胆内瘘:附32例漏诊分析

目的:探讨胆内瘘术前漏诊的原因及减少漏诊的方法。方法:回顾性分析32例胆内瘘漏诊患者的临床资料,平均年龄52.1(25~72)岁,患者分别行B超,T管造影,消化道钡餐,胃镜,胆道镜,ERCP,PTC检查,所有患者均行手术治疗。结果:32例均为术前漏诊者,占同期收治的44例胆内瘘的72.73%。32例均术中确诊。结论:胆内瘘术前漏诊率高,应提高对该病的警惕性;注意寻找该病的特征性表现;尤其当B超发现有胆道积气时,应行进一步检查 如内镜和造影检查,这是提高术前诊断的重要方法。     

核因子-κappaB与肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨核因子-κappaB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)与肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)mRNA在肝细胞癌中表达的意义。 方法：采用化学发光凝胶电泳迁移率(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)的方法检测正常肝组织、肝血管瘤、肝癌癌灶及癌旁肝组织NF-κB的活性表达,用逆转录－聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果：正常肝组织、肝血管瘤TNF-α mRNA分别为0.24±0.12和0.21±0.10,显著低于癌旁肝组织和肝癌癌灶的0.36±0.16和0.68±0.21(P<0.05);正常肝组织、肝血管瘤NF-κB未被检测到明显的活性，而癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶NF-κB表达与正常肝组织及肝血管瘤组织比较差异具有显著性 (P<0.05)。癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶TNF-α mRNA表达与NF-κB的活性呈显著正相关(r=0.773,P<0.05; r=0.838,P<0.05)。 结论：NF-κB信号传导途径异常激活及TNF-α与肝细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。     

Poland 综合征合并乳癌1例

患者女,50岁。1个月前无意中发现左乳有一肿物,约花生米大小,自觉局部有时轻度刺痛,疼痛无规律及周期性,可自行好转,无乳头溢液,当时未在意,未予诊治。1个月来肿物有所增大入院,体查:双乳对称,乳头无畸形,皮肤色泽正常。左乳腺外下象限可扪及一1.5cm×1.0cm肿物,质韧,边界不清,移动度良好,无明显触痛,腋窝未触及肿大的淋巴结。诊断:左乳肿物。行手术治疗,术中冷冻切片报告:乳腺浸润性导管癌,行乳癌根治手术,术中游离乳腺时见腺体下方为肋骨及肋间肌,未见胸大、小肌,锁骨下及腋静脉浅面直接被皮肤及皮下脂肪覆盖。切除全部左侧乳腺和锁骨下及…     

23 COX-2和 HER-2在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

为研究COX 2和HER 2在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义以及两者的相互关系，笔者采用免疫组化法检测123例结直肠腺癌及其中的25例淋巴结转移灶组织、12例远癌肠黏膜组织、15例结直肠腺瘤性息肉组织COX 2和HER 2的表达情况。结果示，COX 2在远癌组织、腺瘤性息肉、腺癌中的高表达率分别为0%，33.3％，81.3％，三者差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;腺癌中COX 2的高表达与Dukes分期、淋巴结转移和浸润层次有关;HER 2的高表达在腺癌（67.5％）与腺瘤性息肉（80.0%）之间差异无统计学意义，但均高于远癌肠黏膜（33.3%）（P<0.05）;HER 2的胞膜高表达与浸润层次有关;在淋巴结转移灶中COX 2和HER 2具有相关性(χ2=3.949，P<0.05，c=0.3693）。提示 COX 2在正常组织、腺瘤性息肉及腺癌中的表达逐步上调;COX 2可能是结直肠癌发生的早期事件;COX 2的高表达及HER 2胞膜的高表达均与肿瘤侵袭性增高有关。     

部分门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏血管铸型变化的影响

目的：探讨用部分门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏微血管和组织学的影响。方法：建立大鼠部分门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的实验模型，观察该模型大鼠肝脏微血管和组织学的变化。结果：行门静脉动脉化手术后1个月动物肝脏组织未见明显异常。血管铸型标本显示肝窦略变粗，较正常充盈，肝窦无明显变形，仍呈放射状分布于中央静脉的周围。墨汁灌注标本显示肝窦内墨汁灌注规整，略显增宽，颜色均匀并加深。结论：部分门静脉动脉化后在近期内不影响肝脏的微血管及组织学结构。     

急性重症胆管炎168例临床分析

目的:探讨急性重症胆管炎（ACST）的早期诊断指标和手术时机的选择。方法:回顾性分析168例ACST临床资料。结果:所有患者均有胆道病史，有典型Charcot三联征者93例，有精神症状者37例，收缩压<90 mmHg或脉搏>120次/min者89例，体温>39 ℃者76例，上腹部腹膜炎体征114例。白细胞>20×109/L84例。手术治疗157例中痊愈135例，带T管出院16例，手术组死亡6例，死因为肝肾综合征1例，肝昏迷1例，ARDS 1例，多器官功能衰竭（MOF） 3例。非手术治疗11例全部死亡。结论:ACST的早期诊断，把握好手术时机，采用适当的手术方法早期手术，是降低病死率的有效方法。     

能稳定表达外源抑癌基因PTEN的胆管癌细胞系QBC939的建立

目的：为研究抑癌基因PTEN对胆管癌细胞生物学行为的影响，建立能稳定表达外源PTEN的胆管癌细胞系。方法：将野生型、突变型PTEN质粒和空载体质粒分别转化细菌，提取纯化后，脂质体介导法转染体外培养的胆管癌细胞系QBC939;嘌呤霉素筛选抗性克隆;Western blot 检测标签蛋白HA的表达;RT-PCR， Western blot和免疫细胞化学法分析目的基因PTEN的表达。结果：野生型、突变型PTEN和空载体转染细胞株均获得嘌呤霉素抗性;野生型和突变型PTEN转染细胞株均检测到ＨＡ的表达，而空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株均未检测到ＨＡ的表达;野生型及突变型PTEN转染细胞株中目的基因PTEN在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平上均较空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株增强。结论：成功构建了分别能稳定表达外源野生型PTEN，突变型PTEN或空载体pBP的胆管癌细胞系。     

严重肝外伤的手术处理：附28例报告

笔者回顾分析近5年来收治的28例严重肝外伤患者的临床资料。 严重肝外伤28例中治愈24例，死亡3例，放弃治疗1例。快速有效复苏、及时诊断、正确选择手术方法，是提高严重肝外伤救治成功的关键。     

成人小肠套叠的临床分析

摘要 回顾性分析35例成人小肠套叠的临床资料。35例患者均有腹痛(100%),31例有早期而频繁的呕吐(88.5%),25例有腹部肿物(71.5%)。引起小肠套叠的原因：良性病变26例（74.3%），恶性病变6例（17.1%）;无原发病变3例（8.6%）。35例均接受手术治疗，痊愈出院。提示成人小肠套叠多有病理因素存在;诊断主要依据其特有的临床表现和CT显像。成人小肠套叠的治疗以手术为主;应根据肠套叠的部位、类型、病因、肠管的病变情况和患者的情况以及术者的临床经验来决定其最佳的外科治疗方案。     

牛磺酸对大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后肝、肾损伤的保护作用

摘要：目的:研究牛磺酸对大鼠小肠I/R后肝、肾损伤的保护作用。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：假手术对照组（S组）、生理盐水对照组（I/R组）和牛磺酸保护组（T组）。T组术前30min经鼠阴茎背静脉注射2%的牛磺酸200mg/kg。采用肠系膜上动脉根部阻断1h后复流行再灌注的方法制作肠I/R模型。除S组外，其余2组分别于再灌注1.5,3,6,12h抽血测定ALT,AST,BUN及Cr值，评定肝、肾功能。肝、肾切片行HE染色，比较组织病理学差异。用原位末端标记（TUNEL）法测定肝、肾细胞凋亡百分率，评定平均光密度值。结果:I/R组与S组相比，血清ALT,AST,BUN及Cr值均明显升高（P<0.05 ），3h最高，以后开始下降，12h仍高于S组；肝、肾病理损伤I/R组也相应严重，肝、肾细胞TUNEL阳性表达率、平均光密度值明显增加 （P<0.05）。T组与I/R组相比，前者血清ALT,AST,BUN及Cr水平明显减低 (P<0.05)，病理损伤也相应较轻；肝、肾细胞TUNEL阳性表达率、平均光密度值明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:牛磺酸对大鼠小肠I/R后肝、肾损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020