体外膜肺氧合在1例潜在心死亡供者院间转运中的应用

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合技术用于潜在心死亡供体院间转运的可行性及效果。方法回顾性分析1例潜在心死亡供者由院外转运至广州军区总医院进行器官获取过程中体外膜肺氧合应用情况。结果 1例脑外伤后中枢性循环衰竭患者,在体外膜肺氧合辅助下,通过救护车转运,转运里程约120km,体外膜肺氧合运转时间158分钟,转运过程循环稳定,到达目的医院后,按心死亡流程实施了器官捐献。结论体外膜肺氧合可以为循环衰竭的潜在心死亡供者进行院间转运,提供有效的循环辅助。     

单中心心脏死亡和脑死亡供肺肺移植临床经验总结

目的 总结单中心脑死亡器官捐赠(DBD)和心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)的供肺获取以及肺移植的临床经验.方法 11例潜在器官捐献供者进行了术前评估,所有供者均进行痰培养、床旁支气管镜、胸部X线片及血液气体分析等检查.11例供者中,6例为DCD供者,5例为DBD供者.1例DCD和2例DBD供者因两肺广泛炎症浸润,氧合指数差未行供肺获取;1例DCD供者因心跳停止时间过长未行供肺获取;其余7例临床评估供肺良好,按照临床器官捐赠相关规定流程,在气管插管机械通气下完成供肺获取.7例供、受者术前淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验均为阴性,供、受者ABO血型相同,供肺大小匹配.结果 7例肺移植均在体外膜肺氧合辅助下完成,包括5例双肺移植和2例右侧单肺移植,受者手术顺利.1例术后并发严重感染,术后39 d死亡;1例术后第9天死于多器官功能衰竭.2例分别于术后30 d、19 d并发急性排斥反应,治疗后好转.3例术后无严重并发症,恢复顺利,肺功能得到极大改善,出院后接受长期随访,术后平均存活23.3个月(3～51个月).结论 应该严格按照临床器官捐献相关规定的要求进行器官捐赠工作.在全面评估供肺质量的前提下,DCD和DBD供肺肺移植的效果可靠.     

体外膜肺氧合用于尸体供器官保护的技术操作规范(2019版)

为了进一步规范临床将体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)用于尸体供器官保护的技术操作,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织器官移植学专家从ECMO应用基本原则,ECMO在脑死亡器官捐献(DBD)、心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)、脑-心双死亡器官捐献(DBCD)中的应用规范等方面,制订各类供体应用ECMO的技术规范。     

体外膜肺氧合用于心死亡供肝的初步经验

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)保护心死亡供肝的初步经验.方法 回顾分析2009年7月至2011年5月期间广州军区总医院肝移植中心施行的17例心死亡肝移植供者临床资料,了解供者原发病和有关指标、供者捐献与获取流程、ECMO使用方法.结果 17例供者均先诊断脑死亡然后等待心脏停跳,属于脑心双死亡供者(DBCD).在心死亡过程全部应用了ECMO,ECMO时间51～380(平均187)min.所有供者均成功获取了供肝并用于受者.受者全组无手术死亡.术后肝功能恢复满意,未发生原发性移植肝无功能并发症.术后1个月内因肺部感染死亡1例,其余16例顺利康复出院并随访至今,随访最长时间为29个月.结论 DBCD是我国公民心死亡供体的特殊类型.ECMO可以控制DBCD热缺血损伤且没有伦理学争议,对我国公民心死亡器官捐献有着十分重要的作用.     

体外膜肺氧合在器官移植领域中的应用进展

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)是一种能代替心肺功能、维持器官持续灌注的体外循环技术。近年来,因其出色的心肺支持功能,ECMO被越来越多地运用于器官移植领域,从器官捐献供者器官的保护,到器官移植受者移植前的安全过渡、移植中生命支持及移植后呼吸循环系统并发症的处理。ECMO在扩大供者来源、提高移植手术安全性和移植受者存活率方面发挥了重要作用。本文就ECMO在器官移植领域中的应用研究进展进行综述。     

公民心死亡器官捐献肝移植

目的 总结公民心死亡器官捐献肝移植的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2011年5月广州军区广州总医院施行的20例公民心死亡器官捐献肝移植供受者的临床资料.脑心双死亡器官捐献(DBCD)供者通过体外膜肺氧合技术(ECMO)避免热缺血,M-Ⅲ供者不采用ECMO,待心跳停止5 min后实施肝脏获取手术.受者均采用原位肝移植术,其中17例行胆管端端吻合,3例行胆肠吻合.所有受者获定期随访.采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线.结果 20例供者中M-Ⅲ占10％( 2/20),DBCD占90％ (18/20).20例受者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间、无肝期、术中出血量和术后ICU时间分别为(6.2±2.7)h、(54±13) min、(2305±1311)ml和(44±35)h.全组无手术死亡,术后肝功能恢复满意,无原发性肝脏无功能或移植肝功能恢复延迟;术后1个月内1例受者因脓毒血症死亡,1例因肺部感染死亡,其余18例受者长期生存,最长生存时间为58个月.结论 公民心死亡器官捐献是现阶段我国可以应用的供肝获取方法,其中以DBCD为主要类型;建立科学的心死亡器官捐献肝移植流程,合理使用ECMO等保护供肝质量措施,对我国公民死亡器官捐献工作有着积极的作用.     

体外膜肺氧合在心脏死亡器官捐献供体肝移植中的应用进展

供肝短缺已经成为制约肝移植发展的重要因素,心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供体是扩大供体池的一个重要来源。应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术可提高DCD供肝的质量,增加器官捐献供体池,改善肝移植受体的预后。本文综述了ECMO对DCD供体器官支持的基本原理和操作技术、ECMO用于DCD供体肝移植的研究进展及存在的问题,提示ECMO在我国DCD供体肝移植中具备较大的发展潜力和应用前景。     

公民逝世后器官捐献供肝移植胆道并发症的预防经验

目的总结公民逝世后器官捐献供肝移植的胆道并发症预防经验。方法回顾性分析2008年10月至2016年12月中山大学附属中山医院88例公民逝世后器官捐献肝移植病例的临床资料。结果 88例均符合中国标准三类捐献(即脑-心双死亡标准器官捐献)。所有病例按标准获取流程成功完成肝脏捐献,88例受者均顺利植入供肝,胆道重建多采用胆管端端吻合,供者胆管尽可能短,吻合时保持微张力。未出现原发性移植肝无功能、排斥反应。1例患者出现胆漏经引流3周后自愈,2例患者出现胆道狭窄并发症,经置入胆道支架后缓解。结论加强获取器官管理,采用规范的获取供肝流程,充分利用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO),尽量缩短热、冷缺血时间,注意胆道重建技巧,有助于减少胆道并发症发生率,公民逝世后器官捐献供肝移植可以取得满意的临床效果。     

体外膜肺氧合技术在心脏死亡或脑死亡器官捐赠中应用的进展

由于对供者器官的需求量日益增多,而标准脑死亡器官捐赠(DBD)的来源并未增加,供移植器官短缺的问题日趋严重,因而扩大标准的供者(ECD)不断增多.ECD的重要来源包括难以维持循环功能稳定等基本条件的部分DBD,以及心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD).作为ECD,无疑会增加热缺血时间,使得器官移植后的存活能力降低,发生器官原发性无功能(PNF)的几率较高.将体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术应用于DCD和DBD中,能够有效缩短器官的热缺血时间,对已受热缺血损伤的器官可通过相应的体外循环支持措施,使其功能恢复.目前,ECMO技术在DCD和DBD中逐渐应用,有效地提高了ECD的使用率.     

心脏死亡供者供肺移植三例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡供者供肺获取以及应用于临床肺移植的经验.方法 共进行3例心脏死亡供者供肺获取及肺移植.3例供者平素健康,因发生严重颅脑外伤或脑肿瘤,经严格医学检查后均被明确判定为脑死亡,并被确定为潜在心脏死亡供者.供者的近亲亲属均知情同意心脏死亡器官捐献,临床评估供肺良好,供者在停止呼吸机,心脏停跳5 min后,确定为心脏死亡,并在全身麻醉下切取供肺.3例受者术前淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验均为阴性,供、受者ABO血型相同,身高相近,体重相差均在20％以内,胸腔大小匹配.结果 利用3例心脏死亡供者供肺成功进行了2例双肺移植和1例单肺移植,3例供肺的热缺血时间分别为23、27和32 min.3例受者手术顺利,在ICU的监护时间分别为31、18和26 d,术后肺功能得到极大改善,例1和例2分别于术后30和19d发生急性排斥反应,经皮质激素冲击治疗后好转,3例受者均未发生感染等并发症,随访期间生活质量良好.结论 在现有条件下,严格按《中国心脏死亡器官捐献工作指南》开展心脏死亡器官捐献应用于临床肺移植的工作,正确维护好潜在心脏死亡供者,在全面评估供肺质量的前提下,心脏死亡供肺可作为肺移植的主要供肺之一.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.