慢性精神分裂症患者的结对护理模式探讨

目的：探讨结对护理模式对慢性精神分裂症患者康复的影响。方法：将96例慢性精神分裂症患者按住院顺序随机分为研究组（结对康复）和对照组（一般康复）．每组各48例．在常规治疗护理不变的情况下．研究组采用结对护理模式进行康复训练。分别于入院时和康复训练12周末．采用住院患者护士观察量表、阴性症状评定量表、日常生活能力量表对每位患者进行评定。结果：研究组和对照组各量表评分优于康复训练前．差别有显著性意义（P〈0．01），研究组疗效优于对照组（P〈0．01）。地论：结对护理模式对慢性精神分裂症患者的康复有积极作用。     

义工服务对长期住院慢性精神分裂症患者康复的影响

目的：探讨义工服务对长期住院慢性精神分裂症患者康复的影响。方法将符合入组标准的60例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,均在康复治疗部巧手工作坊接受康复训练,研究组在此基础上同时接受义工服务。观察6个月。采用住院精神病人康复疗效评定量表、日常生活能力量表评定康复效果。结果康复训练后两组各量表评分均较入组时显著改善（ P＜0．05或0．01）,研究组较对照组改善更显著（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论义工服务能显著促进长期住院慢性住院精神分裂症患者的临床康复,对改善患者的社会功能,提高生活质量具有积极作用。     

认知行为治疗对住院精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响

目的：探讨认知行为治疗对住院精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响。方法将80例住院精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,均予以精神科常规治疗及护理,研究组在此基础上联合认知行为治疗,观察6周。采用自知力评定量表、护士用住院病人观察量表评定康复效果。结果治疗6周末研究组自知力评定量表各因子分和护士用住院病人观察量表的社会能力、精神病表现、退缩、抑郁因子分均较治疗前显著降低（ P＜0．05或0．01）,兴趣爱好、个人卫生因子分较治疗前显著升高（ P＜0．05或0．01）,对照组仅部分因子分有显著改善（ P＜0．05或0．01）;研究组各量表评分显著优于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论认知行为治疗能显著改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能和行为障碍,有利于促进患者的康复。     

手工与车缝技能训练对慢性精神分裂症住院患者康复的影响

目的：探讨手工与车缝技能训练对慢性精神分裂症住院患者康复的影响。方法将60例慢性精神分裂症住院患者随机分为两组,每组30例,两组均维持原用抗精神病药物治疗、日常生活技能训练及常规健康教育等,在此基础上研究组予以手工技能训练,对照组予以车缝技能训练,观察6个月。训练前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表及住院精神病患者康复疗效评定量表评定临床效果。结果训练6个月后,两组阳性与阴性症状量表总分及阴性症状因子分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．05或0．01）,研究组较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）;住院精神病患者康复疗效评定量表总分及各因子分均较治疗前显著下降（ P＜0．05或0．01）,研究组关心和兴趣因子分较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）。结论手工与车缝技能训练均能提高慢性精神分裂症住院患者的康复效果,但手工技能训练在改善患者的精神面貌、阴性症状、对外界事物的关心和兴趣等方面优于车缝技能训练,值得大力推广。     

康复训练对精神分裂症患者临床疗效和社会功能的影响

目的：探讨康复训练对精神分裂症患者临床疗效和社会功能的影响。方法将80例住院精神分裂症患者,随机分为两组,每组40例。两组均予以抗精神病药物常规治疗及护理,研究组予以综合性康复训练,观察8周。于康复训练前后采用简明精神病评定量表、护士用住院病人观察量表评定临床疗效。结果康复训练8周末,两组简明精神病评定量表评分较训练前显著降低（P＜0．01）,组间比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）;护士用住院病人观察量表评分较训练前显著升高（P＜0．01）,研究组显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论药物治疗联合康复训练能显著改善精神分裂症患者的社会功能,提高其生活质量。     

职业治疗对住院慢性精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响

目的：探讨职业治疗对长期住院慢性精神分裂症患者社会功能与康复效果的影响。方法将80例长期住院的慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,两组均接受常规药物治疗及常规康复训练,在此基础上职业治疗组转入康复科接受职业治疗,观察6个月。采用阳性与阴性症状量表、住院精神病人社会功能评定量表、Morningside康复状态量表评定临床效果。结果治疗后职业治疗组阳性与阴性症状量表阴性症状分、Morningside康复状态量表总分显著低于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）,住院精神病人社会功能评定量表评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论职业治疗融合传统农艺治疗能有效改善慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,提高社会功能及康复效果。     

康复训练对慢性精神分裂症患者临床康复的影响

目的：探讨康复训练对慢性分裂症患者临床康复的影响。方法将60例慢性分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组30例,两组均接受常规药物维持治疗和护理干预,研究组在此基础进行有计划的康复训练。观察6个月。训练前后采用阴性症状量表、护士用住院病人观察量表评定临床效果。结果康复训练6个月末,研究组阴性症状量表评分及护士用住院病人观察量表激惹、迟缓、总消极因子分均较训练前显著下降,且显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）;护士用住院病人观察量表社会能力、个人整洁、总积极因子、病情总估计因子分均较训练前显著升高,且显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）;对照组则均无显著变化（P＞0．05）。结论康复训练能显著改善慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,提高社会功能和生活质量。     

阿立哌唑联合社交技能训练治疗慢性精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨阿立哌唑联合社交技能训练对慢性精神分裂症临床疗效的影响。方法将100例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组50例。两组均予以阿立哌唑治疗,研究组在此基础上联合社交技能训练。观察8周。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表、护士用住院病人观察量表、住院精神病人康复疗效评定量表评定临床疗效。结果治疗后两组阳性与阴性症状量表、精神疾病康复疗效评定量表总分均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0．01）,研究组较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）;护士用住院病人观察量表总分较治疗前显著升高（P＜0．01）,研究组较对照组升高更显著（P＜0．01）。结论阿立哌唑合并社交技能训练能显著改善慢性精神分裂症患者的精神症状和社交能力,提高其生活质量,最大程度地减轻精神残疾,促进患者顺利回归社会。     

心理干预对康复期精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对康复期精神分裂症患者康复效果的影响。方法将60例康复期精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,均予以常规抗精神病药物治疗及护理,研究组在此基础上联合心理干预。观察2个月。采用简明精神病量表、住院精神病人康复疗效评定量表评定临床疗效。结果心理干预2个月后两组简明精神病量表总分和住院精神病人康复疗效评定量表总分及各因子分均较干预前显著降低（P＜0．05或0．01）,研究组显著低于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论心理干预可有效提高康复期精神分裂症患者的生活能力及社交能力,延缓患者的精神衰退,有利于促进患者全面康复。     

临床护理路径在精神分裂症患者护理中的应用

目的：探讨临床护理路径在精神分裂症患者临床护理中的应用效果。方法将68例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组34例。研究组运用临床护理路径护理,对照组予以常规护理。采用日常生活活动能力量表评定生活能力,并比较两组的住院时间及日均住院费用。结果两组日常生活活动能力量表评分均较实施前显著升高（P＜0．01）;研究组住院时间显著低于对照组（P＜0．01）,日均住院费用低于对照组,但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论实施临床路径能显著缩短精神分裂症患者的住院时间,减少住院费用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.