彩色M-型多普勒评价左室舒张功能的临床研究

目的　探讨应用 M-型彩色多普勒测量左室内血流播散速度评价左室舒张功能的临床价值。方法　研究 6 0例扩张型心肌病患者和 6 0例正常人的左室舒张早期血流播散速度 (Vp)和 E峰与 Vp的比值 (E/ Vp)等指标。结果　扩张型心肌病患者不论是 E/ A>1还是 E/ A≤ 1,其 Vp和 E/ Vp与正常对照组相比均明显异常 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 Vp和 E/ Vp无伪正常充盈现象 ,其评价左室舒张功能较二尖瓣血流频谱更可靠。     

彩色M型多普勒超声心动图评价糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能

目的:应用彩色M型多普勒超声心动图测量糖尿病患者左心室舒张早期血流传播速度,评价糖尿病患者的左心室舒张功能;材料与方法:应用彩色M型多普勒超声心动图测量55例糖尿病患者及30例正常人的左心室舒张早期血流传播速度(Vp)。结果:糖尿病患者的左心室舒张早期血流传播速度比正常人明显减低,不论E/A<1或者E/A>1;结论:糖尿病患者存在左心室舒张功能障碍,应用M型彩色多普勒超声心动图测量左心室舒张早期血流传播速度能简便、准确地评价左心室舒张功能。     

脉冲多普勒检测二尖瓣环运动速度评价高血压患者左室舒张功能

目的　探讨脉冲多普勒检测高血压患者舒张期二尖瓣环运动速度评价左室舒张功能的应用价值。方法　运用二尖瓣血流多普勒法检测 30例高血压患者和 2 0例正常人舒张期血流速度 E、A及 E/ A,同时降低仪器滤波 ,减小脉冲多普勒增益及仪器总增益 ,运用脉冲多普勒检测二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度 E 、舒张晚期运动速度 A 及 E / A 。结果　与正常组比较 ,高血压组 E峰明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,E/ A显著降低 (P<0 .0 1) ;高血压组二尖瓣环 E 和 E / A 亦显著低于正常组 (P<0 .0 1) ;对高血压患者 E / A 比值组成分析 ,部分 E/ A>1的患者E / A <1。结论　利用脉冲多普勒可清晰获得二尖瓣环运动频谱 ,评价左室舒张功能是客观的 ,尤其对二尖瓣血流呈假性正常化的舒张功能减退者。     

应用彩色M型多普勒测量舒张早期左室流入道血流传播速度评价冠心病患者左室舒张期功能

目的 :用彩色M型多普勒测量舒张早期左室流入道血流传播速度评价冠心病患者左室舒张功能并鉴别二尖瓣“假性正常”的充盈类型。方法 :选择 5 9例冠心病患者及 3 0例正常人 ,根据二尖瓣血流频谱形态和临床资料分为四组。第1组频谱形态正常型 ( 2 >E/A >1) ;第 2组松弛受损型 (E/A <1) ;第 3组假性正常型 ( 2 >E/A >1) ;第 4组限制型 (E/A≥ 2 )。均与正常组对照。应用彩色M型多普勒测定舒张早期血流传播速度 ,同时用脉冲Doppler测二尖瓣口的血流速度频谱。结果 :血流传播速度在冠心病各组内呈进行性减低 ( P <0 .0 1) ,截断点为 45cm/s。结论 :彩色M型多普勒测量血流传播速度能无创、简便、准确地评价左室舒张功能 ,无假阴性。对二尖瓣血流频谱“假性正常”者具有鉴别价值     

双通道多普勒超声成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者心功能的应用价值

选择临床确诊的DCM患者30例作为观察组,随机抽取40例健康人作为对照组进行研究,每位患者均行常规超声心动图检查,测量二尖瓣舒张早期峰值流速(E峰)和舒张晚期峰值流速(A峰),并采用双通道多普勒法(DPw)和传统方法分别获得左心室Tei指数和舒张早期二尖瓣血流峰值流速(E)与彩色M型舒张早期血流传播速度(Vp)比值(E/Vp),观察对比分析各组心脏结构及心功能参数的差异性。结果观察组两种方法测得Tei指数和E/Vp均高于对照组(P0.05);与传统方法相比,双通道多普勒超声成像技术测的Tei指数和E/Vp均增大(P0.05)。双通道多普勒超声成像技术测量Tei指数及E/Vp不受心律的影响,可作为准确敏感评估DCM患者左心室功能的指标。     

定量组织速度成像测定二尖瓣环运动速度对尿毒症患者左心舒张功能的评价

目的应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)测定二尖瓣环运动速度评价尿毒症病患者左室舒张功能。方法应用定量组织速度成像测定30例正常人和32例尿毒症患者的二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、左房收缩期峰值速度(Va),计算Ve/Va比值;并用脉冲多普勒测定二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度E峰、舒张晚期峰值血流速度A峰,计算E/A值。结果正常组舒张早期峰值速度(E)>左房收缩期峰值速度(A),E/A>1;二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)>左房收缩期峰值速度(Va),Ve/Va>1,正常组与尿毒症患者组二尖瓣口血流频谱及二尖瓣环运动组织速度成像测值有显著性差异,尿毒症患者组中二尖瓣环运动速度Ve/Va与二尖瓣血流频谱V/A无显著性差异。但在检出病例数中QTVI阳性例数明显高于血流频谱。结论应用定量组织速度成像测定二尖瓣口运动速度能较准确估计尿毒症患者左室舒张功能。     

评估冠心病左室舒张功能多普勒几项技术的对比研究

目的　探讨二尖瓣口血流多普勒、肺静脉血流多普勒及组织多普勒成像技术评价左室舒张功能 ,并对该三种多普勒技术进行对比性研究。方法　对 166例冠心病患者的舒张功能进行检测 ,分别探测二尖瓣口血流舒张早期与心房收缩期峰值速度E A比值、肺静脉血流收缩期与舒张早期峰值速度S D比值以及二尖瓣环室间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁四个壁舒张早期及晚期运动速率比值的平均值e a比值。结果　在冠心病患者左室舒张功能轻度不全时 (E A <1) ,二尖瓣环DTI测值e a <1的阳性率最高 ,为 10 0 % ,肺静脉血流S D >1.5比值的阳性率为 98%。在二尖瓣口血流频谱多普勒显示假性正常时 ( 2 >E A >1) ,二尖瓣环DTI测值e a <1的阳性率为 93 % ,而肺静脉血流频谱多普勒S D <1的阳性率仅为 76%。在二尖瓣口血流频谱多普勒显示限制性充盈时 (E A >2 ) ,二尖瓣环DTI测值e a <1的阳性率则为 5 8% ,而肺静脉血流频谱多普勒S D <1的阳性率为 83 %。结论　在舒张功能减退的早期 ,二尖瓣环DTI测值阳性率最高。在二尖瓣口血流频谱多普勒显示假性正常时 ,二尖瓣环DTI明显优于肺静脉血流频谱。在限制性充盈时 ,二尖瓣环e a的阳性率反而不及肺静脉血流     

多普勒组织显像评价左心室舒张功能：二尖瓣环运动速度

本文采用多普勒组织显像(DTI)检测了30例正常人和59例高血压病人舒张期二尖瓣瓣环运动速度频谱,并与二尖瓣瓣口血流频谱进行比较。结果发现:二尖瓣瓣环DTI速度频谱为负向双峰,正常人组e峰均高于a峰,高血压组e峰低于a峰,高血压组a/f值均大于1.0,明显高于正常人组(P<0.05);高血压组内DTI速度频谱较二尖瓣瓣口血流频谱类型单一,两者a/e值和A/E值之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),相关系数低(r=0.29)。结果表明:二尖瓣瓣环DTI速度频谱可以反映左心室舒张功能变化,较二尖瓣瓣口血流频谱敏感且影响因素少,是一项有前途的左心室舒张功能评价方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对心房颤动患者左心室舒张功能障碍的研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声心动图评价心房颤动（房颤）患者的左心室舒张功能。方法将39例房颤患者分为器质性房颤组和孤立性房颤组,分别采集房颤患者的二尖瓣血流频谱、彩色M型及二尖瓣环的组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数,并与正常对照组比较。结果与正常对照组比较,器质性房颤组二尖瓣血流频谱部分参数及彩色M型、二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;孤立性房颤组只有二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论①器质性房颤及孤立性房颤患者均存在左室舒张功能障碍。②左室内舒张早期血流传播速度及二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度可用来评价房颤患者左室舒张功能。③房颤患者舒张早期二尖瓣口血流频谱参数不稳定,但E峰峰值加速度对评价房颤患者左室舒张功能较敏感。     

超声心动图二尖瓣环自动追踪技术评价正常人左心室舒张功能

目的探讨超声心动图二尖瓣环自动追踪技术(AMAT)评价正常人左心室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法健康成人志愿者54例,按年龄分为青年组(19~45岁)和中老年组(45~75岁)。超声AMAT成像模式检查,分别测量二尖瓣环间隔侧和侧壁侧舒张早期及舒张晚期运动速度(MAVe、MAVa),同时应用频谱多普勒测量二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱E、A峰。对两组间及组内测值进行比较,分析MAVe、MAVe/MAVa与二尖瓣口血流E峰的相关性。结果①与青年组比较,中老年组MAVe、MAVe/MAVa显著降低;且二尖瓣口舒张期血流E峰与两组MAVe、MAVe/MAVa显著相关;②两组组内比较:二尖瓣环间隔侧速度普遍较侧壁侧低,中老年组二尖瓣环间隔侧和侧壁侧MAVa差异有统计学意义。结论AMAT技术可准确反映左心室早期舒张功能降低。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.