合使用两种干预手段的效果相对较好,长程疗效目前尚不明确,需开展进一步的研究。     

经颅直流电刺激治疗24例酒精使用障碍的疗效和安全性

目的 探究经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对酒精使用障碍患者的疗效和安全性。方法 采用随 机对照设计,选择武汉市精神卫生中心住院酒精使用障碍患者34例,按2∶1比例随机分为研究组（24例） 和对照组（10 例）。研究组接受连续10 d 的tDCS 治疗,刺激部位阳极刺激右侧背外侧前额叶皮质,阴极 刺激左侧背外侧前额叶皮质,电流强度为1.5 mA,持续20 min;对照组接受伪tDCS 治疗。干预前后采用 渴求视觉模拟评分量表（VAS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、匹兹堡睡眠质 量指数量表（PSQI）、识别任务、2-back任务、停止信号任务评估tDCS的疗效。干预期间记录患者不良反应。 结果 重复测量方差分析结果显示,HAMA 评分存在显著组别与时间交互作用（F=7.172,P=0.012）。进 一步分析发现,仅研究组患者VAS、HAMA、HAMD及工作记忆分数较干预前改善［分别为3.50（0.00,5.53） 分比5.80（3.35,10.00）分,1.00（0.00,3.00）分比5.50（1.00,9.00）分,0.00（0.00,1.00） 分比2.00（2.00,6.00）分, （1.02±0.18）比（0.84±0.20）］,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）,而对照组干预前后差异均无统计学 意义（均P ＞ 0.05）。另外,干预10 d 后研究组仅HAMD 评分显著低于对照组［3.00（0.50,3.00）分］,差 异有统计学意义（Z=-2.465,P=0.020）。两组患者不良反应轻微,发生率差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。 结论 本研究初步显示tDCS 可能对降低酒精使用障碍患者线索诱导的渴求、抑郁、焦虑及改善工作记 忆有一定的作用,未发现严重不良反应。     

经颅直流电刺激对精神分裂症认知功能的影响：一项双盲随机对照试验的4 周随访

目的 探索经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的作用。方法 纳入 具有认知功能损害的精神分裂症住院患者39 例,随机分为刺激组和伪刺激组。两组疗程均为连续10 个 工作日,每日进行一次tDCS 干预。电极阳极置于患者左侧背外侧前额叶区,阴极置于右侧眶上缘区, 电流强度2 mA,干预时间20 min。研究期间患者均接受常规治疗。采用中文版MATRICS 认知成套测验 （MCCB）、节奏听觉串行加法任务（PASAT）、CogState 成套测验（CogState Battery）、“看眼读心”测验（RMET） 进行治疗基线和干预结束后4 周的认知功能评定。结果 除社会认知外,刺激组在各领域分值及MCCB 总分上均高于对照组,但是仅在信息处理速度上组间差异有统计学意义（F=4.087,P=0.051）。刺激组中 MCCB 总分改善的患者的基线认知功能显著优于未改善患者（Z=0.085,P=0.011）。结论 tDCS 对信息 处理速度的调控上具有一定维持作用,但仍需要大样本研究进一步证实。     

脑卒中后认知功能障碍与血清胰岛素样生长因子1、微小RNA-96的关系

目的 探讨脑卒中后认知功能障碍（PSCI）与血清胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、微小RNA-96的相关性。方法 选择2019年4月～2022年1月我院94例脑卒中患者为研究对象,采用蒙特利尔认知量表（MoCA）评估患者认知功能,并设为PSCI组以及非PSCI组,调查两组患者性别、年龄等一般资料,比较两组患者的血清IGF-1、微小RNA-96水平,分析血清IGF-1、微小RNA-96水平与MoCA评分的相关性,并采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清IGF-1、微小RNA-96水平对PSCI的诊断价值。结果 94例脑卒中发生PSCI 42例,PSCI组年龄、血清微小RNA-96水平显著高于非PSCI组,受教育年限、美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分、血清IGF-1水平显著低于非PSCI组（P<0.05）,两组性别、居住地、卒中类型差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;血清微小RNA-96表达水平与MoCA评分呈正相关,血清IGF-1水平与MoCA评分呈负相关;ROC曲线提示血清IGF-1、微小RNA-96表达水平对PSCI具有较高的预测价值。结论 脑卒中患者中PSCI具有较高的发...     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对卒中后记忆障碍患者认知和P300的影响

目的 研究低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对卒中后记忆障碍（PSMD）患者认知及事件相关 电位P300 的影响。方法 前瞻性连续纳入2019 年9 月至2020 年6 月于徐州市中心医院康复科门诊或 住院诊疗的PSMD 患者50 例,采用随机数字表法分为刺激组和假刺激组各25 例。两组在常规药物及康 复治疗的基础上,刺激组予低频（1 Hz）rTMS 治疗,假刺激组予假rTMS 治疗,治疗4 周。治疗前及治疗 4 周后均对患者进行简易精神状态检查（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、Rivermead 行为记忆量 表（RBMT- Ⅱ）、改良Barthel 指数（MBI）及P300 的评定并进行组间治疗前后的比较。结果 治疗前两组 的MMSE、MoCA、RBMT- Ⅱ和MBI 之间的差异均无统计学意义（均P ＞ 0.05）,治疗4 周后刺激组MMSE 评分［（21.52±4.51）分］、MoCA 评分［（16.80±3.88）分］、RBMT- Ⅱ评分［（17.28±3.30）分］、MBI 评分 ［（64.60±14.21）分］、P300 潜伏期［（346.04±40.25）ms］,波幅［（10.76±3.44）μV］均优于假刺激组［分 别为MMSE 评分（18.28±4.56）分、MoCA 评分（13.92±4.58）分、RBMT- Ⅱ评分（14.52±3.81）分和MBI 评 分（52.80±13.93）分、P300 潜伏期（383.39±51.23）ms、波幅（7.28±3.00）μV］,治疗前后各量表及P300 参数的差值刺激组均优于假刺激组［MMSE、MoCA、RBMT- Ⅱ、MBI、P300 潜伏期和P300波幅差值分别 为：（4.68±1.63）分比（2.40±1.61）分,（4.82±1.56）分比（1.82±1.33）分,（5.04±1.21）分比（2.44±1.85）分, （21.80±7.62）比（13.20±6.60）,-45.52（-121.69,-0.67）ms比-21.10（-60.61,29.31）ms,5.36（2.08,8.21）μV 比1.18（0.12,2.08）μV;均P＜ 0.05］。结论 低频rTMS 可提高PSMD患者的记忆功能,更有助于日常生 活能力的恢复,P300 更客观地体现低频rTMS 改进记忆功能效果。     

经颅直流电刺激联合盐酸舍曲林对老年抑郁症患者的疗效、认知功能及血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的影响

目的:探讨经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)联合盐酸舍曲林对老年抑郁症患者的疗效及对认知功能和血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的影响.方法:62例老年抑郁症患者随机分为tDCS组和伪tDCS组;两组在舍曲林治疗基础上分别给予真、伪tDCS治疗4周.分别于治疗前及治疗后1、2、4周末进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、治疗中...     

经颅直流电刺激在脑卒中后执行功能障碍患者中的临床研究

目的 研究经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)对脑卒中后执行功能障碍(PSEI)的影响及可能的机制,探讨事件相关电位P300对患者治疗效果的评估价值.方法 选取徐州市中心医院康复科2020年11月至2021年5月的60例PSEI患者,随机分为刺激组(n=30)与伪刺激组(n=30).两组患者均进行常规认知康复训练,刺激组在此基础...     

经颅直流电刺激对精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍患者空间 工作记忆的影响

目的 探讨经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍（TD）患者空间工作记 忆的影响。方法 选取2017 年6 月至2018 年1 月来源于苏州市广济医院、苏州市社会福利总院、太仓市 精神卫生中心、南充市第六人民医院四家精神专科医院的38 例住院精神分裂症伴TD 患者，随机分为试 验组（21 例）和对照组（17 例）。研究期间，两组患者均接受常规药物治疗，试验组予以tDCS 治疗，采用的 电流为2 mA，刺激部位为左侧背外侧前额叶皮质及对侧眶上缘；对照组相应地予以伪tDCS 治疗。在基 线期、治疗15 次结束后及2 周后进行随访，采用剑桥神经心理自动化成套测试（CANTAB）中的空间工作 记忆（SWM）模块分别对两组患者进行认知测评。结果 在完成15 次治疗后，试验组SWM 指标分析中 的总错误数［31.00（28.50，49.00）］、平均第一次响应时间（4 盒子）［3 289.500（1 871.750，5 018.000）ms］、 平均第一次响应时间（6 盒子）［2 862.500（2 128.500，4 672.250）ms］、平均第一次响应时间（8 盒子） ［3 328.500（2 611.250，5 120.750）ms］与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）；试验组SWM 指标分 析中的策略分［19.00（17.00，20.00）］低于对照组［21.00（19.50，23.00）］，差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。 在2 周后的随访中，两组的SWM 各指标比较，差异均无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）。结论 tDCS 可能对精神 分裂症患者使用策略的能力有即刻改善效应。     

不同频率重复经颅磁刺激对于老年痴呆患者的认知能力与精神行为症状的影响

目的分析不同频率的重复经颅磁刺激对于老年痴呆患者的认知功能与精神行为症状的影响。方法采用随机列表法选取2014年10月到2016年12月在我院治疗的伴有精神行为症状的轻中度老年痴呆患者180例,随机分为5Hz组、15Hz组和对照组,每组各60例,三组均予神经内科老年痴呆的基础疗法,不给予改善认知功能的药物与认知功能康复训练,同时三组分别予5Hz、15Hz rTMS与伪刺激。治疗前后分别行MMSE、MoCA、BEHAVE-AD、ADL、NPI、BNT及DST评估,比较三组的疗效。结果治疗后,5Hz组与15Hz组的MMSE、MoCA、DST、BNT评分与总有效率均比对照组显著升高,ADL与NPI评分比对照组显著降低(P0.05);治疗后,5Hz组的MMSE、MoCA、DST、BNT评分与总有效率均比15Hz组的显著升高,NPI评分比对照组显著降低(P0.05),两组ADL评分没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 rTMS能有效地改善老年痴呆患者的认知功能与精神行为症状,在高频重复经颅磁刺激中,5Hz的作用更强,安全性较高,可应用于临床。     

Active cognitive lifestyle associates with cognitive recovery and a reduced risk of cognitive decline

Education and lifestyle factors linked with complex mental activity are thought to affect the progression of cognitive decline. Collectively, these factors can be combined to create a cognitive reserve or cognitive lifestyle score. This study tested the association between cognitive lifestyle score and cognitive change in a population-based cohort of older persons from five sites across England and Wales. Data came from 13,004 participants of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study who were aged 65 years and over. Cognition was assessed at multiple waves over 16 years using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Subjects were grouped into four cognitive states (no impairment, slight impairment, moderate impairment, severe impairment) and cognitive lifestyle score was assessed as a composite measure of education, mid-life occupation, and current social engagement. A multi-state model was used to test the effect of cognitive lifestyle score on cognitive transitions. Hazard ratios for cognitive lifestyle score showed significant differences between those in the upper compared to the lower tertile with a more active cognitive lifestyle associating with: a decreased risk of moving from no to slight impairment (0.58, 95% CI (0.45, 0.74)); recovery from a slightly impaired state back to a non-impaired state (2.93 (1.35, 6.38)); but an increased mortality risk from a severely impaired state (1.28 (1.12, 1.45)). An active cognitive lifestyle is associated with a more favorable cognitive trajectory in older persons. Future studies would ideally incorporate neuroradiological and neuropathological data to determine if there is causal evidence for these associations.     

Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment treated with cholinesterase inhibitors

BACKGROUND: Individuals who have Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may be in a transitional stage between aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The high rate of conversion from MCI to AD makes early treatment an important clinical issue. Recent evidence suggests that cognitive training intervention may reduce the rate of progression to AD. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a NeuroPsychological Training (TNP) in patients with MCI who are treated with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), compared with patients MCI treated only with ChEIs and patients not treated, in a longitudinal, one year follow-up study. METHODS: One year longitudinal and retrospective comparison study of neuropsychological performances in 59 subjects affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) according to Petersen's criteria. Fifteen subjects were randomised to receive TNP plus cholinesterase inhibitors; 22 subjects cholinesterase inhibitors alone and 22 subjects no treatment. All the subjects referring memory complaints, corroborated by an informant, underwent a multidimensional assessment concerning neuropsychological, behavioural and functional characteristics, at baseline and after one year follow-up. RESULTS: Subjects without treatment maintained their cognitive, functional and behavioural status after one year; patients treated only with ChEIs improved in depressive symptoms whereas subjects treated with TNP and ChEIs showed significant improvements in different cognitive areas, such as memory, abstract reasoning and in behavioural disturbances, particularly depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A long-term TNP in ChEIs-treated MCI subjects induces additional cognitive and mood benefits.     

Predictors of future cognitive decline in persons with mild cognitive impairment

This study sought first to identify individual items of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and demographic variables at baseline that predicted the trajectories of cognitive change among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and second to quantify the risk of cognitive decline in such patients based on their pattern of failure of MMSE items. 187 MCI patients were evaluated serially with the MMSE for up to 3.5 years. Patients who followed a declining cognitive trajectory differed from the stable reference group in their baseline profile of MMSE test performance. Patient age and performance on delayed recall, constructional praxis, attention, and orientation to time and floor predicted future cognitive decline with good accuracy (79.9%) and specificity (86.4%), and moderate sensitivity (67.2%). These results are presented in the form of a simple clinical tool for quantifying risk of future cognitive decline in MCI.     

Estrogen and cognitive functioning in men with mild cognitive impairment

Although men do not experience an abrupt cessation of gonadal hormone production at midlife as do women, levels of testosterone (T) decrease gradually with aging. Because estradiol (E₂) arises mainly from the conversion of T in men, the availability of E₂ also decreases with increasing age. In randomized clinical trials, E₂ replacement therapy has been shown to maintain aspects of cognition in postmenopausal women, specifically with regard to verbal memory. The present prospective, randomized, cross-over trial is being undertaken in order to determine whether E₂ will enhance verbal memory in men with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Men with MCI will randomly receive E₂ or placebo for the first 3 mo of treatment and will then be crossed-over to the other treatment for an additional 3 mo. A battery of neuropsychological tests will be administered at pretreatment and, again, following each 3-mo treatment phase. It is hypothesized that elderly men with MCI will perform better on tests of explicit memory when they are being treated with E₂ compared to their performance under placebo conditions.     

Diabetes among adults with cognitive limitations compared to individuals with no cognitive disabilities

Using a retrospective analysis of data from the 2006 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS), we assessed the health status of working-age adults with cognitive limitations in comparison to adults with no disability (unweighted N = 27,116; weighted N = 240,343,457). Adults with cognitive limitations had a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes than did adults with no disability (19.4% vs. 3.8%, respectively) and a significantly higher prevalence of six other major chronic conditions. In addition, individuals with cognitive limitations and diabetes were significantly more likely to have multiple (four or more) chronic illnesses. The health disparities we found in this study demonstrate the need to improve disease prevention and education efforts for individuals with cognitive limitations and their health care providers.     

Older adults with epilepsy demonstrate cognitive impairments compared with patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Little is known about the cognitive effects of chronic epilepsy in older adults. To better characterize cognitive impairment in seniors with epilepsy, we compared cognitive performance of 26 seniors with epilepsy with that of 26 well-matched patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 26 well-matched healthy older adults. Participants completed neuropsychological testing with the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Logical Memory, and CFL Word Fluency. There were no significant demographic group differences, although seniors with epilepsy had higher self-reported depression. Seniors with epilepsy performed below controls on virtually all neuropsychological tests, and performed below patients with MCI on DRS Total score, Initiation/Perseveration, and CFL Fluency. Seniors with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug (AED) polytherapy had the most severe cognitive deficits, whereas seniors with epilepsy on AED monotherapy were comparable to cholinesterase inhibitor-na?ve patients with MCI. This study emphasizes the clinical importance of cognitive impairment in seniors with epilepsy and highlights the need for future studies addressing causes and treatment of cognitive impairment.     

认知储备能与疾病相关认知障碍的研究进展

认知储备能可以理解为不同个体延缓认知功能障碍发病以及进展的能力,虽然不能作为一个症状或一种独立的病症,但通过认知储备能,可以帮助理解在不同的疾病发展过程中出现的认知功能下降的差异性。认知储备能在一些疾病相关认知功能及症状的发生和发展中具有一定的作用,如记忆力减退、轻度认知功能障碍、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化等;同时,也会影响丙型肝炎、肥胖、睡眠障碍和脑外伤等引起的认知功能障碍的发生和发展。中医药尤其是补益肝肾的中药,在改善各种原因引起的认知功能障碍方面,具有较好的疗效,但目前尚未被引入认知储备能的干预研究。本文对认知储备能与各种疾病相关认知功能的关联进行综述。