经胸一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定术治疗胸椎结核

目的评价经胸入路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核的疗效。方法对28例胸椎结核患者[10例伴有后凸畸形,Cobb角为13～30(22±3)°;16例伴有神经功能障碍]采用经胸入路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定术治疗,随访观察治疗效果。结果术后Cobb角为2～10(5±3)°,后凸矫正角度无明显丢失,无手术并发症。28例均获随访,时间12～24个月。患者均临床治愈无复发。术后3～8(4.2±1)个月植骨全部融合,内固定无松动、断裂。16例脊髓损害者神经功能Frankel分级:A级1例恢复至C级;B级3例恢复至D级1例、E级2例;C级4例、D级8例均恢复至E级。结论经胸一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核暴露充分,有利于病灶清除、前方脊髓减压、重建脊柱稳定性,植骨融合率高。     

经胸前路病灶清除减压治疗胸椎结核并后凸畸形

目的:总结经胸前路病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法:22例胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形患者,男12例,女10例,临床表现均有胸背痛、截瘫及脊柱后凸畸形,脊柱后凸角Cobb角为20～40°,平均25°。结核病损部位:T3～51例,T3～43例,T4～54例,T4～61例,T6～72例,T7～83例,T8～93例,T9～102例,T10～113例。ASIA分级:B级3例,C级11例,D级8例。MRI示椎管内均有压迫。9例行肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术,13例常规经胸病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术。术后继续抗痨治疗9～12个月。结果:22例患者切口均一期愈合,无肺部感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症。术后随访2～4年,14例在术后4周内瘫痪完全恢复,8例3个月内完全恢复。所有患者胸背痛消失,植骨融合,平均融合时间4个月,无1例结核复发,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无丢失。结论:经胸前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、后凸畸形矫正和脊柱稳定性重建,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

经胸入路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核疗效分析

目的 评价经胸入路一期行病灶清除、椎管减压、椎间植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核的疗效.方法 收集2000年1月至2010年5月在我院接受经胸入路一期病灶清除、椎管减压、椎间植骨内固定治疗并获得随访的64例胸椎结核患者的临床资料,观察术后患者结核中毒症状和神经功能的改善情况,以及脊柱稳定情况及植骨成活率.结果 术中无脊髓、神经及...     

前后入路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核

目的探讨胸腰椎脊柱结核通过前后手术入路行病灶清除一期椎间植骨融合、内固定的治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年1月,采用前后路手术入路行病灶清除一期椎间自体髂骨植骨融合、内固定的手术方式治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核患者32例。术前正规抗结核治疗3～5周,其中术中彻底清除病灶组织,对骨质破坏缺损采用自体髂骨植骨同时行前路钉板或钉棒系统内固定21例。采用前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨后路椎弓内固定系统内固定11例。术后卧床6～8周,继续正规抗结核治疗9～18个月。结果本组32例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,1例患者出现切口不愈合,其他患者手术切口均一期愈合。术后摄X线片提示植骨及内固定位置良好,Cobb′s角平均14.30°。均获骨性融合,融合时间4～7个月。无内固定松动、脱落、断裂,愈合后Cobb′s角平均15.2°,无明显矫正角度丢失。术前、术后后凸角度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脊髓功能恢复良好。其中合并神经损害20例,按Frankel分级,C级3例中有1例恢复至D级,1例恢复至E级,1例分级无明显变化,D级17例中有12例恢复至E级,5例分级无明显变化。无复发病例。结论前后手术入路病灶清除一期植骨融合、内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核,椎体前方病灶清除、椎管减压彻底,植骨量大,结合有效内固定避免植骨块松动、脱出,植骨融合率高并有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及前路内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核的临床效果。方法:1998年5月～2008年5月收治多椎体脊柱结核(≥3个椎体,包括跳跃性病灶)患者41例,病灶分布为C4～S1,颈椎2例,胸椎14例,胸腰段19例,腰椎4例,腰骶椎2例。伴截瘫者7例,Frankel分级C级4例,B级2例,A级1例。伴后凸成角21例。均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及内固定术治疗,随访观察治疗效果。结果:随访12个月～10年,平均67个月。7例截瘫患者术后1年神经功能较术前均有恢复。后凸畸形术前平均Cobb角23.5°,术后平均11.5°,末次随访时平均丢失3.8°。内固定松动1例,伤口及植骨延迟愈合2例。所有患者均骨性融合,结核无复发。结论:多椎体脊柱结核患者采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合、前路内固定治疗可取得良好效果。     

肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫

目的:探讨肩胛下经胸前路一期病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形患者的临床疗效。方法:自1999年1月~2003年1月共收治9例上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形患者,术前常规使用抗结核药联合化疗2~3周,并纠正贫血及低蛋白血症。采用肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除、椎管减压、一期椎间植骨融合和内固定术,5例使用切下的肋骨或自体髂骨植骨,4例使用充填松质骨颗粒的钛网植骨。应用“K”形钢板内固定4例,中华长城单棒系统4例,Ventrofixx系统1例。术后继续抗痨治疗9~12个月。结果:手术时间平均4h,手术失血量平均1200ml。9例患者切口均一期愈合,无肺部感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症。术后随访18~36个月,平均24个月。所有患者胸背痛消失,植骨骨性融合,融合时间3~6个月,平均4个月,6例患者在术后4周内瘫痪完全恢复,3例3个月内完全恢复。未见结核复发,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正了16°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论:肩胛下经胸前路一期病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形可缩短治疗时间,提高脊柱结核治愈率。     

经肋椎关节手术入路治疗胸椎多椎体结核的临床研究

目的 探讨后路经肋椎关节入路病灶清除、内固定、植骨融合治疗胸椎多椎体结核的临床效果.方法 回顾分析2005年7月~2011年7月,采用后路经肋椎关节病灶清除、内固定、植骨融合手术治疗的胸椎多椎体结核患者43例,术前及末次随访时行Frankel评分,观察随访期间植骨融合率、后凸畸形矫正状况.结果所有患者均获得随访,时间7个月~5年,末次随访时1例Frankel A级患者恢复至Frankel D级,3例Frankel B级患者恢复至Frankel D级,其余患者均恢复至Frankel E级.随访期间所有患者均取得骨性融合,融合时间3~12个月.术后1周Cobb角平均为5.1°,末次随访Cobb角平均为9.2°,Cobb角平均丢失约4.1°.结论 经肋椎关节手术入路治疗胸椎多椎体结核是一种较为理想的手术方式.     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的总结一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的经验。方法采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核19例。结果平均随访15个月,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度地恢复,术后平均5.2个月达满意植骨融合,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发,后凸畸形矫正满意,Cobb角平均23.4°,平均矫正21.3°。结论一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术可使病变节段在术后即刻重建稳定性,为脊柱融合和结核病灶的静止提供良好的力学环境,是外科治疗脊柱结核安全、有效的方法。     

一期手术经后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核

目的探讨一期手术经后路结核病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核的效果。方法 12例胸椎结核患者均采用一期经后路病灶清除、前后路植骨融合和后路钉棒系统内固定术。术后定期复查X线片了解Cobb角变化和椎间植骨融合情况,采用ASIA分级评定术后脊髓功能恢复情况。结果术中无大血管或脊髓损伤。患者均获随访,时间16～38个月。结核症状均消失无复发,无切口感染、窦道形成或内固定失败等并发症发生;复查血沉均正常。术后4～8个月X线片提示椎间植骨均融合,后路植骨融合时间6～9个月,内固定在位。末次随访Cobb角为18°～36°。脊髓功能ASIA分级:B级5例中有2例恢复至C级、3例无恢复,C级5例均恢复至D级,D级2例均恢复至E级。结论一期经后路清除胸椎结核病灶彻底,椎管减压可靠,行自体或同种异体骨植骨钉棒系统内固定可有效重建胸段脊柱的稳定性,矫形效果显著。     

胸腰椎结核的一期手术入路与方式的选择

目的探讨胸腰椎结核一期手术入路与手术方式的选择。方法对22例胸腰椎结核患者采用3种不同术式:胸、腰椎前路病灶清除植骨,同期钢板内固定;胸椎后路病灶清除植骨,同期经椎弓根内固定后凸畸形矫正;腰椎前路病灶清除植骨,同期后路经椎弓根内固定。结果通过8～12个月的随防,内固定无松动、断裂,植骨融合,后凸畸形矫正无丢失。结论采用合理的手术入路,彻底清除病灶,正确地使用内固定,一期手术可以提高胸腰椎结核的治疗效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.