曲马多复合芬太尼在口腔颌面部手术术后镇痛中的平衡应用

目的　观察静脉曲马多与芬太尼在口腔颌面部手术后镇痛的临床效果及不良反应。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 6 0例择期行口腔颌面部手术病人 ,随机分为两组 ,曲马多组 (T组 )和芬太尼组(F组 ) ,每组 30例。T组 :曲马多 4 0 0mg+芬太尼 0 4mg +氟哌利多 2 5mg;F组 :芬太尼 2 0mg +氟哌利多 2 5mg ,均以生理盐水配置 10 0ml药袋 ,给予负荷剂量 4ml后连接ACEMedical镇痛泵进行自控镇痛 (PCA)。术后行 2、8、2 0、4 4hVAS评分 ,并对有效按压次数、用药量及不良反应发生情况进行了观察比较。结果　两组VAS评分、有效按压次数、用药量均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,不良反应发生率F组明显高于T组。结论　曲马多与芬太尼联合应用于口腔颌面部手术的术后镇痛与芬太尼单独应用效果相当 ,但不良反应发生率明显低于后者 ,是一种更安全、有效的平衡镇痛方法     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的有效性和不良反应。方法择期骨科手术患者100例,随机分为两组：对照组术毕静脉注射芬太尼0．1mg为负荷量,后接PCIA泵,泵内药物芬太尼1．2mg＋氟哌利多5mg,100ml／48h;试验组术毕静注氟比洛芬酯50mg为负荷量后接PCIA泵,泵内药物氟比洛芬酯50mg＋氟哌利多5mg＋芬太尼0．5mg,100ml／48h。记录术后24h内镇痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分（SS）及不良反应。结果两组镇静效果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,对照组不良反应发生率高于试验组（P〈0．05）,镇静评分（SS）低于试验组。结论氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛效果良好,且减少芬太尼用量,不良反应发生率低,可提高镇痛质量。     

昂丹司琼对术后PCA曲马多镇痛疗效的影响

目的　比较使用昂丹司琼预防术后PCA曲马多镇痛时恶心呕吐对曲马多镇痛疗效的影响 ,观察昂丹司琼与曲马多合用于PCA是否会降低曲马多的镇痛疗效。方法　选择 80例择期中上腹部手术病人 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级。手术结束后 ,选择曲马多PCA镇痛。分四组 :A组 ,病人用生理盐水加曲马多 ;B组 ,病人 (对照组 )用昂丹司琼加曲马多 ;C组 ,给予曲马多加安慰药和氟哌利多 ;D组 ,给予曲马多加昂丹司琼和氟哌利多。观察 4、8、1 2、2 4h的曲马多用量、疼痛视觉评分、镇静评分、恶心呕吐评级。结果　B组的恶心、呕吐、镇静、疼痛评分值均小于A组 ,但无统计学差异 ;B组的 4h曲马多用量为 (4 92± 1 0 3)mg ,明显高于A组 (390± 83)mg(P <0 0 5 ) ,且 8、1 2、2 4h的曲马多用量也多于A组 ,但两者无统计学差异。C组与D组比较 ,恶心、呕吐、镇静、疼痛评分无统计学差异。结论　昂丹司琼可降低术后曲马多PCA的镇痛疗效     

静脉与硬膜外泵注曲马多病人自控镇痛的比较

目的　比较术后静脉和经硬膜外应用曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCA)的临床效果和安全性。方法　 5 2例胸部和上腹部手术病人随机分为静脉注射曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCIA)组和经硬膜外曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCEA)组 ,每组 2 6例。两组曲马多负荷量为 1mg/kg ,PCA药物配方均为曲马多 60 0mg +氟哌利多 5mg + 0 9%氯化钠至 10 0ml,持续给药注速 2ml/h ,单次PCA剂量 0 5ml,锁定时间 15分钟。术后定时进行镇痛、镇静评分 ,2 4小时曲马多用量 ,患者满意度及不良反应的观察比较。结果　PCIA组 2 4小时用药量、按键次数及术后视觉模似评分 (VAS)均明显低于PCEA组 (P<0 0 5 )。两组镇静评分低且无明显差异。患者对术后镇痛总体满意程度良好至优秀均在 84 6%以上 ,不良反应发生率两组间无显著性差异。结论　曲马多用于术后镇痛安全有效。但曲马多PCIA镇痛效果明显优于曲马多PCEA ,且用药量少。     

罗哌卡因复合曲马多用于剖宫产术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)在剖宫产术后应用不同浓度罗哌卡因复合曲马多行病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的镇痛效果和不良反应.方法 60例足月初产妇,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,在CSEA下行择期剖宫产术.术后采用不同浓度罗哌卡因复合曲马多行PCEA.随机均分为0.125%罗哌卡因 0.5%曲马多 0.0025%氟哌利多组(A组)、0.15%罗哌卡因 0.5%曲马多 0.0025%氟哌利多组(B组)和0.2%罗哌卡因 0.5%曲马多 0.0025%氟哌利多组(C组).于镇痛后12、24和48 h观察并记录静态和动态VAS、下肢运动阻滞程度、循环状况和不良反应.结果 C组12、24、48 h动态VAS值明显低于A和B组(P<0.05);B组12、24、48 h动态VAS值又低于A组(P<0.05).C组镇痛开始后双下肢肌力明显低于A和B组(P<0.05).三组产妇镇痛后6、12、24、48 h的收缩压、舒张压、心率差异均无统计学意义.三组产妇镇痛期间均未发生瘙痒;24 h时拔除尿管均自行排尿和下床行走.三组恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义;胃肠功能恢复情况差异也无统计学意义.结论 剖宫产术后采用0.125%、0.15%或0.2%罗哌卡因 0.5%曲马多 0.0025%氟哌利多行PCEA术后镇痛,均能产生不同程度的切口镇痛效果,未见严重不良反应.但以选用0.15%罗哌卡因 0.5%曲马多 0.0025%氟哌利多的配方较为优良.     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于食管癌术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯用于食管癌术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果和安全性.方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级食管癌根治术患者60例,随机均分为三组,术后PCIA芬太尼1.0 mg、氟哌利多2.5mg组(A组);术后PCIA芬太尼0.5 mg、氟比洛芬酯100 mg、氟哌利多2.5 mg组(B组);麻醉前静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCIA芬太尼0.5 mg、氟比洛芬酯50 mg、氟哌利多2.5 mg组(C组),镇痛药均用生理盐水稀释至100 ml.记录术后1、2、4、8、12、24,36、48 h的镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA按压次数及不良反应.结果 术后PCIA按压次数与各时点的VAS三组间差异均无统计学意义.B、C组Ramsay镇静评分及恶心、呕吐发生率低于A组(P＜0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于食管癌根治术术后静脉自控镇痛的效果良好,且能减少芬太尼用量,同时降低不良反应的发生.     

不同浓度罗比卡因术后硬膜外镇痛效果的观察

目的 比较三种不同浓度罗比卡因伍用芬太尼及氟哌利多用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果。方法 60例择期下肢手术病人,随机分为0.25％罗比卡因组(Ⅰ组)、0.20％罗比卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.15％罗比卡因组(Ⅲ组),均复合芬太尼(5μg／ml)和氟哌利多(0.025mg／ml),硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),速率2ml／h。以VAS评分比较三组术后PCEA的镇痛效果,Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况。结果 术后6、12、24和48h VAS评分,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组;Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。无明显不良反应。结论 0.20％罗比卡因复合芬太尼和氟哌利多对下肢手术病人术后镇痛效果确切,适合临床应用。     

舒芬太尼与曲马多术后早期镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼与曲马多单次静脉给药用于腹部手术术后病人早期镇痛效果及不良反应.方法择期腹部手术患者40例,随机分为两组.舒芬太尼组（S组）：舒芬太尼0.15μg/Jg;曲马多组（T组）：曲马多1.5mg/kg＋氟哌利多1mg.记录VAS评分、镇静评分、睁眼时间、拔管时间、术后1小时内不良反应情况.结果 S、T组术后各时间点VAS评分均≤3分,镇痛满意;S组T4时间点VAS评分明显低于T组（P＜0.05）,其它时间点无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;两组循环稳定性无显著性差异﹙P＞0.05﹚;镇静效果评分无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;术后1小时内呼吸抑制、恶心、呕吐等不良反应无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论静脉单次注射舒芬太尼0.15μg/kg、曲马多1.5mg/kg＋氟哌利多1mg均具有明显的早期镇痛效果,均可减轻全麻患者术毕拔管期间的心血管反应,恶心、呕吐等不良反应少.     

严重烧伤病人休克期镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨严重烧伤休克期静脉注射小剂量氯胺酮、芬太尼病人自控镇痛(PCA)的安全性、有效性及对血糖和应激激素的影响。方法60例严重烧伤病人于伤后24 h内入院,随机分为传统镇痛组(CAT组)、静脉注射氯胺酮组(PCIKA组)、芬太尼组(PCIFA组)和氯胺酮、芬太尼联合镇痛组(PCIKFA组),每组15例。CAT组根据病人需要肌注哌替啶50 mg和异丙嗪25 mg,其余三组静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)药物配制为:PCIKA组氯胺酮20 mg/ml 氟哌利多50μg/ml,PCIFA组芬太尼10μg/ml 氟哌利多50μg/ml,PCIKFA组氯胺酮10 mg/ml 芬太尼5μg/ml 氟哌利多50μg/ml,负荷量均为1.5 ml,PCA量1 ml,锁定时间30 min,持续输注量1.5 ml/h。观察并记录镇痛开始前及开始后1、4、8、24、48 h时的HR、MAP、SpO2、视觉模拟评分(VAS)和镇静状态及有无恶心、呕吐、幻觉、呼吸抑制等不良反应。检测镇痛开始前及开始后1、8、24、48 h的血糖和血浆应激激素的水平。结果另外三组病人静脉镇痛效果明显优于CAT组(P<0.01),并且有良好的镇静作用;HR、MAP和SpO2各组间差异无显著意义,各组病人无恶心、呕吐、幻觉及呼吸抑制等不良反应;三组PCIA病人镇痛开始后血糖和血浆应激激素明显降低(P<0.01),各组之间胰岛素水平差异无显著意义。结论严重烧伤病人休克期静脉注射小剂量氯胺酮、芬太尼,病人PCA安全、有效,并降低此类病人的高血糖反应和应激反应。     

布托啡诺或曲马多复合芬太尼用于全麻术后镇痛的临床效果比较

目的比较布托啡诺复合芬太尼与曲马多复合芬太尼用于全麻术后病人自控镇痛的效果及不良反应。方法 60例择期乳腺癌根治术行全身麻醉患者,随机分为两组,每组30例：A组为布托啡诺配伍芬太尼组,B组为曲马多配伍芬太尼组。记录并比较术后4、8、16、24、48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue pain scale,VAS）、舒适度评分（Bruggman comfort score,BCS）及Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应。结果两组术后镇痛效果VAS评分和自主按压次数相比均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;A组术后4、8、16、24 h BCS及Ramsay镇静评分明显高于B组（P〈0.05）,其恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒发生率均明显低于B组（P〈0.05）。结论布托啡诺复合芬太尼镇痛效果确切,不良反应较少,是全麻术后镇痛治疗的良好选择之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.