肿瘤性肝灌注异常现象在肝癌中的影像学表现

目的明确肿瘤性肝灌注异常(HPD)在肝细胞癌患者中的发生率、影像学形态特征以及与动-门脉瘘、门脉癌栓之间的关系,探讨其可能发生机制。方法对780例肝细胞癌患者中出现肿瘤性肝灌注异常50例的临床资料、双期CT表现、动态MR增强及肝动脉造影进行回顾性分析,肿瘤性灌注异常的影像诊断标准为:CT、MR增强动脉期表现为病灶周围肝实质楔形或不规则形一过性强化,门静脉期恢复正常,肝动脉造影表现为动脉期病灶周围肝实质一过性染色,门静脉期恢复正常。结果780例肝细胞癌中出现肿瘤性灌注异常50例(6.4%),伴发门脉癌栓者HPD的发生率较不伴发门脉癌栓者高(P<0.01);伴发动-门脉瘘者较不伴者高(P<0.01)。结论肿瘤性灌注异常现象的出现与伴发肝癌动-门脉瘘、门脉癌栓有关。     

原发性肝细胞癌合并不同类型动静脉瘘的DSA表现与介入治疗

目的:探讨原发性肝细胞癌合并不同类型动静脉瘘介入治疗的应用价值。方法:入组46例肝癌合并不同类型动静脉瘘患者,分别行肝动脉内化疗栓塞治疗或肝动脉内灌注化疗术,比较分析不同治疗方法的疗效、患者的生存率和对肝功能的影响。结果:DSA诊断肝癌合并动静脉瘘者46例,中央型动门静脉瘘14例,周围型动门静脉瘘24例,混合型8例,轻度动门脉瘘13例,中度动门脉瘘18例,重度动门脉瘘15例。其中同时合并肝动脉肝静脉瘘2例。38例行肝动脉内化疗栓塞术,8例行肝动脉内化疗术。术后所有患者肝功能均有不同程度好转,行肝动脉内化疗栓塞术中位生存时间,2个月、6个月、1年总体累积生存率均高于肝动脉内化疗术患者。结节型及巨块型肝癌中位生存时间,2个月、6个月、1年总体累积生存率相当,且均明显高于弥漫型肝癌。结论:周围型、轻中度动静脉瘘的患者较容易封堵瘘口,而中央型、混合型、重度动静脉瘘患者封堵瘘口难度较大,应尽量使用栓塞剂有效封堵瘘口血流后行经皮肤动脉化疗栓塞,如无法封堵瘘口,则仅行肝动脉内化疗术。     

双介入联合放疗治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓初步临床研究

目的：评价双介入联合放疗治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的临床疗效。方法：选择61例原发性肝癌伴门脉癌栓患者分成两组,A组经肝动脉化疗栓塞,B组采用肝脾动脉双介入联合门静脉瘤栓的放疗法。结果：A组6、12、18和24个月生存率分别为29.03%（9/31）、12.9%（4/31）、6.45%（2/31）和3.22%（1/31）,门脉瘤栓消失率为3.22%（1/31）,B组6、12、18和24个月生存率分别为46.66%（14/30）、26.66%（8/30）、16.66（5/ 30）和13.33%（4/30）,门脉瘤栓消失率为13.33%（4/30）。两组生存率（P<0.05）及门脉瘤栓消失率（P<0.01）差异均有统计学意义。结论：肝脾动脉双介入联合放疗治疗肝癌合并门静脉瘤栓是一种安全有效的方法,且效果优于肝动脉化疗栓塞。     

白芨微球行门脉栓塞联合肝动脉栓塞治疗兔移植性肝癌门脉癌栓的实验研究

目的探讨以白芨微球行门脉栓塞(TPI)联合肝动脉栓塞术(TAE)对兔移植性肝癌门脉癌栓的治疗作用.方法种植VX2瘤株的大白兔30只,随机分为三组,采用三种方法治疗,对比观察疗效.结果对照组、TAE组及TAE TPI组:肿瘤生长率分别为45.7%、-3.3%及-81.8%;肝内转移率分别100%、60%及0%;门脉主干癌栓的发生率分别为90%、70%及10%.结论 TAE TPI是一种有效地防治肝癌及门脉癌栓的方法;白芨微球可能是一种较为理想的门脉栓塞剂.     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的经血管内栓塞治疗

目的:评价颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)经血管内栓塞治疗的方法及价值。材料和方法:分析14例经血管内介入治疗的颈内动脉海绵窦瘘病例,以带毛弹簧栓、可脱球囊或电解可脱弹簧栓(Guglielmi Detachable Coil,GDC)经动脉或静脉途径栓塞瘘口。6例采用带毛弹簧栓,共54个,其中1例同时经眼静脉穿刺逆行栓塞海绵窦。7例采用球囊栓塞,1例因为瘘口小无法放置弹簧栓和球囊而采用GDC栓塞。结果:本组中13例CCF瘘口完全堵塞,其中4例同时堵塞颈内动脉,患者症状消失。1例已有6年病史的CCF颈内动脉参与大脑供血无法栓塞,经栓塞与海绵窦相通的颈外动脉后,又经眼静脉栓塞海绵窦致瘘口明显缩小。结论:经动脉内以球囊、弹簧栓或GDC栓塞是治疗CCF的有效方法,其中以球囊栓塞操作安全简便为首选材料。引流静脉粗大者逆行栓塞可以起补充作用。     

超声引导药物注射结合高强度聚焦超声治疗门静脉癌栓的初步临床观察

目的：探讨超声引导下门脉癌栓穿刺注射结合高频聚焦超声(HIFU)技术治疗门脉癌栓的安全性和有效性。方法：8例合并门脉主支癌栓的原发性肝癌患者在超声引导下穿刺在癌栓内注人碘油化疗药物混悬液并接受HIFU治疗。结果：1例患者出现肠系膜上静脉异位栓塞，无其它相关并发症出现，X-线摄片示门脉癌栓内碘油致密沉积，MRI或CT检查示门脉癌栓血供消失，随访4例患者门脉癌栓缩小或消失。结论：超声引导下门脉癌栓内药物注射结合HIFU技术是一种安全和有效治疗门脉癌栓的方法。     

彩色多普勒对肝癌合并门脉癌栓化疗栓塞前后的初步观察

１６例肝癌合并门脉癌栓患者经２次以上插管治疗，１１例患者已活过半年，１例患者存活２年，其中４个癌栓消失，５个癌栓缩小。说明门静脉癌栓不应是化疗栓塞的禁忌证，对没有严重肝硬化及肝功能损害的门脉癌栓患者可以进行化疗栓塞治疗。     

肝癌伴肝动-门脉及静脉瘘介入25例疗效评价

目的探讨肝癌伴肝动-门脉及静脉瘘(AVS)堵瘘和经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗的临床价值.方法对25例患者采用导管超选法栓塞AVS瘘口堵瘘,选介入疗法A、B两组,A组12例用弹簧圈+碘油乳剂+化疗,B组13例用明胶海绵或丝线+碘油乳剂+化疗,共介入治疗82次.结果A组12例中10例瘘口基本闭合,占83%,2例瘘口部分闭合,占17%.B组13例中5例瘘口基本闭合,占38%,8例瘘口部分闭合,占62%.1个月后CT复查见肿瘤缩小,AFP不同程度下降.A组平均生存期28.25个月,B组平均生存期13.3个月.两组生存期差异有显著性意义,P＜0.05.结论肝癌伴AVS的介入栓塞治疗可减轻门脉压力,改善肝脏血供,同时可延长患者的存活时间.用弹簧圈+碘油+化疗法优于明胶海绵或丝线+碘油+化疗法.     

肝癌的“双灌注”加部分脾栓塞治疗

目的　探讨肝癌的“双灌注”加部分脾栓塞术治疗价值。方法　 38例肝癌行肝动脉灌注化疗与栓塞、脾动脉或肠系膜上动脉灌注化疗加部分脾栓塞治疗。结果　患者术后血象好转 ,门脉高压症状减轻 ,肝功能改善 ,1,2 ,3年生存率分别为 6 3.2 %,42 .1%,2 6 .3%。结论　肝癌“双灌注”加部分脾栓塞术是治疗肝癌特别是伴有门脉高压、脾功能亢进的肝癌的一种安全有效的方法 ,对伴有门静脉癌栓、肝动脉 门静脉瘘者也同样有效。     

介入治疗肝癌伴门脉癌栓的若干问题

目的:探讨介入治疗肝癌合并门脉一级分支和或门脉主干癌栓的适应证和治疗方法。方法:25例原发性肝癌合并门脉一级分支和(或)门脉主干癌栓患者接受动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE),部分患者同时接受门脉支架置放术。结果:25例患者分别接受TACE术1～4次,共46次,5例患者放置门脉支架。术后1周Child-Pugh分级11例次由术前A级升至B级,2例次由B级升至C级,1例次由A级升至C级。1例次术后第2天出现肝性脑病。1例患者未完成门脉支架随访、其余4例至患者死亡时支架仍保持通畅。1例患者于6个月失访,其余24例生存期3～15个月,平均6.4个月。结论:TACE和门脉支架置放治疗肝癌合并门脉一级分支和(或)门脉主干癌栓是安全有效的方法,但必须严格掌握适应证和治疗方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.