白血病肺部浸润的X线、CT表现分析

目的:根据并结合白血病肺部浸润的X线、CT特点,提高对该病的诊断水平。材料与方法:回顾性分析经临床最后确诊为白血病肺部浸润的病例17例,分析其X线、CT图像。结果:胸部X线检查7例显示双肺纹理增粗,4例表现为心肺未见异常,3例为双肺散在片状、斑片状阴影,3例表现为双肺多发结节及斑片状影。HRCT表现为间质性改变11例,包括小叶间隔增厚、支气管血管束增粗及小结节影;实质性改变4例,包括毛玻璃影、斑片状阴影及结节影;间质性和实质性表现混合存在2例。结论:白血病肺部浸润的X线、CT表现多样,但以间质性改变为主。     

特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的X线诊断

目的：提高对特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症（以下简称IPH）X线征象的认识，减少误诊。材料与方法：对痰或胃液内查到含铁血黄素巨噬细胞的22例患者X线表现进行分析。讨论X线表现、临床症状与病理改变的关系。结果：急性肺出血期表现为两肺中下野斑片状、云絮状影，肺门不清晰；肺出血吸收期表现为两肺纹理增多，边缘模糊，隐约可见细网状影；慢性反复发作期表现为双肺弥漫分布网粒状，毛玻璃状阴影，可发生肺心病。结论：追踪观察X线胸片，多次痰或胃液检查，密切结合临床资料，可做出定性诊断。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺部感染13例X线与CT诊断分析

目的：探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺部感染的X线与CT表现,旨在提高本病的诊断与鉴别诊断水平。方法：对本院肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺炎13例进行回顾性分析。全部病例均摄胸部X线及螺旋CT扫描检查。结果：3例X线表现为双肺纹理增强,10例出现沿肺纹理分布小斑点状影,7例为斑片及大片状影。CT表现为两肺弥漫分布毛玻璃影5例,弥漫微小结节影2例,斑片影7例,片状实变影2例,小叶间隔增厚3例。结论：肾移植术后2-4个月X线及CT出现上述征象,结合临床表现,应首先考虑巨细胞病毒感染。     

创伤性湿肺的平片与螺旋CT诊断

目的总结X线平片、螺旋cT胸部检查对创伤性湿肺的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经临床证实的创伤性湿肺患者52例，全部病例行胸部X线平片与CT检查。结果创伤性湿肺多出现在一侧和／或两侧中下肺野，表现为：①间质型（9例）：肺血管影增粗、模糊；②弥漫实变型（18例）：肺实质内散在斑点状、小片状稍高密度灶；③云雾型（17例）：呈磨砂玻璃样改变的云雾状稍高密度灶（即“面纱征”）；④节段实变型（8例）：大片状或呈叶、段分布的高密度灶；对病变的显示CT明显优于X线平片。结论胸部X平片与cT检查是目前诊断创伤性湿肺有效的检查手段，对临床疑为创伤性湿肺的患者首次建议行胸部X平片与CT检查，对确诊的患者行胸部X线监测。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病影像学分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECO-PD)并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)的影像学特征,为临床早期诊断和治疗提供依据。方法对在我院呼吸内科住院并诊断为AECOPD并IPA 15例的影像学资料进行分析。结果 15例均行胸部X线检查,且动态监测胸部X线变化。胸部X线检查显示为早期肺纹理增重12例,疾病很快进展为单侧或双侧肺斑片状渗出影10例,后期出现大片状实变影12例,伴肋膈角变钝6例,叶间胸膜增厚1例。7例行胸部CT检查,表现为实变影沿支气管分布,其中双肺不规则实变影5例,左肺实变影2例;可见肺大疱5例,胸膜下结节影、胸腔积液各4例,空洞2例,胸膜增厚、纵隔淋巴结增大各1例。15例存活2例,死亡13例。结论临床上AECOPD病情进展迅速时,应尽早行胸部CT检查,并动态监测胸部X线变化,若由单纯肺纹理增重很快进展至肺内斑片状阴影,应考虑到合并IPA,及时行相关检查,积极予干预性治疗。     

Imaging Research of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmo nary Disease

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)的影像学特征,为临床早期诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 对在我院呼吸内科住院并诊断为AECOPD并IPA 15例的影像学资料进行分析.结果 15例均行胸部X线检查,且动态监测胸部X线变化.胸部X线检查显示为早期肺纹理增重12例,疾病很快进展为单侧或双侧肺斑片状渗出影10例,后期出现大片状实变影12例,伴肋膈角变钝6例,叶间胸膜增厚1例.7例行胸部CT检查,表现为实变影沿支气管分布,其中双肺不规则实变影5例,左肺实变影2例;可见肺大疱5例,胸膜下结节影、胸腔积液各4例,空洞2例,胸膜增厚、纵隔淋巴结增大各1例.15例存活2例,死亡13例.结论 临床上AECOPD病情进展迅速时,应尽早行胸部CT检查,并动态监测胸部X线变化,若由单纯肺纹理增重很快进展至肺内斑片状阴影,应考虑到合并IPA,及时行相关检查,积极予干预性治疗.     

脂肪栓塞综合征6例胸部X线诊断分析

目的：提高对脂肪栓塞综合征胸部X线表现的认识。方法：回顾性分析6例脂肪栓塞综合征的临床表现及胸部X线表现。结果：临床表现为突发烦躁、昏迷、高热、脉快、呼吸困难、皮肤出血点;临床检验表现为血或尿中找到脂肪滴,动脉血氧分压下降,部分患者出现血小板减少和血红蛋白下降;胸部平片及CT表现为双肺弥漫性分布斑片状阴影。结论：双肺弥漫性分布斑片状实变影是脂肪栓塞综合征的胸部典型X线表现,对诊断和治疗后随访有极高的价值。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的影像学分析

目的：探讨肾移植术后并发肺部感染的X线、CT表现及分类，旨在提高对本病的诊断水平。材料与方法：回顾性分析108例肾移植患者并取具有代表性的27例，其中26例摄有胸部X线平片；单纯CT扫描1例；8例同时行胸部X线及CT检查。结果：粟粒型肺结核表现16例，其中4例合并纵隔淋巴结结核；X线、CT示双肺野广泛分布细小结节状的密度增高影，分布较均匀，密度及大小不均匀，3例病人CT显示双下肺内病灶有部分融合；霉菌性肺炎4例；表现为小结节状、斑片状及棉团状度增高影并有部分融合为特征，1例并发有少量胸腔积液；巨细胞病毒、绿脓杆菌及其它病菌感染7例；主要表现为大片状及斑片状融合实变影并不按肺叶、肺段分布。结论：X线及CT检查是诊断肾移植术后肺部感染的主要方法，影像学上部分有其特征性且可做出明确诊断。     

X线诊断转移性肺肿瘤37例分析

目的利用X线观察肺转移瘤的X线表现,为临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法分析37例肺肿瘤患者肺部转移性病灶的x线表现、原发癌肿来源、病理类型。结果肺内转移10例、相邻肺组织器官转移18例、不相邻肺组织器官转移9例。X线表现有粟粒样阴影、小结节絮状阴影、大结节团块样阴影、园形或类园形阴影和混合型。结论肺转移瘤的表现为多源性、多样性和多变性,肺转移瘤伴有胸膜及肺间质改变。     

肺泡蛋白沉积症的X线、CT诊断

目的：总结肺泡蛋白沉积症（Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis PAP)的X线、CT影像学特征。材料与方法：报道经支纤镜活检及肺泡灌洗术证实的肺泡蛋白沉积症5例，复习文献资料，对PAP的X线、CT表现进行综合分析，并探讨其诊断和鉴别诊断。结果：该病X线表现：两肺对称或不对称分布磨玻璃样阴影，自肺门向外放射呈“蝶翼征”；其中可见弥漫结节样阴影。CT表现：1、双肺弥漫性斑片状阴影与磨玻璃样改变，病灶与正常肺组织间分界清楚，呈地图样分布。2、蝶翼征。3、支气管充气征。4、铺路石征（Crazy-Paving sign)。结论：肺泡蛋白沉积症具有上述典型的X线、CT表现，结合临床病史综合分析可作出诊断，支纤镜检及肺泡灌洗术是本病确诊的主要依据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.