开颅手术后发生颅内感染的相关性危险因素分析

目的探讨开颅手术后发生颅内感染的相关性危险因素,为颅内感染的防治提供理论依据。方法选取我院实施开颅手术并发生术后颅内感染的40例患者为感染组,选取同期未发生颅内感染的60例患者为对照组,收集和分析研究对象的临床资料,将可能引起颅内感染的危险因素数量化值后输入SPSS 20.0软件,对每个变量进行单因素分析,将筛选出的颅内感染发生相关危险因素进行多元回归分析。结果单因素分析表明,开放性颅脑损伤、后颅窝手术、手术时间、脑脊液外漏、脑室外引流时间是导致开颅术后颅内感染的危险因素(P0.05);Losgistic多因素回归分析结果为,开放性颅脑损伤(OR=3.022,P0.05)、后颅窝手术(OR=7.356,P0.05)、手术时间(OR=2.797,P0.05)、脑脊液外漏(OR=4.787,P0.015)、脑室外引流时间(OR=8.095,P0.01)是导致开颅术后颅内感染的独立高危因素。结论开放性颅脑损伤、后颅窝手术、手术时间、脑脊液外漏、脑室外引流时间是导致开颅术后颅内感染的独立高危因素,应预防性应用更大剂量或更有效的抗生素治疗以预防感染的发生。     

颅脑外伤术后颅内感染相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响患者颅脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染的相关危险因素,并对其进行分析。方法采用回顾性研究比较分析了我科439例颅脑外伤病人术后出现颅内感染和术后未出现颅内感染组间的相关差异因素。结果 439例患者中,发生颅内感染65例,颅内感染率为14.81%。颅脑外伤术后颅内感染与开放性颅脑损伤、GCS评分、术后放置外引流管有关,而与性别、年龄、手术持续时间等因素无关。结论对具有上述危险因素的颅脑外伤的病人应给予更密切的关注和预防性的处理。     

颅脑术后颅内感染相关危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑术后颅内感染的相关危险因素,为临床预防术后颅内感染提供参考。方法对2011年10月至2015年10月行开颅手术的1 049例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据纳入及排除标准排除68例,最终纳入981例。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果 981例中,术后发生颅内感染感染41例(4.2%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示手术持续时间4 h、颅后窝手术、脑室外引流术、置入性材料、发生脑脊液漏、糖尿病是颅脑术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论严密缝合硬脑膜、缩短手术时间及脑室外引流时间、避免不必要的置入性材料、有效控制糖尿病病人血糖可有效预防、减少颅脑术后颅内感染。     

闭合性重度颅脑损伤患者开颅术后颅内感染相关因素分析及对策

目的探讨闭合性重度颅脑损伤患者开颅术后颅内感染相关因素,为临床预防和控制颅内感染提供依据。方法对2008年1月~2014年1月收治的2088例闭合性重型颅脑损伤接受急诊开颅手术患者中,发生颅内感染的186例患者进行回顾性分析。采用χ2检验筛选可能的危险因素,并采用Logistic多元回归分析进一步评价筛选危险因素对颅内感染的影响。结果多元Logistic回归分析显示,放置脑室外引流的危险性最高(OR=5.687),其余依次为发生脑脊液漏、手术时间6 h、手术次数1次、伴有糖尿病及术前格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分5分(OR1)。结论多种危险因素与闭合性重型颅脑损伤急诊开颅手术后颅内感染的关系密切,因此可以有针对性地进行预防,从而达到减少术后发生颅内感染的目的。     

开颅手术后颅内感染相关危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨开颅手术后颅内感染相关的危险因素，为预防和控制颅内感染提供依据。方法检索1994年至2004年在国内杂志发表的有关颅内感染的相关文献，收集描述其相关危险因素的文献进行荟萃分析，对开颅术后颅内感染的相关危险因素进行二分类Logistic回归统计。结果共有46篇论文进入荟萃分析，其中有18篇文献探讨了颅内感染危险因素构成比，12篇可提取6种主要相关危险因素的可比较资料。开颅术后发生颅内感染构成比最高的是手术时间〉4h，占54．81％，其它依次为颅内置管引流、后颅窝手术、开放性颅脑损伤、急诊手术和脑脊液漏。二分类Logistic回归统计结果显示，脑脊液漏（OR=11．587）、开放性颅脑损伤（OR=3．024）和后颅窝手术（OR=2．737）是构成颅内感染密切关联危险因素（P〈0．05，OR〉1）。结论分析结果证实了开颅手术后脑脊液漏、开放性颅脑损伤和后颅窝手术是术后颅内感染的主要危险因素。     

神经外科术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的分析神经外科患者颅脑术后颅内感染发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012-01—2016-08新疆维吾尔自治区中医院神经外科298例手术患者的临床资料,记录患者的性别、年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)评分、手术类型、手术时间、手术次数、是否脑室外引流及术后是否发生脑脊液漏等,并进行统计分析。结果纳入298例患者,其中发生术后颅内感染26例,感染率8.7%。单因素分析显示,脑室外引流、GCS评分、术后脑脊液漏、手术时间、手术次数是颅脑术后引发颅内感染的相关危险因素(P0.05);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,脑室外引流、GCS评分9分、术后发生脑脊液漏、手术时间4h、二次手术是神经外科颅脑术后引发颅内感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论颅脑术后颅内感染的危险因素有脑室外引流、GCS评分、术后脑脊液漏、手术时间及二次手术,临床应采用综合预防措施减少颅内感染发生率。     

脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染发生的危险因素分析

目的总结脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染发生的相关危险因素,为颅内感染的预防提供指导。方法收集我院自2012-03—2015-03接受开颅术的800例脑外伤患者中术后发生颅内感染的50例患者的临床资料,并选取同阶段术后未合并颅内感染的50例患者为对照组,记录影响脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染发生的相关危险因素,并作单因素与多因素分析。结果本组单因素分析结果证实,与脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染发生相关的危险因素包括手术时间、脑室外引流、后颅窝手术与脑脊液漏;本组多元逻辑回归分析结果证实,手术时间、脑脊液漏、脑室外引流、后颅窝入路是与脑外伤开颅术后患者发生颅内感染的独立危险因素,其中脑室外引流为影响最大的高危因素,其次为后颅窝入路、脑脊液漏与手术时间。结论脑室外引流、手术时间、脑脊液漏、后颅窝入路均是与脑外伤患者开颅术后颅内感染相关的独立危险因素,且以脑室外引流对颅内感染影响最大。为降低术后颅内感染发生率,需尽可能作好术前准备,明确手术风险,并强调无菌操作,缩短手术时间,优化患者的生存质量。     

开颅术后颅内感染的危险因素及防治措施

目的探讨颅脑手术后颅内感染的危险因素及防治方法。方法对我院1952例颅脑手术后66例发生颅内感染患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果66例开颅术后颅内感染者,61例颅内感染得到控制,4例死亡,1例自动出院。结论急症、后颅窝手术、脑脊液漏、脑室外引流及手术时间过长为术后发生颅内感染的高危因素,严格的无菌操作、开展微创手术、围手术期使用有效抗生素以及针对不同的危险因素采取相应的预防措施可减少术后颅内感染的发生,正确用药对控制颅内感染效果较好。     

颅后窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨颅后窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的危险因素,为临床防治术后颅内感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析169例行开颅手术的颅后窝肿瘤病人的临床资料,术后颅内感染28例,未感染141例。纳入可能造成颅内感染的13项相关因素,并行单因素分析,有统计学差异者纳入Logistic多因素分析。结果术后发生颅内感染28例(16.6%),单因素分析结果显示:手术时间、留置脑室引流管、术后脑脊液漏、术中消毒液冲洗是颅后窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的影响因素(P 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:留置脑室引流管、术后脑脊液漏是颅后窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的独立危险因素(P 0.05)。结论对危险因素采用相应有效的预防措施,以尽可能减少颅后窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的发生。     

开颅术后颅内感染35例临床分析

目的 探讨开颅术后颅内感染的诊断和治疗及预防.方法 对我院1 258例颅脑手术后35例发生颅内感染患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析.结果 35例开颅术后感染者,28例颅内感染得到控制,7例死亡.结论 开颅术后颅内感染与多种因素相关,针对不同的危险因素做出相关的预防措施可以减少术后颅内感染的发生,早期诊断、全身使用大量有效抗生素同时行鞘内注射或脑室内给药并行脑脊液置换有明显效果.     

Aetiological diagnosis of brain abscesses and spinal infections: application of broad range bacterial polymerase chain reaction analysis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the broad range bacterial rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method combined with DNA sequencing in the aetiological diagnosis of intracranial or spinal infections in neurosurgical patients. METHODS: In addition to conventional methods, the broad range bacterial PCR approach was applied to examine pus or tissue specimens from cerebral or spinal lesions in patients treated in a neurosurgical unit for a clinical or neuroradiological suspicion of bacterial brain abscess or spondylitis. RESULTS: Among the 44 patients with intracranial or spinal lesions, the final diagnosis suggested bacterial disease in 25 patients, among whom the aetiological agent was identified in 17. A causative bacterial species was identified only by the rDNA PCR method in six cases, by both the PCR methodology and bacterial culture in six cases, and by bacterial culture alone in five. All samples in which a bacterial aetiology was identified only by the PCR approach were taken during antimicrobial treatment, and in three patients the method yielded the diagnosis even after >/= 12 days of parenteral treatment. One case also identified by the PCR approach alone involved a brain abscess caused by Mycoplasma hominis, which is not readily cultured by routine methods. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with brain abscesses and spinal infections, the broad range bacterial rDNA PCR approach may be the only method to provide an aetiological diagnosis when the patient is receiving antimicrobial treatment, or when the causative agent is fastidious.     

立体定向脑内窥镜手术操作体会

目的为了减少脑组织损伤、并能在直视下进行手术，临床应用脑内窥镜处理脑深部病变。方法采用ＣＴ引导立体定向技术，应用ＡＥＳＣＵＬＰ及ＨＢ－２型神经内窥镜，治疗脑深部病变５４例患者；其中包括脑肿瘤切除３０例，脑内异物摘除８例，脑囊肿摘除５例，脑脓肿摘除３例，脑内病变活检２例，脉络丛烧灼治疗脑积水２例，脑内血肿清除及取出脑内寄生虫各２例。结果手术有效率９６％（术后１个月）。术后无昏迷、偏瘫、颅内感染等严重并发症。结论立体定向脑内窥镜手术具有一定的临床应用价值和较好的发展前景。     

Hypothermia as an adjunctive treatment for severe bacterial meningitis

Brain injury due to bacterial meningitis results in a high mortality rate and significant neurologic sequelae in survivors. The objective of this study was to determine if the application of moderate hypothermia shortly after the administration of antibiotics would attenuate the inflammatory response and increase in intracranial pressure that occurs in meningitis. For this study we used a rabbit model of severe Group B streptococcal meningitis. The first component of this study evaluated the effects of hypothermia on blood-brain barrier function and markers of inflammation in meningitic animals. The second part of the study evaluated the effects of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure and brain edema. This study demonstrates that the use of hypothermia preserves CSF/serum glucose ratio, decreases CSF protein and nitric oxide and attenuates myeloperoxidase activity in brain tissue. In the second part of this study we show a decrease in intracranial pressure, an improvement in cerebral perfusion pressure and a decrease in cerebral edema in hypothermic meningitic animals. We conclude that in the treatment of severe bacterial meningitis, the application of moderate hypothermia initiated shortly after antibiotic therapy improves short-term physiologic measures associated with brain injury.     

重型颅脑损伤术后大面积脑梗死临床分析

目的 分析重型颅脑损伤开颅术后大面积脑梗死发生的相关因素及治疗效果. 方法 选择东莞市石碣医院神经外科自2002年1月至2008年4月收治的重型颅脑损伤行开颅术治疗的332例患者,其中术后出现大面积脑梗死20例,回顾性分析术后出现或未出现大面积脑梗死这两类患者术前GCS评分,出血量,颅底骨折,瞳孔变化,是否有脑疝存在及持续时间情况;采用标准大骨瓣减压术治疗及常规综合治疗,并对其疗效进行评价. 结果 术前GCS评分<5分、颅内出血量60 mL以上及颅底骨折合并脑疝持续时间长者大面积脑梗死发生率明显增加.本组20例患者随访12月.应用GOS评估预后,其中良好8例,中残3例,重残2例,植物生存3例,死亡4例.结论 开颅术后出现大面积脑梗死是多种因素所致,术前GCS评分越低、颅内出血量大、颅底骨折合并脑疝持续时间长是其发生的重要原因;及时发现并行标准大骨瓣减压、脱水降颅内压、改善脑循环、预防脑血管痉挛、亚低温等治疗可有效降低其致残率和病死率.改善预后.     

颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因及处理

目的：探讨颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因及处理方法。方法：对25例颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出患的诊治经过作回顾性分析。结果：25例患，19例治愈，6例死亡。结论：颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因是在水颅骨缺损的基础上同时合并有颅内感染或严重脑水肿，脑积水等引起的颅内压增高，有效运用药物和采取措施减轻脑水肿，解除脑积水，预防和控制感染以降低颅内压是解决颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的有效方法。     

N(omega) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) attenuates the acute inflammatory responses and brain injury during the early phase of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in the newborn piglet.

We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of nonselective NOS inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), in experimental bacterial meningitis in the newborn piglet. Meningitis was induced by intracisternal injection of 10(8) colony forming units of Escherichia coli. L-NAME 10 mg kg(-1) was given intravenously 30 min before induction of meningitis. L-NAME significantly attenuated the increase in intracranial pressure and decrease in cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration observed in the meningitis group. Systemic and cerebral perfusion pressure were even higher compared to the control and meningitis groups. However, the meningitis-induced increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha level, leukocyte numbers and lactate level in the cerebrospinal fluid was not significantly attenuated with L-NAME administration. Reduced cerebral cortical cell membrane Na+, K+ -ATPase activity and increased lipid peroxidation products, indicative of meningitis-induced brain cell membrane dysfunction, were significantly improved with L-NAME treatment. Decreased brain glucose and ATP levels were also significantly improved with L-NAME treatment. These findings suggest that L-NAME was effective in attenuating the acute inflammatory responses and brain injury in neonatal bacterial meningitis.     

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues neurons from bacterial meningitis

Mortality and neurologic deficits still occurs frequently following bacterial meningitis in children, despite antibiotic treatment. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on brain neurons in bacterial meningitis. The rat model of bacterial meningitis and a normal rat model were developed. Either BDNF or albumin was injected into the cerebral ventricle 24 hours after and before inoculation for 7 days, respectively. Three of the rats treated with albumin died during the course of treatment, but none of those treated with BDNF. The neuronal population in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the rats treated with BDNF markedly increased, compared with the rats treated with albumin, but there was no significant difference between the rats treated with BDNF after and before inoculation, nor between the normal rats treated with BDNF and albumin. The present findings indicate that BDNF could protect a large number of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus from inflammatory brain injury in bacterial meningitis. The administration of exogenous BDNF may be a new and effective way to decrease mortality and improve sequelae following bacterial meningitis.     

Protean infectious types and frequent association with neurosurgical procedures in adult Serratia marcescens CNS infections: report of two cases and review of the literature

Serratia marcescens is a rare pathogen of adult central nervous system (CNS) infection. We report on the clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of two adult patients with such infections. The clinical characteristics of 13 other reported adult cases are also included for analysis. The 15 cases were nine males and six females, aged 19-83 years, in whom, underlying post-neurosurgical states and ear operation were noted in 93% (14/15). Fever and conscious disturbance were the most common clinical manifestations of these 15 cases, followed by hydrocephalus, seizures, and wound infections. The manifestation types were protean, including meningitis and focal suppurations such as brain abscess, cranial and spinal epidural abscess, cranial subdural abscess, and infected lumbar pseudomeningocele. One case of S. marcescens CNS infection was diagnosed postmortem; the other 14 were diagnosed by the positive culture from CSF or pus. Antibiotic therapy with or without neurosurgical intervention was the management strategy in 14/15 cases. The therapeutic results showed a high mortality rate.