微创手术治疗放射性颅底骨坏死患者的围手术期护理

目的探讨微创手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颅底放射性骨坏死的围手术期护理要点。方法回顾性分析2006年3月至2013年3月采用鼻内镜微创手术方式治疗的47例鼻咽癌治疗后颅底骨坏死的患者的围手术期护理经验。围手术期给予患者心理支持和充分的医疗护理准备;术后加强鼻部鼻咽腔及并发症的观察及护理;出院前做好患者的健康指导。结果47例患者手术均获得成功,术中、术后均无严重并发症发生。术前的头痛、鼻臭、反复鼻出血症状消失或明显减轻。所有患者于术后6个月内手术创面完全上皮化。随访3—84个月,46例患者仍健在,1例死于鼻咽部大出血。结论做好微创手术治疗鼻咽癌治疗后颅底骨坏死的围手术期护理,是保证患者配合治疗和早日康复的前提,可明显改善患者的生存质量。     

经皮内固定治疗老年髋部骨折的围手术期处理

目的：探讨经皮内固定治疗老年髋部骨折的围手术期处理。方法：回顾分析78例接受该手术治疗的老年患者的围手术期处理措施及其效果。结果：本组78例接受闭合复位经皮多枚空心加压钉内固定术。术中无原有并存疾病国重而危及生命情况出现；术后除2例原有肺内感染者曾一度出现感染加重外，无新的肺内感染、泌尿系感染、褥疮及深静脉栓塞交重并发症发生；并存疾病较术前更易控制；围手术期内无死亡病例。结论：老年患者并存疾病多，围手术期处理的重点在于内科治疗，由于经皮内固定是一种微创手术，处理要求相对较低，内科用药时不受手术因素的影响；为减少对全身的影响及并发症的发生，手术时首选局部麻醉。     

钛金属及肌皮瓣移植治疗颌骨放射性骨坏死的护理

目的探讨钛金属及肌皮瓣移植治疗颌骨放射性骨坏死的护理方法。方法对18例因NPC放疗后引发颌骨放射性骨坏死的病人加强心理护理,做好围手术期的营养支持,控制感染,术后密切观察排斥反应及皮瓣存活情况,维持呼吸道通畅。结果本组18例除1例因排斥反应伤口未愈外,其余17例中3例肌皮瓣末端血运差,经伤口换药后延期愈合,14例均一期愈合。结论钛金属及肌皮瓣移植是治疗ORNJ的有效方法,细致周到的围手术期护理是手术成功的重要环节。     

32例重症肌无力行胸腺切除术的围手术期处理

目的：探讨重症肌无力行胸腺切除术的围手术期处理方法。方法：32例重症肌无力行胸腺切除术患者术前均使用吡啶斯的明，10例使用强的松3～8周，2例肌无力危象患者经综合治疗控制危象；患者均在症状最轻时手术，术后Ⅱb～Ⅲ型患者呼吸机支持呼吸，停用胆碱酯酶抑制剂24～72h。Ⅳ型患者术后即行气管切开、呼吸机支持呼吸6d；2例术后肌无力危象患者应用甲基强的松龙20mg／（kg·d），静脉点滴，连续3d。结果：围手术期共有2例患者出现重症肌无力危象，1例患者行气管切开。6例发生肺部并发症，其中肺部感染4例，肺不张1例，急性呼吸窘迫综合征1例。无手术及围手术期死亡病例。结论：胸腺切除是治疗重症肌无力的一种安全、有效的办法，正规的围手术期处理，可明显减低胸腺切除术后并发症的发生。     

老年肺癌患者全肺切除的围手术期处理体会

目的：探讨老年肺癌患者全肺切除的围手术期处理方法。方法：对我院31例老年肺癌患者的术前准备、手术方法及术后处理进行回顾性分析总结。结果：本组31例患者术前均通过手术安全性评估，但术后出现呼吸衰竭再次插管者7例．其中右全肺切除5例．左全肺切除2例；术后发生严重心律失常者9例，其中窦性心动过速3例．阵发性室上性心动过速4例．频繁室性心律失常2例；术后早期出现心功能衰竭者3例，所有患者经正规围手术期处理后无一例死亡。结论：老年肺癌患者全肺切除术后并发症多，病死率高，术后早期易出现呼吸、循环系统并发症．强调积极地做好围手术期处理是降低术后并发症和病死率的关键。     

鲫鱼升白汤治疗肿瘤放化疗骨髓抑制27例临床观察

目的：探讨胃癌根治术围术期的护理方法。方法：回顾性分析62例胃癌根治术后患者的临床资料,总结围术期的护理方法。结果：本组术后发生并发症11例,占17．7％,其中吻合口瘘2例,肺部感染9例,无死亡病例。结论：对胃癌根治术患者给予精心护理,能提高手术效率,缩短手术时间,降低术后并发症及病死率。     

手术治疗重症肌无力的围术期处理

目的探讨重症肌无力手术治疗的围术期处理方法。方法对29例手术治疗的重症肌无力患者围术期处理的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后早期发生肌无力危象2例，其中1例死亡，另1例抢救成功；其余病例术后病程平稳，无胆碱能危象发生。术后随访28例，症状缓解17例，改善6例，总有效率82．1％。结论围术期处理是影响手术安全的关键，加强卤术期处理，可以降低肌无力危象发生率，降低病死率。     

胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病82例围术期护理

目的：探讨胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期的护理方法。方法：对82例胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者采用手术治疗，通过精心围术期护理，积极控制血糖水平，防止发生糖尿病酮症酸中毒等严重并发症，做好切口及引流管的护理，术后合理饮食，预防感染。结果：82例患者术后均无严重并发症发生，无手术死亡。结论：加强胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期的护理，能使患者顺利度过围术期，减少术后并发症的发生，提高手术治疗效果。     

急诊冠脉搭桥初步经验

目的：探讨急诊冠状动脉搭桥术的手术指征、并发症及围术期处理方法。方法：回顾18例急诊冠脉搭桥手术患者围术期危险因素及死亡原因。入选病例均符合ACC／AHA有关冠心病手术指南中急诊冠状动脉搭桥术适应证。不稳定性心绞痛16例，经皮冠状动脉成形术失败2例。结果：16例恢复出院，2例术后死亡，病死率11％。5例出现围术期并发症，占28％。结论：急诊冠脉搭桥手术是治疗冠心病一种有效且安全的方法。[著者文摘]     

高危病人耻骨上前列腺摘除术118例临床分析

目的 探讨高危病人耻骨上前列腺切除术的围手术期处理及术后并发症的防治。方法 对我院8年来312例前列腺切除手术患者进行回顾性分析，其中高危病人118例。结果 118例中，高龄42例，危重76例，术后并发症32例，死亡1例。结论 高危病人前列腺摘除术在内科充分准备的基础上完全可以手术治疗，围手术期的良好处理是保证病人顺利恢复及减少并发症的关键。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.