腺苷A2A受体拮抗剂对左旋多巴诱发异动症大鼠行为、纹状体A2A受体和代谢型谷氨酸受体5亚型蛋白表达的影响

目的 评价腺苷A2A受体拮抗剂(CSC)对左旋多巴(L-DOPA)诱发异动症大鼠行为、纹状体A2A受体和代谢型谷氨酸受体5亚型(mGluR5)蛋白表达的影响.方法 6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)立体定向损毁大鼠右内侧前脑束,建立单侧损毁帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型.采用随机数字表法将40只成功PD大鼠随机分为4组(每组10只):生理盐水组;L-DOPA 25 mg/kg+苄丝肼6.25 mg/kg组;CSC 2.5 mg/kg组;L-DOPA 25 mg/kg+苄丝肼6.25 mg/kg联合CSC 2.5 mg/kg组.给予大鼠每日2次腹腔注射,持续21 d.在治疗第2、9、11、18、21天观察大鼠行为学变化,Western blot检测纹状体区腺苷A2A受体和mGluR5的蛋白表达水平.结果 L-DOPA联合CSC组PD大鼠损毁对侧前肢跨步数显著增加,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义,与L-DOPA组相比,前肢功能改善程度不随时间延长而减弱.单独CSC组治疗后对侧前肢跨步数明显增加,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义,有疗效逐渐增加至稳定趋势.L-DOPA联合CSC组[(11±5)分]部分口颌及肢体异常不自主运动评分较L-DOPA组[(17±4)分]显著减少,差异有统计学意义(t=2.44,P＜0.05).L-DOPA联合CSC治疗逆转了L-DOPA诱导的对侧旋转反应时间缩短和腺苷A2A受体、mGluR5蛋白表达的上调,差异均有统计学意义.结论 腺苷A2A受体与mGluR5均参与了L-DOPA诱发的异动症的发生发展,A2A受体拮抗剂能够改善PD运动症状,增强L-DOPA的抗PD效应且部分减轻异常不自主运动,对L-DOPA诱发的异动症的治疗有着较好的应用前景.

Abstract：

Objective To study the behavioural changes and biological effects of selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist (CSC) in a rat model of levodopa(L-DOPA) -induced dyskinesia (LID).Methods The hemi-parkinsonian rat model was produced by stereotaxically injecting 6-OHDA to the right medial forebrain bundle. Rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with a random number generating program to receive intraperitoneal injections twice daily for 21 days (n = 10): saline, L-DOPA at 25 mg/kg with benserazide at 6. 25 mg/kg, CSC at 2. 5 mg/kg alone and CSC at 2.5 mg/kg with L-DOPA at 25 mg/kg plus benserazide at 6. 25 mg/kg. Forepaw adjusting steps, abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) and rotational response duration were observed on 2, 9, 11,18 and 21 d. After sacrifice, the expression of adenosine A2A R and mGluR5 was observed by Western blot. Results Co-administration of LDOPA with CSC significantly increased the forelimb adjusting steps of parkinsonian rats during 21 days of treatment when compared to L-DOPA alone. CSC treatment alone increased the forelimb adjusting steps significantly. Co-administration of L-DOPA with CSC ( ( 11 ± 5 ) score) significantly decreased the AIM scores of limb and orolingual muscles when compared to L-DOPA alone (( 17 ± 4) score; t = 2. 44, P ＜0. 05). The subchronic L-DOPA treatment upregulated the striatal expression of adenosine A2A R and mGluR5. However, co-administration of L-DOPA with CSC reversed the shortening of the rotational motor response duration induced by L-DOPA administration during the period of the treatment and attenuated the LDOPA-induced upregulation of adenosine A2A R and mGluR5 expressions. Conclusions CSC improves motor function in a hemi-parkinson rat model, potentiates the antiparkinsonian effects with L-DOPA and partly attenuates LID. Co-administration of L-DOPA with CSC reverses the L-DOPA-induced upregulated expression of A2A R and mGluR5, indicating the involvement of both A2A R and mGluR5 in the onset and progression of LID. Adenosine A2AR antagonists may be promising drugs for treatment of LID.     

5-羟色胺1A受体激动剂8-OH-DPAT改善帕金森病运动并发症的实验研究

目的 探讨5-羟色胺1A(5-HT1A)受体激动剂8-OH-DPAT对左旋多巴诱发的运动并发症的细胞学与行为学效应.方法 通过6-羟基多巴胺立体定向注射至大鼠前脑内侧前脑束建立帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)动物模型.对模型成功的PD大鼠进行两套实验:第1套实验中3组PD大鼠接受每日2次左旋多巴甲酯(50 mg/kg加12.5 mg/kg苄丝肼)腹腔注射,持续22 d.在第23天左旋多巴注射前,3组PD大鼠先分别接受8-OH-DPAT、8-OH-DPAT+5-羟色胺1A(5-HT1A)受体阻断剂WAY-100635(0.1 mg/kg)及溶剂对照注射;第2套实验中2组PD大鼠每日2次分别接受左旋多巴/苄丝肼+8-OH-DPAT与左旋多巴/苄丝肼+溶剂,持续22 d.评估旋转时间、关期发生频率情况;采用蛋白印迹法检测纹状体区谷氨酸受体1(GluR1)亚细胞分布及GluR1的845位丝氨酸(GluR1Ser845)磷酸化的表达情况.结果 8-OH-DPAT逆转了左旋多巴所诱导的PD大鼠旋转时间的缩短,延长约27.8%±6.1%;并使关期发生频率减少约7.2%±1.7%.5-HT1A受体阻断剂WAY-100635与8-OH-DPAT联合应用则消除了8-OH-DPAT的效应,提示所观察到的8-OH-DPAT的效应是通过5-HT1A受体起作用的.此外,8-OH-DPAT能调节与运动并发症密切相关的GluR1的亚细胞分布,且使GluR1Ser845的磷酸化水平降低约22.1%±3.5%.结论 激动5-HT1A受体的药物可能是治疗及预防PD运动并发症有益的疗法.     

腺苷2A受体、亲代谢谷氨酸受体对异动症可塑性改变的影响

腺苷2A受体(A2AR)大量分布于脑基底节区,和多巴胺D2受体(D2R)及亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR5)形成异聚体,共同调节纹状体突触前后功能。研究显示左旋多巴诱发异动症PD动物模型纹状体A2AR、mGluR5表达增加,而两受体拮抗剂应用可改善异动症PD动物模型异常行为,从而提出A2AR和mGlu5参与了异动症突触可塑性的改变。     

细胞外信号调节激酶通路在帕金森病运动并发症中的作用

目的 探讨细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)通路在左旋多巴诱发的运动并发症中的作用.方法 通过6-羟多巴胺立体定向注射至大鼠前脑内侧前脑束建立帕金森病(PD)动物模型.对建模成功的PD大鼠每日2次左旋多巴(50 mg/kg 加12.5 mg/kg苄丝肼)腹腔注射,持续22 d.在第23天注射左旋多巴前,给予PD大鼠ERK特异性的抑制剂PD98059处理.评估旋转反应时间及剂峰旋转圈数,采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测纹状体区ERK1/2 磷酸化表达情况.结果 长期使用左旋多巴处理使PD大鼠损伤侧纹状体ERK1/2 磷酸化水平显著增强(155.6%±6.5%), 而PD98059 可明显降低ERK1/2磷酸化水平(85.4%±5.6%).同时,PD98059逆转了左旋多巴所诱导的PD大鼠旋转时间的缩短,减少了剂峰旋转次数.此外,蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂能部分减轻ERK1/2磷酸化水平(101.2%±6.2%,与左旋多巴+溶剂组相比较t=3.2,P<0.05).结论 PD运动并发症的发生可能与纹状体ERK通路的激活有关,并且ERK通路的激活部分是PKC所依赖的;抑制ERK通路活性的药物可能是治疗PD运动并发症的一种新的治疗方式.     

左旋多巴诱发异动症大鼠纹状体神经元电生理活动的变化

目的探讨纹状体神经元电生理活动的变化在左旋多巴诱发异动症(LID)发生中的作用及意义。方法32只大鼠共分为3组：对照组(n=10),帕金森病(PD)组(n=12),LID组(n=10)。6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)立体定位注射制备偏侧PD大鼠模型,左旋多巴腹腔注射治疗4周诱发LID大鼠模型。两组模型分别尾静脉注射多巴胺D1、D2受体激动剂SKF-38393、quinpirole,受体拮抗剂SCH-23390、haloperidol,采用微电极细胞外记录技术检测纹状体棘状神经元(SMSNs)电生理活动的变化。结果LID组SMSNs的自发性电活动较对照组及PD组明显增多(P＜0．05)。SKF-38393对LID组SMSNs自发性电活动的抑制作用呈浓度依赖性,LID组SMSNs的半抑制浓度(IC50)较PD组明显下降(P＜0．05)。Quinpirole对LID组SMSNs的IC50与PD组相比无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。结论LID大鼠SMSNs的自发性电活动增强,D1受体介导的神经元电活动敏感性增高。     

5-HT1A受体激动剂减轻GluR1Ser831磷酸化和改善帕金森病异动症的研究

目的:探讨5-HT1A受体激动剂8-OH-DPAT对左旋多巴诱发的异动症细胞学与行为学效应。方法:6-羟基多巴胺立体定向注射至大鼠前脑内侧束建立帕金森病(PD)动物模型。对模型成功的PD大鼠进行两套实验:第1套实验中3组PD大鼠接受每日2次左旋多巴(50mg穔g-1加苄丝肼12.5mg穔g-1)腹腔注射,持续22d。在第23天左旋多巴注射前,3组PD大鼠先分别接受8-OH-DPAT、8-OH-DPAT 5-HT1A受体阻断剂WAY-1006350.1mg穔g-1及溶剂;第2套实验中2组PD大鼠每日2次分别接受左旋多巴/苄丝肼 8-OH-DPAT与左旋多巴/苄丝肼 溶剂,持续22d。评估剂峰旋转次数;采用蛋白印迹法检测纹状体区谷氨酸受体亚型GluR1亚细胞分布及GluR1Ser831磷酸化的表达情况。结果:8-OH-DPAT减轻了PD大鼠的剂峰旋转次数。5-HT1A受体阻断剂WAY-100635与8-OH-DPAT联合应用则消除了8-OH-DPAT的效应。此外,8-OH-DPAT能调节与异动症相关的GluR1的亚细胞分布且明显降低GluR1Ser831的磷酸化水平。结论:8-OH-DPAT是通过5-HT1A受体起作用的,激动5-HT1A受体的药物可能对于PD异动症治疗及预防有益。     

可控释左旋多巴和苄丝肼微球减少帕金森病大鼠异动症的发生

目的 观察聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物( PLGA)包裹的可释放左旋多巴和苄丝肼的微球对帕金森病(PD)大鼠运动症状及异动症发生的影响并探讨其机制.方法 PLGA包裹左旋多巴及苄丝肼制作微球,高效液相法测定微球在体内释放出的左旋多巴和苄丝肼的浓度,6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)注射制作PD大鼠模型,制模成功的PD大鼠随机分成PD组、左旋多巴组、微球组(每组12只),另设溶剂注射假手术组(n=12).左旋多巴组和微球组大鼠分别接受左旋多巴和苄丝肼(左旋多巴12 mg/kg,苄丝肼15 mg/kg)或等剂量微球皮下注射,在治疗的第1、4、7、10、14天行大鼠前肢功能测定,治疗2周后行大鼠异常不自主运动( AIM)评分,免疫组织化学及Western blot法检测纹状体区磷酸化的多巴胺和环磷腺苷调节的磷酸化蛋白-32(DARPP-32)(Thr34)和△FosB水平.结果 体内释放实验表明第7天时左旋多巴和苄丝肼释放量分别达76.2％和83.6％.微球处理组大鼠在治疗的第10天和第14天时前肢跨步数分别为5.8±1.6和5.2±1.5,比左旋多巴组(2.4±1.1、1.2±0.5)明显增加(t =4.12,5.43,均P＜0.01).微球处理组大鼠第14天AIM评分[(16.0±2.1)分]较左旋多巴处理组[(26.0±3.2)分]显著下降,差异有统计学意义(t =6.59,P＜0.01).免疫组织化学显示微球处理组大鼠纹状体磷酸化DARPP-32水平[(3.7±1.3)×104]较左旋多巴处理组[(7.9±2.2)×104]明显降低(t=2.95,P＜0.05).Western blot结果显示微球处理组大鼠磷酸化DARPP-32和△FosB水平分别为119.4％±11.3％和149.3％±12.3％,较左旋多巴组(184.8％±13.7％和300.4％±14.2％)显著下降(t =4.12、2.91,均P＜0.05).结论 微球皮下注射可以改善PD大鼠的运动症状,同时可以减少PD大鼠异动症的发生,这与微球释放的左旋多巴持续性刺激PD大鼠从而减少磷酸化DARPP-32和△FosB的水平有关.     

左旋多巴诱导异动症大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元电活动的研究

目的研究左旋多巴诱导异动症(levodopa induced-dyskinesias LID)大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元的自发性电活动变化。方法帕金森病(Parkinson disease PD)大鼠模型应用左旋多巴(L-dopa)治疗28d诱发LID大鼠模型,29d L-dopa治疗前15min腹腔注射N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)受体拮抗剂地佐环平(MK-801)1次。采用微电极细胞外记录技术检测大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元的电生理活动。结果LID大鼠纹状体神经元的自发性电活动较对照组(P<0.01)及PD组(P<0.05)明显增多,MK-801治疗后显著减少(P<0.01)。结论纹状体棘状神经元的自发性电活动改变是LID的重要发病机制之一,NMDA受体拮抗剂可能通过逆转纹状体棘状神经元的电活动抑制LID的发生。     

帕金森病运动并发症与ERK磷酸化关系的实验研究

目的观察帕金森病运动并发症模型大鼠纹状体细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)Thr202/Tyr204位点(ERK1/2)磷酸化水平及表达位点的改变。方法通过脑立体定向仪于大鼠内侧前脑束注射6-羟多巴胺建立帕金森病动物模型,连续腹腔注射左旋多巴(50mg/kg)和苄丝肼(12.50mg/kg)共21 d(2次/d)以诱发运动并发症。通过Western blotting法检测不同处理组大鼠纹状体磷酸化ERK1/2表达水平,免疫荧光双标法观察磷酸化ERK1/2与强啡肽共表达变化,以了解直接通路投射神经元ERK磷酸化修饰情况。结果 Wester·n blotting检测显示,帕金森病组大鼠损伤侧纹状体磷酸化ERK1/2表达水平为(68.28±7.42)%,低于假手术组的(107.05±3.81)%,组间差异具有统计学意义(t=0.109,P=0.018);左旋多巴连续治疗21 d后,表达水平升至(160.37±10.54)%(t=0.109,P=0.000)。免疫荧光双标法检测,帕金森病组大鼠损伤侧纹状体区仅有(35.32±5.03)%的磷酸化ERK1/2与强啡肽共表达;经左旋多巴治疗后,共表达水平显著升至(83.62±1.46)%,高于帕金森病组(t=11.263,P=0.003)。结论长期应用左旋多巴可使帕金森病模型大鼠纹状体磷酸化ERK1/2表达水平明显上调,且ERK磷酸化多发生于直接通路投射神经元,提示黑质-纹状体投射神经元ERK通路的活化可能参与了运动并发症的发生。     

PSD-95在长期左旋多巴对帕金森病模型大鼠效应中的作用

目的 探讨突触后致密物(PSD-95)在长期左旋多巴对帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠效应中的作用.方法 SD大鼠(60只)右侧前脑内侧束(MFB)立体定向注射6羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)制作PD模型,另取8只大鼠注入溶剂作为正常对照组.32只大鼠造模成功,按随机数字表法分为PD组、左旋多巴+生理盐水组、左旋多巴+PSD-95反义寡核苷酸组、左旋多巴+TE组,每组8只.PD组大鼠予以腹腔注射0.2%维生素C水;后3组大鼠腹腔注射左旋多巴和苄丝肼建立PD运动并发症模型,持续22 d,在第23～25天分别给予腹腔注射生理盐水、纹状体注射PSD-95反义寡核苷酸和等容积TE缓冲液,于第25天记录各组大鼠旋转反应时间及剂峰旋转圈数的变化,应用RT-PCR、Western blotting分别检测纹状体部位PSD-95 mRNA、PSD-95蛋白的改变.结果 长期左旋多巴注射处理后第25天,与左旋多巴+生理盐水组和左旋多巴+TE组比较,左旋多巴+PSD-95反义寡核苷酸组大鼠旋转反应时间延长,剂峰旋转次数降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).RT-PCR和Western blotting检测结果显示,与正常对照组比较,PD组大鼠损伤侧纹状体部位PSD-95 mRNA和蛋白表达减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与PD组比较,左旋多巴+生理盐水组大鼠损伤侧纹状体PSD-95mRNA、PSD-95蛋白的表达量升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与左旋多巴+生理盐水组比较,左旋多巴+PSD-95反义寡核苷酸组PSD-95蛋白的表达量降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 长期左旋多巴治疗PD产生的运动并发症可能与纹状体区PSD-95的改变有关.     

Adenosine A2A antagonism reverses levodopa-induced motor alterations in hemiparkinsonian rats

To evaluate the possible involvement of adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated mechanisms in levodopa-induced motor fluctuations, we investigated the effects of CSC (8-(3-chlorostryryl) caffeine), a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist, on levodopa-induced motor alterations in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. Acute and chronic administration of CSC was studied to evaluate the possible reversion or prevention of these levodopa effects. In a first set of experiments, rats were treated with levodopa (25 mg/kg with benserazide, twice daily, i.p.) for 22 days and on day 23 CSC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately before levodopa. In a second set of experiments, rats were treated daily for 22 days with levodopa and CSC (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The duration of the rotational behavior induced by chronic levodopa decreased after 22 days (P < 0.05). Acute administration of CSC on day 23 reversed levodopa-induced shortening in motor response duration (P < 0.01). Chronic CSC administration did not prevent the shortening in response duration induced by levodopa. Our results demonstrate that the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist CSC reverses but does not prevent levodopa-induced motor alterations in parkinsonian rats. These results suggest a role for adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated mechanisms in the pathophysiology of levodopa-induced motor response complications. These findings suggest that the antagonism of adenosine A(2A) receptors might confer clinical benefit to parkinsonian patients under levodopa therapy suffering from motor complication syndrome.     

Reversion of levodopa-induced motor fluctuations by the A2A antagonist CSC is associated with an increase in striatal preprodynorphin mRNA expression in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats

The molecular mechanisms involved in the reversion of levodopa-induced motor fluctuations by the adenosine A2A antagonist 8-(3-chlorostryryl) caffeine (CSC) were investigated in rats with a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesion and compared with the ones achieved by the kappa-opioid agonist, U50,488. Animals were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg/day) for 22 days and for one additional week with levodopa + CSC (5 mg/kg/day), levodopa + U50,488 (1 mg/kg/day), or levodopa + vehicle. The reversion of the decrease in the duration of levodopa-induced rotations by CSC, but not by U50,488, was maintained until the end of the treatment and was associated with a further increase in levodopa-induced preprodynorphin mRNA in the lesioned striatum, being higher in the ventromedial striatum. The increase in striatal preprodynorphin expression, particularly in the ventromedial striatum, may be related to the reversion of levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in the CSC-treated animals, suggesting a role of the direct striatal output pathway activity in the ventromedial striatum in the pathophysiology of motor fluctuations.     

LY293558, an AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist, prevents and reverses levodopa-induced motor alterations in Parkinsonian rats.

To evaluate the possible involvement of glutamate AMPA receptor-mediated mechanisms in levodopa-induced motor fluctuations, we investigated the effects of LY293558, a competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, on levodopa-induced motor alterations in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. Acute and chronic administration of LY293558 was studied to evaluate the possible reversion or prevention of these levodopa effects. In the first set of experiments, rats were treated with levodopa (25 mg/kg with benserazide, twice daily, i.p.) for 22 days and on day 23 LY293558 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately before levodopa. In the second set of experiments, rats were treated daily for 22 days with levodopa and LY293558 (5 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.). In the third set of experiments, the effect of LY293558 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration on selective dopamine D-1 (SKF38393, 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and D-2 agonist (quinpirole, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced rotational behavior after daily levodopa treatment was studied. The duration of the rotational behavior induced by chronic levodopa decreased by 30% after 22 days. Acute administration of LY293558 on day 23 reversed this effect. The group of animals that were chronically treated with levodopa and LY293558 did not show the decrease in this motor response duration. Chronic levodopa treatment attenuated the rotational response to the D-1 agonist SKF38393 and increased the response to the D-2 agonist quinpirole. LY293558 did not reverse the effect of levodopa on rotational behavior induced by the D-1 agonist but significantly reduced the rotational response to the D-2 agonist in levodopa-treated animals by 40%. Our results demonstrate that an AMPA receptor antagonist reverses and prevents levodopa-induced motor alterations in parkinsonian rats and that this effect on motor fluctuations induced by chronic levodopa is probably due to a modulation of the indirect output pathway of the basal ganglia.     

DARPP-32磷酸化参与天芪平颤颗粒缓解帕金森病运动并发症的发生

目的研究天芪平颤颗粒对帕金森病(PD)运动并发症大鼠异常不自主行为学及纹状体DARPP-32(Thr75)磷酸化表达的影响,探讨长期左旋多巴使用后天芪平颤颗粒对异动症(LID)的作用机制。方法 6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备PD大鼠模型并给予左旋多巴治疗4周,制备LID大鼠模型,将LID大鼠随机分为5组,分别给予大鼠生理盐水(LID模型组)、左旋多巴(西药组)以及小、中、大剂量天芪平颤颗粒组,另设假手术组(n=5)为对照组,并用免疫组化和Western blotting法观察各组大鼠纹状体内磷酸化DARPP-32(Thr75)的表达情况。结果长期使用左旋多巴后,PD大鼠出现刻板运动和进行性增加的对侧旋转等行为学改变。天芪平颤颗粒可明显缓解LID大鼠的不自主运动行为。免疫组化结果显示,西药组磷酸化DARPP-32(THr75)表达较LID模型组降低〔(3.53±0.20)×104 vs.(3.85±0.30)×104,P<0.05〕,大、中、小剂量中药组磷酸化DARPP-32(THr75)表达量分别为(8.54±0.17)×104、(8.10±0.31)×104、(7.06±0.69)×104,较西药组升高(P<0.05)。Western blotting结果与免疫组化基本一致,西药组磷酸化DARPP-32(THr75)灰度值与LID模型组比较无统计学差异〔(0.97±0.24)×106 vs.(1.08±0.12)×106,P>0.05〕,大、中、小剂量中药组大鼠纹状体磷酸化DARPP-32(THr75)灰度值分别为(2.40±0.09)×106、(2.37±0.16)×106、(1.44±0.14)×106,较西药组升高(P<0.05)。结论天芪平颤颗粒可降低LID大鼠的异常不自主运动评分,其机制可能是通过逆转磷酸化DARPP-32(THr75)表达的进一步下降,从而抑制了PKA通路的过度活化;DARPP-32磷酸化参与了治疗PD运动并发症的机制。     

Serotonin 5-HT1A agonist improves motor complications in rodent and primate parkinsonian models.

BACKGROUND: Serotoninergic transmission in the basal ganglia is known to influence dopaminergic mechanisms and motor function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility that serotoninergic 5-HT1A autoreceptors (by regulating the release of serotonin as well as dopamine formed from exogenous levodopa) affect the response alterations complicating levodopa treatment of PD. METHODS: The 5-HT1A receptor agonist sarizotan (EMD128130) was systemically administered alone and together with levodopa to parkinsonian rats and nonhuman primates. RESULTS: In 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, sarizotan (2.5 mg/kg PO) had no effect on the acute rotational response to levodopa but did attenuate the shortening in motor response duration induced by chronic levodopa treatment. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned monkeys, sarizotan (2 mg/kg PO) alone had no effect on parkinsonian severity or on the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. In contrast, the same dose of sarizotan reduced levodopa-induced choreiform dyskinesias by 91 +/- 5.9%. In both species, the motoric effects of sarizotan were blocked by the selective 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg SC), indicating that the observed sarizotan responses were probably mediated at the 5-HT1A autoreceptor. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceuticals acting to stimulate 5-HT1A receptors could prove useful in the treatment of the motor response complications in parkinsonian patients.     

Cellular and behavioral effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT in a rat model of levodopa-induced motor complications

5-HT1A autoreceptor stimulation can act to attenuate supraphysiological swings in extracellular dopamine levels following long-term levodopa treatment and may be useful in the treatment and prevention of the motor complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular and behavioral effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT in a rat model of levodopa-induced motor complications. Two sets of experiments were performed. First, animals were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg with benserazide 12.5 mg/kg, twice daily), intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 22 days. On day 23, animals received either 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or 8-OH-DPAT plus WAY-100635 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p) or vehicle with each levodopa dose. In the second set, animals were treated either with levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p.) plus 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p.) plus vehicle, administered twice daily for 22 consecutive days. Our study showed that 8-OH-DPAT plus levodopa both prolonged the duration of the motor response and reduced peak turning. 8-OH-DPAT plus levodopa also decreased the frequency of failures to levodopa. Co-administration of WAY-100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, with 8-OH-DPAT eliminated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on motor complications indicating that the observed 8-OH-DPAT responses were probably mediated at the 5-HT1A autoreceptor. Moreover, 8-OH-DPAT plus levodopa significantly reduced hyperphosphorylation of GluR1 at serine 845, which was closely associated with levodopa-induced motor complications.     

Ginsenosides attenuate methamphetamine-induced behavioral side effects in mice via activation of adenosine A2A receptors: possible involvements of the striatal reduction in AP-1 DNA binding activity and proenkephalin gene expression

Current evidence suggests that ginsenosides inhibit methamphetamine (MA)-induced changes in behavior, but the precise mechanisms that underlie this effect are yet to be determined. We examined the role of adenosine receptors in the ginsenoside-induced changes in hyperlocomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice that occurred in response to administration of MA (2 mg/kg, i.p. x 1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p. x 6). Changes in circling behavior paralleled changes in CPP in the presence of MA. Pre-treatment with ginsenosides (50 or 150 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the MA-induced circling behavior and CPP. This attenuation was reversed by the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(3-chrostyryl)xanthine (CSC; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner, but neither the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) nor the A2B receptor antagonist alloxazine (ALX; 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) had any such effect. MA-induced increases in activator protein (AP)-1 DNA binding activity, Fos-related antigen immunoreactivity (FRA-IR), proenkephalin mRNA expression, and proenkephalin-like immunoreactivity were reduced consistently in the striatum of animals that were pretreated with ginsenosides. These reductions were largely prevented by CSC, but not by CPT or ALX. Our results suggest that the stimulation of A2A receptors by ginsenosides attenuates the changes in behavior and the increases in AP-1 DNA binding activity, FRA-IR, and proenkephalin gene expression in mouse striatum that are induced by MA.     

Motor stimulant effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 do not develop tolerance after repeated treatments in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats

Several evidences indicate that the selective blockade of adenosine A2A receptors counteracts the motor activity impairment in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, the effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, SCH 58261 (5-amino-7-beta-phenylethyl)-2-(8-furyl)pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c)pyrimidine, were assessed following a repeated treatment schedule in the contralateral turning behavior rat model of Parkinson's disease. Unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway were induced by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA in medial forebrain bundle. Repeated administration of SCH 58261 was performed either alone (7 and 14 days repeated SCH 58261) or together with L-dopa (19 days repeated SCH 58261 plus L-dopa or L-dopa alone). After a 7- and 14-day repeated administration schedule, SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) maintained its ability to potentiate the contralateral turning behavior induced by a subthreshold dose of L-dopa (2 mg/kg i.p.), showing no tolerance to its stimulant effects. SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) plus L-dopa (3 mg/kg) or L-dopa (6 mg/kg) alone induced, at these dosages, the same number of contralateral turnings after the first administration. While chronic intermittent SCH 58261 plus L-dopa did not lead to a modified turning behavior during treatment, L-dopa alone produced a progressive increase in turning behavior intensity and duration. These results provide evidence that SCH 58261 retains its ability to potentiate L-dopa effects in a validated rat model of Parkinson's disease even after repeated treatments. Moreover, these results suggest that adenosine A2A blockade prevents the appearance of motor response alterations in L-dopa-treated rats, supporting the concept that A2A receptor antagonists have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of Parkinson's disease