股骨近端髓内钉、动力髋螺钉、γ钉治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折疗效比较

目的 探讨股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)、动力髋螺钉(DHS)、γ钉治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折的治疗效果.方法 将股骨转子间粉碎骨折患者180例,随机分成PFN组、DHS组、γ钉组(每组60例) 进行治疗.结果 优良率:DHS组为88.33%,γ钉组为91.67%,PFN组为96.67%;PFN组优于DHS组和γ钉组(P＜0.05）.结论 PFN内固定治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折操作简单、疗效可靠,是比较理想的内固定方法.     

三种内固定方式治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨动力髋螺钉（DHS）、股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）、股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFN—A）在治疗股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的疗效。方法对236例分别接受了DHS、PFN—A、PFN内固定手术的股骨粗隆间骨折患者进行回顾性研究,平均随访24个月,对住院时间,手术时间,术中出血量,术后引流量、患髋功能及并发症等作比较。结果PFN．A较PFN、DHS手术时间短,术中和术后出血量少,术后并发症少,术后愈合快。髋关节功能评分优良率：DHS组88．7％,PFN组90．2％,PFN—A组优良率91．6％。结论各种固定各有其自身特点,PFN—A是治疗各类型股骨粗隆间骨折较为理想的固定方式,尤其适用于骨质疏松的高龄粗隆间骨折、不稳定型骨折和合并症较多的患者。     

三种内固定治疗高龄粗隆间骨折的疗效对比分析

目的:比较采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)、股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)、Gamma钉治疗高龄粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法:选取87例股骨粗隆间骨折的高龄患者进行分组内固定治疗,DHS固定29例,PFN固定35例、Gamma钉固定23例,对比分析三组患者手术的治疗效果。结果:采用PFN、Gamma钉内固定后,患者平均住院时间、平均手术时间均DHS内固定者短,且术中出血量少、骨性愈合时间早。采用PFN、Gamma钉固定术后髋关节功能恢复优良率分别为94.4%和91.3%,而DHS固定后髋关节功能优良率为86.2%。PFN、Gamma钉固定术后的并发率分别为2.8%和4.3%,远低于DHS内固定的10.3%。不论髋关节功能恢复的优良率还是并发症的发生方面,PFN与Gamma钉比较均无差异。结论:PFN和Gamma钉较DHS治疗具有手术创伤小、功能恢复效果好、术后并发症发生率低的优点,均可以较好地作为治疗粗隆间骨折手术选择方法。     

股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法对比研究

目的分析不同内固定方法治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效和各种内固定方法的适应证。方法分别采用动力髋螺钉（dyramic hip screw,DHS）、Gamma钉和AO股骨近端髓内钉（proximal femoral nail,PFN）内固定3种方法治疗股骨转子间骨折,其中DHS内固定47例,Gamma钉31例,PFN内同定29例。结果PFN疗效最好,优良率分别为PFN96．5％、Gamma钉90．3％、DHS 85．2％。结论股骨转子间骨折患者推荐使用AO股骨近端髓内钉,具有操作简单、固定可靠、手术损伤小及出血少等优点。     

三种内固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折疗效分析

目的探讨三种不同内固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法患者110例,动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗52例,Gamma钉22例,国产改良股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)36例,比较手术时间、术中出血量、Harris评分、术后并发症等指标。结果三种治疗方法在功能评分优良率、手术时间,以及住院时间上无明显差异(P>0.05)。但在术中出血量、术后引流量、下地负重时间,以及术后并发症方面,PFN优于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论PFN内固定治疗手术创伤小,出血少,下地负重时间短。DHS适合治疗稳定型的股骨粗隆间骨折,而Gamma钉和PFN更适合治疗不稳定型的股骨粗隆间、反粗隆间以及粗隆下骨折。     

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的 评价股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）与动力髋螺钉（DHS）在治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效. 方法 选择本院2006年7月至2011年10月间,收治的65例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者,随机分为PFN组及DHS组.从术中情况、术后髋关节功能的恢复情况对两种方法的临床疗效进行比较分析. 结果 结合两组手术期间各项指标中PFN组出血量少于DHS组,余无明显统计学差异.术后髋关节功能的比较,PFN组优良率为90.9％,DHS组优良率为87.5％,PFN组疗效要优于DHS组,有统计学差异（P＜0.05）. 结论 DHS及PFN均为治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的有效方法,因PFN内固定方法具有闭合操作创伤小、骨折固定牢固、出血少等优点,更适合高龄患者的股骨转子间骨折.     

PFNA、PFN与DHS内固定治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折疗效对比

目的 比较应用股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA)、股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail,PFN)及动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效. 方法 选择我科2007年6月～2011年6月收治的骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折患者176例,采用PFNA内固定治疗68例(PFNA组),应用.PFN内固定治疗62例(PFN组),应用DHS内固定治疗46例(DHS组),比较三组的手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症、Harris髋关节评分.结果 所有患者均获随访,平均19(12 ～26)月.PFNA组与PFN、DHS组相比,手术时间缩短、术中出血量少,骨折愈合时间短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后三组Harris髋关节功能评分比较,C组较差(P＜0.05).术后并发症比较三组无显著性差异(P＞0.05). 结论 与PFN及DHS相比,PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、固定牢固、防旋转,是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想方法之一,有利于骨折稳定以及早期进行功能锻炼,其治疗效果明显优于DHS与PFN内固定,尤适用于老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折.     

侧卧位置入PFN内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的可行性研究

目的 探讨侧卧位置入股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折方法的可行性.方法 分别采取自然侧卧位(30例)和传统平卧位(21例)行PFN内固定手术,对两组手术时间和术后复位优良率进行统计学分析.结果 侧卧位组与平卧位组平均手术时间分别为(61.3±18.6)、(89.4±26.8)min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后复位优良率分别为90.2％、90.9％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 侧卧位置入股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折方法可行,可缩短手术时间,同时可保持术后骨折复位优良率.     

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的系统评价

目的 系统评价股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)与动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效差异.方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、MEDLINE数据库、EMBASE数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,手工检索相关文献的参考文献.收集PFN与DHS固定比较治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的随机对照试验和半随机对照试验,严格评价...     

动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的对比研究

[目的]探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)、联合防旋阻挡钉与股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果.[方法]入选90例老年不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者,随机分为DHS联合防旋阻挡钉组、PFN组和DHS组实施内固定手术.术后随访时间为12 ～ 24个月.从切口长度、手术时间、术中透视时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后功能恢复时间及术后并发症方面比较三组的临床效果.[结果]PFN组在切口长度、术中出血量、早期负重时间、术后3个月功能恢复等方面明显优于DHS联合防旋阻挡钉组和DHS组(P＜0.05),在住院时间、术后并发症等方面三组无统计学差异.[结论] PFN具有良好的生物力学稳定性,可以作为不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的首选内固定装置;DHS联合防旋阻挡钉重建股骨后内侧结构,也是不稳定型粗隆间骨折的良好选择;单纯DHS治疗不稳定型粗隆间骨折,失败率较高,但仍是内侧结构稳定的粗隆间骨折的标准术式.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.