在急性局灶性脑缺血早期VEGF、FLT-1、FLK-1 mRNA的表达及作用研究

目的 检测血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体（FLT-1，FLK-1）mRNA在急性局灶性脑缺血中的表达，并探讨血管内皮生长因子在急性局灶性脑缺血中的作用。方法 建立SD大鼠永久大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型。应用原位杂交技术检测血管内皮生长因子及其受体基因在局灶性脑缺血后不同时间点的表达。结果 原位杂交显示VEGF及FLT-1，FLK-1mRNA在局灶性脑缺血后3h即开始表达增强。VEGFmRNA和FLT-1，FLK-1mRNA于48h达高峰，后VEGFmRNA逐渐下降。至14d恢复到对照水平。而FLT-1，FLK-1mRNA在达高峰后，下降更加缓慢，约在21d时达对照水平，VEGFmRNA主要在缺血半影区神经元表达，同时在胶质细胞和血管内皮细胞表达，而FLT-1，FLK-1mRNA主要在缺血周边血管内皮细胞表达，但也在神经元表达。在缺血后48h半影区周边出现血管增生。并逐渐向中心区延伸，于缺血后7d达高峰，整个半影区可见明显敌国管增生。结论 急性半影区周边出现血管增生，并逐渐向中心区延伸，于缺血后7d达高峰，整个半影区可见明显血管增生。结论 急性局灶性脑缺血早期VEGFmRNA及FLT-1，FLK-1mRNA在神经细胞。胶质细胞，血管内皮细胞均有表达，可促进缺血半影区的血管增生。对改善急性局灶性脑缺血早期缺血半影区血供有重要作用。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注ICRmRNA表达动态变化研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素1-β转化酶（ICE）在局灶性脑缺血再灌注后的表达及作用。方法 线栓法复制大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注模型。逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后ICEmRNA表达。结果 缺血3h及缺血3h再灌注随缺血及缺血再灌注时间延长,缺血中心区与半影区ICEmRNA表达处于动态变化之中,再灌注24h、48h半影区表达持续高水平,而中心区表达下降。结论 局灶性脑缺血再灌注过程中ICEmRNA表达增强,促进神经细胞凋亡,ICE参与局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡的调控。     

局灶缺血诱导大鼠脑肝细胞生长因子表达的动态观察

目的:探讨肝细胞生长因子(HGF)在局灶脑缺血边缘区表达的动态变化及其意义。方法:采取线栓法建立局灶脑缺血模型,根据缺血时间分为1h、3h、12h、24h组,RT-PCR法检测HGF的表达及其动态变化。结果:缺血1h脑缺血边缘区即有HGF的表达,且随着缺血时间的延长其表达逐渐增强,24h尤为明显。结论:HGF在局灶脑缺血诱导的高表达可能在脑缺血损伤组织的保护及修复过程中起重要作用。     

实验性局灶性脑缺血不同脑区VEGF、VEGFR-1、2表达及意义

目的 通过探索血管内皮生长因子及其受体在局灶性脑缺血中的表达，进而探求血管内皮生长因子在局灶性脑缺血中的作用。方法 应用左侧颈总动脉结扎加缺氧诱导的方法，建立SD大鼠永久大脑中动脉闭塞模型，应用免疫组化方法检测血管内皮生长因子及其受体(VEGF、VEGFR-1、2)的表达，同时观察局灶性脑缺血后血管型成情况。结果 VEGF及VEGFR-1、2在局灶性脑缺血后6h表达增强，24h达高峰，在1周、2周恢复到对照水平。VEGF主要在缺血半影区(IP)神经元、胶质细胞及血管内皮细胞表达；VEGFR-1、2主要在缺血半影区血管内皮细胞表达。在缺血后48h半影区周边出现血管增生，1周后达高峰。结论 在局灶性脑缺血早期VEGF及VEGFR-1、2在神经细胞、胶质细胞、血管内皮细胞等均有表达，可促进缺血半影区的血管增生，对改善缺血半影区血供有重要作用。     

局灶性脑缺血大鼠血管内皮生长因子的表达及意义

目的 :研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血后血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)表达的动态变化。方法 :采用尼龙线栓法制作大鼠局灶性永久性大脑中动脉闭塞模型 ,用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠缺血后 3、6、12h和 1、2、3、7d时 ,VEGF表达的情况。结果 :大鼠缺血后 3h ,缺血侧脑组织开始出现VEGF表达 ,2 4h明显增多 ,2d达高峰 ,7d时仍有少量表达。各时间占VEGF的表达主要集中在梗死灶周围。结论 :VEGF可能参与缺血性脑损伤的病理发展及修复过程     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血β淀粉样前体蛋白mRNA在缺血半暗带的表达变化

目的 :研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血不同缺血时间皮质半暗带和中心区淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP)在转录水平表达规律。方法 :用线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型 ,剥取缺血半暗带及中心区皮质组织 ,采用半定量逆转录 聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR) ,测定APPmRNA水平的变化。结果 :半暗带APPmRNA在缺血后 48h升高 ,缺血 72h达到高峰 ,缺血 1周后仍高于正常。缺血中心区APPmRNA在缺血后 72h和 96h高于正常水平。结论 :APPmRNA在缺血半暗带的表达上调 ,有可能加重缺血损伤。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤中IGF-I mRNA表达

目的　观察局灶性脑缺血损伤中 IGF- I m RNA的表达特点 ,探讨其调控机制。方法　采用自体血凝块注入颈内动脉的方法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血 2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、2 4 h、4 8h模型 ,应用原位杂交及 RT- PCR方法 ,检测缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m RNA的表达。结果　局灶性脑缺血损伤时 ,缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m R-NA表达增加 ,尤以缺血半暗带区增加明显。结论　 IGF- I对局灶性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用。     

腺苷预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后VEGF的表达

目的通过观察腺苷预处理后大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注区脑组织的病理结构、脑梗死面积及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达,探讨腺苷预处理诱导脑缺血耐受的可能作用机制。方法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。60只SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(F组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、腺苷预处理组(AP组),再按缺血再灌注后不同时间把各组随机分成4个亚组(每亚组5只大鼠)。通过TTC染色观察脑梗死体积,并应用免疫组化法检测各组大鼠脑组织VEGF的表达。结果 (1)TTC染色正常脑组织呈鲜红色,梗死区脑组织呈苍白色,并且随着再灌注时间的延长可见梗死区扩大,腺苷预处理组的脑梗死体积小于缺血再灌注组。(2)F组可见少量VEGF阳性表达,IR组和AP组在脑缺血再灌注后2 h开始出现VEGF阳性表达的细胞数量增多,24 h达到高峰,72 h下降,AP组在6 h、24 h VEGF阳性表达比IR组增强(P均<0.05),在72 h时AP组VEGF阳性表达较IR组减少(P<0.05)。结论腺苷预处理能够进一步增强大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后VEGF的表达;VEGF的表达增加可能是腺苷预处理诱导脑缺血耐受和产生神经保护作用的分子机制之一。     

缺血预适应对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA_1区血管内皮生长因子及存活素表达的影响

目的通过观察缺血预适应后局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、存活素表达的变化,探讨缺血预适应的脑保护机制。方法 SD大鼠130只,随机分为假手术组(SO组)、脑缺血组(MCAO组)和脑缺血预适应组(BIP组),后两组按缺血后再灌注时间不同分为再灌注2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h及72 h 6个亚组。采用改良线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(2 h)模型,应用免疫组化法与Western blot法观察脑缺血后再灌注各时间点海马CA1区VEGF、存活素的表达变化。结果与MCAO组比较,BIP组各时间点VEGF、存活素的阳性细胞数及蛋白量表达均明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组组内各相邻时间点比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑缺血预适应可能通过上调VEGF、存活素的表达,发挥脑保护作用。     

电针对MCAO大鼠皮层神经营养因子表达的影响

目的　应用免疫组织化学法观察电针对缺血皮层神经元脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)和神经生长因子 (NGF)表达的影响。方法　实验分缺血组和缺血 电针组 ,大脑中动脉线栓 (MCAO)造成局灶性缺血 75 m in,缺血 电针组在缺血后立即给予电针 1h。在缺血再灌不同时间分别处死 ,然后进行免疫组织化学染色。结果　 BD-NF和 NGF主要在缺血灶周围的皮层表达。在再灌后 8h内缺血 电针组 BDNF和 NGF免疫阳性细胞的表达高于缺血组 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　电针能够提高 NGF和 BDNF在缺血灶周围皮层的表达 ,这种高表达可能对脑缺血具有保护作用。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗。发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高。文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论。     

Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock:review and theories of causation

Injuries from lightning and electrical injuries involve multiple systems of the body, however neurological symptoms are very widely reported. A disabling neuropsychological syndrome is also noted.This paper presents a comprehensive review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. Partial theories of causation for these injuries have been advanced, however, there is no convincing explanation for both delay in onset of symptoms and also the genesis of the neuropsychological syndrome. A theory of causation is proposed which satisfies both these constraints.This theory suggests circulating hormones such as cortisol, together with nitric oxide and oxidant free radicals from glutamatergic hyper-stimulation, act on tissues remote from the injury path including the hippocampus.This theory opens a research path to explore treat-ment options.     

Design and pharmacological activity of glycinamide and N-methoxy amide derivatives of analogs and constitutional isomers of valproic acid

A series of glycinamide conjugates and N-methoxy amide derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) analogs and constitutional isomers were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Of all compounds synthesized and tested, only N-methoxy-valnoctamide (N-methoxy-VCD) possessed better activity than VPA in the following anticonvulsant tests: maximal electroshock, subcutaneous metrazol, and 6-Hz (32-mA) seizure tests. In mice, the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD were 142 mg/kg (maximal electroshock test), 70 mg/kg (subcutaneous metrazol test), and 35 mg/kg (6-Hz test), and its neurotoxicity TD₅₀ was 118 mg/kg. In rats, the ED₅₀ of N-methoxy-VCD in the subcutaneous metrazol test was 36 mg/kg and its protective index (PI = TD₅₀/ED₅₀) was > 5.5. In the rat pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model, N-methoxy-VCD demonstrated full protection at 200 mg/kg, without any neurotoxicity. N-Methoxy-VCD was tested for its ability to induce teratogenicity in a mouse strain susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity and was found to be nonteratogenic, although it caused some resorptions. Nevertheless, a safety margin was still maintained between the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD in the mouse subcutaneous metrazol test and the doses that caused the resorptions. On the basis of these results, N-methoxy-VCD is a good candidate for further evaluation as a new anticonvulsant and central nervous system drug.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Effects of Agonists and Antagonists of Cholecystokinin on Contractile and Myoelectric Activity of Isolated Muscle of Colon and Ileum in the Dog and Guinea Pig

This study evaluates the effects of agonists and antagonists of cholecystokinin (CCK) on contractile and myoelectrical activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips from colon or ileum of guinea pigs or beagle dogs. Caerulein and CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent increase of contractile and myoelectrical spike activity in both species with maximal effects seen between 10⁻⁸ and 3 × 10⁻⁸ M. The dose responses were identical for both CCK agonists and species. The dose-related effects of CCK compounds on colonic muscle were slightly shifted to the right when compared to ileum in both species. All antagonists, the proglumide-derivatives CR1409, CR1392, and CR1505, as well as the nonpeptide substances asperlicin and L-364,718, caused a parallel rightward shift of CCK's dose-dependent motor activity response, indicating the competitive nature of inhibition. The antagonists displayed a rank order of potency in antagonizing CCK's action on intestinal motility similar to their ability to antagonize CCK's action on pancreas and gallbladder. L-364,718 was the most potent antagonist, followed by CR1409, CR1505, CR1392, asperlicin, and proglumide. The antagonists did not affect contractile or myoelectrical responses to acetylcholine, histamine, motilin, or substance P. Thus compounds that have been described as CCK antagonists for pancreas and gallbladder also act as specific and competitive antagonists of CCK's action on contractile and myoelectrical activity of Heal and colonie muscle.