Ilizarov外固定器治疗马蹄内翻足的护理

[目的]总结13例马蹄内翻足应用外固定器矫形的护理。[方法]采取心理疏导、针孔护理、密切观察肢体感觉、运动功能,指导正确使用外固定器及康复训练等综合护理。[结果]随访13例患者术后疗效满意,无1例因护理不当出现并发症。[结论]应用外固定器治疗,通过围手术期精心护理,保证了手术的成功,达到了病人的满意。     

计算机辅助Taylor外固定架结合足部截骨治疗成人严重马蹄内翻足

[目的]探讨计算机辅助Taylor外固定架治疗成人马蹄内翻足畸形的临床疗效。[方法]应用计算机辅助Taylor外固定架技术,结合有限矫形手术治疗11例(14足)多种原因引起成人重度马蹄内翻足畸形。术后牵伸60~92 d,平均72 d,拆除外固定器后,穿矫形鞋行走6~9周。[结果]11例均获随访,时间11~37个月,平均23个月。畸形矫正均满意,截骨处均骨性愈合,足负重行走功能良好。根据国际马蹄足畸形研究会(ICFSG)评分系统:优10足,良3足,可1足。无严重并发症发生。[结论]应用计算机辅助Taylor外固定架结合足部有限截骨技术,能够矫正传统矫形手术难以治疗的重度马蹄内翻足畸形且疗效满意。     

改良Ilizarov技术结合有限手术矫正马蹄内翻足畸形

[目的]探讨Ilizarov技术矫正马蹄内翻足畸形的手术方法及器械改良、术后管理方法的改进及疗效。[方法]2003年1月～2006年5月，根据Ilizarov张力应力法则，应用秦泗河改良的外固定矫形器，遵循Ilizarov穿针固定的基本原则，共手术治疗马蹄内翻足32例，男15例，女17例；年龄10～25岁，平均17岁。病因：腓总神经损伤2例，腰椎管内肿瘤1例，硬脊膜膨出5例，小儿麻痹后遗症11例，先天性马蹄内翻足13例。术前用足掌的前外缘负重行走者11例，用足的外缘或足背外侧负重者21例。根据马蹄内翻足畸形程度、性质和患者年龄，确定实施有限矫形手术的方法和外固定矫形器治疗。本组7例同期实施有限的软组织松解术，25例同期实施了有限的截骨术和跗骨间关节融合术，9例合并踝关节内外翻肌力明显失衡者，同期行足部肌腱转移的肌力平衡术。然后安装外固定矫形器。术后按作者制定的管理程序，7d开始旋转相应的螺纹牵拉杆，对器械进行三维空间的缓慢调整，先矫正前足内收和后足内翻，后矫正足下垂畸形，直至达到矫形要求的标准。在矫形的过程中定期进行X线检测，以防止发生踝关节前后移位，治疗期间允许患足负重行走。术后平均牵伸42d，拆外固定器后患足再上石膏固定适当时间。[结论]32例患者术后均获得随访，其中26例为来院复查。随访时间1年～3年1个月，平均1年5个月。畸形均获满意矫正，足持重行走功能良好，患者满意。本组无1例发生严重针道感染和切口感染，未并发踝关节脱位及血管、神经损伤等并发症。[结论]改良Ilizarov技术矫正马蹄内翻足畸形，手术创伤小、安全，治疗效果提高，配合有限矫形手术，能够矫正传统矫形手术难以治疗的严重足畸形，缩短治疗周期，避免了严重手术并发症。     

Ilizarov技术矫正儿童僵硬型马蹄内翻足畸形

[目的]探讨Ilizarov技术矫正僵硬性马蹄内翻足畸形的方法和效果。[方法]作者在2000年3月～2005年3月间，使用Ilizarov技术矫正9例11足重度僵硬性马蹄内翻足畸形，将连接于胫骨、跟骨、跖骨的外固定环互相连接、组合成复杂的三维外固定架，通过逐渐调整外固定架矫正畸形，从而使患足达到或接近正常足的外形和功能。[结果]按Garceau标准评定疗效，优6足，良4足，差1足。[结论]Ilizarov外固定架三维矫正马蹄内翻足畸形效果确实，尤其适用于大年龄儿童之僵硬、复发或难治性马蹄内翻足，有一定的临床应用价值。     

先天性马蹄内翻足矫形后距舟骨畸形的成因分析

[目的]探索先天性马蹄内翻足经矫形后距、舟骨畸形的病理成因与生物力学基础。[方法]在动物模型的基础上和采用CT图像重建足内侧纵弓和外侧纵弓的三维模型，采用有限元方法建立正常足与马蹄足内侧纵弓（第2序列）的生物力学模型。[结果]距骨在胚胎阶段即出现发育不良，距骨、跟骨间重叠不良和跟骨内翻；正常足与异常足第2序列的应力主要集中于第2跖骨与足底腱膜。足弓结构异常、跖筋膜切断都将加剧应力集中程度、增加足弓背屈变形，应力传导导致舟骨、距骨变形。[结论]先天性马蹄内翻足在胚胎发育期即有足的马蹄内翻且畸形程度随生长发育而逐步加重，距骨在胚胎阶段即出现发育不良。距、舟骨继发畸形与经矫形后应力集中、足弓背屈变形有关。     

改良Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效

[目的]评价改良Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足疗效.[方法]在Ponseti方法(连续石膏矫形加经皮跟腱切断加足外展矫形支具)的基础上稍加改良,并应用于治疗先天性马蹄内翻足76例116足,男52例80足,女24例36足;年龄5 d～4岁.[结果]本组病例76例均得到随访,平均随访25.5个月,最长46个月,按Dimeglio评分分级方法,76例116足中73例112足(96.5%)畸形矫正满意.[结论]改良Ponseti方法对4岁以内的婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足均可取得满意的效果.     

介绍一种马蹄内翻足矫形支具--可变式矫形靴

目的：介绍一种根据马蹄内翻足形成原理自行设计的矫形支具－－可变式矫形靴。方法：将应用于临床,对６例９足马蹄内翻足患儿进行了靴治疗。结果Ｌ６便患儿均得到随访,时间￣１８个月,效果良好,足均能摆平,无复发。结论：认为可变式矫形靴兼有楔形石膏及矫形鞋的二重作用,具有简便、易用、的特点,适应患儿生理,是目前较好的治疗马蹄内翻足的矫形支具。     

可调节支具在婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足治疗中的应用研究

[目的]探讨可调节支具治疗婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足的应用方法及效果。[方法]2014年1月~2016年2月在本科治疗的先天性马蹄内翻足患儿60例(96足),随机分为支具组30例(50足)和石膏组30例(46足),支具组采用ponseti手法矫形结合可调节支具治疗,石膏组采用典型Ponseti方法治疗,比较两组患者的临床疗效。[结果]所有患儿平均随访时间(13.4±3.5)个月,治疗后患足外观与功能均得到明显改善,支具组与石膏组Dimeglio评分分级及优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]可调节支具治疗婴幼儿先天性马蹄内翻足近期疗效明确,远期疗效尚待进一步研究。     

皮下跟腱切断术在Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足中的作用

[目的]介绍皮下跟腱切断术的手术指征、方法,阐明皮下跟腱切断术在Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足中的重要性。[方法]本院自2000年1月~2005年12月,采用Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足236例,男196例,女40例,共330足,年龄3 d~13个月。选择连续矫形石膏后,足不能背屈>15°,不能保持外展70°位置的病例为施行皮下跟腱切断术指征。308足具备手术指征接受手术治疗,22足未行皮下跟腱切断术而直接佩戴矫形支具。[结果]佩戴支具后定期随访,平均随访期2.1年,随访率97.88%。所有行手术的跟腱无1例不连接,外观连续,扪之有弹性,已行走者步态正常,跟腱有力。随访中,未手术组4足出现马蹄复发,行皮下跟腱切断术;手术组31足出现不同程度的马蹄,内收畸形复发,再行皮下或切开跟腱延长术及肌腱转移术。所有接受手术者无1例出现“摇椅足”畸形。[结论]皮下跟腱切断术是Ponseti方法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足中非常重要的环节,是完全矫正马蹄畸形的关键,它对于恢复跟骨的解剖位置,维持足正常的形态具有重要意义。严格把握手术指征,仔细操作,正确配合矫形石膏和外展支具使用,有助于取得Ponseti方法治疗的成功。     

手术矫正先天性马蹄内翻足的疗效分析

目的：探讨先天性马蹄内翻足采用手术后路松解为主，结合石膏矫形远期疗效评价。方法：应用专家设计的手术后路松解为主，结合石膏矫形的治疗先天性马蹄内翻足本组18例，后路松解扩大踝穴，距骨复位是该手术的关键。结果；经术后5年6个月的随访，平均年龄6．7岁，从形态功能发育情况综合评价，优8足，良6足，可3足，优良率84．25％。结论：“动静”结合的管型石膏软组织后路松解为主是治疗先天性马蹄内翻足的根本原则，经术后随访及统计学分析，该方法是合理有效的。     

外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形

[目的]观察外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形的临床效果,探讨脊髓神经源性足部畸形外科矫正和功能重建的新技术.[方法] 1988年10月～2006年6月,回顾性分析脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形61例97足;年龄6～42岁,根据足部畸形的特征,设计不同构型的外固定器.上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施选择性胫神经缩窄手术和距下关节外融合手术或距下关节融合术,同时安装外固定器.下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施软组织松解、肌腱转位术或截骨手术,同时安装外固定器.[结果]得到至少3年随访的54例、86足进行分析,马蹄内翻足39足,马蹄足21足,马蹄外翻足16足,跟行足6足,高弓足4足.其中上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形19足,下运动神经元损伤型67足.佩戴外固定器时间8～12周,平均11周.采用Laaveg - Ponseti足功能评分系统:优38足,良29足,可13足,差6足.优良率77.9％.第1次术后复发3足,复发率3.5％.钉道感染18足,清理炎性分泌物或更换钉道位置后治愈.足底溃疡3足,清创和短期避免负重后治愈.[结论]外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形符合生物学重建理论,可提高疗效,减少复发.     

脊髓神经源性足部畸形的分类和治疗

[目的]研究脊髓神经源性足部畸形的发病机理、分类和手术治疗方案.[方法]1988年10月～2006年6月,回顾性分析脊髓病变、脊髓和脊神经因被牵拉或压迫引起的足部畸形167例258足,根据脊髓损伤的性质和发病机理,将足部畸形分为上运动神经元损伤型和下运动神经元损伤型两大类,两类足部畸形采用不同的治疗方案.上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形,手术方案以选择性脊神经后根切断术或周围神经缩窄术为主;下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形,手术方案以软组织松解、肌腱转位术和截骨术为主,其中僵硬性足部畸形使用Ilizarov外固定器缓慢矫正.[结果]得到至少5年随访的147例228足进行总结分析,上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形42足,下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形186足.采用Laaveg-Ponseti足功能评分系统:优94足,良84足,可32足,差18足;优良率78.1％.第1次术后复发36足,复发率15.8％.第2次术后复发8足.[结论]根据脊髓神经源性足部畸形的分类,采用不同的手术治疗方案,可提高治疗效果,减少术后畸形复发.     

Features Resisting Primary Treatment of Congenital Club Foot

The aims of this study were: (1) to see whether the number of relapses of hindfoot deformity in congenital club foot in the first year of life could be reduced by operative treatment, and (2) to try by surgery to pinpoint features of congenital club feet that make them resistant to treatment.

As compared to treatment of 95 feet with manipulation and plaster casts only or with heel cord tenotomy added, early tenotomy of both the heel cord and the tibialis posterior tendon in 23 feet markedly reduced the number of relapses of hindfoot deformity, and the need for additional treatment. The results indicate that the achilles and the tibialis posterior tendons, and their corresponding muscles, are the main dynamic features that need to be dealt with when treating the hindfoot deformity in congenital club foot.     

Features Resisting Primary Treatment of Congenital Club Foot

The aims of this study were: (1) to see whether the number of relapses of hindfoot deformity in congenital club foot in the first year of life could be reduced by operative treatment, and (2) to try by surgery to pinpoint features of congenital club feet that make them resistant to treatment.

As compared to treatment of 95 feet with manipulation and plaster casts only or with heel cord tenotomy added, early tenotomy of both the heel cord and the tibialis posterior tendon in 23 feet markedly reduced the number of relapses of hindfoot deformity, and the need for additional treatment. The results indicate that the achilles and the tibialis posterior tendons, and their corresponding muscles, are the main dynamic features that need to be dealt with when treating the hindfoot deformity in congenital club foot.     

先天性马蹄内翻足不同年龄外科治疗

目的：探讨不同年龄组先天性马蹄内翻足手术方法和疗效。方法：采用多种术式治疗先天性马蹄内翻足352例（389足）,结果：302例（326足）经2－8年随访,总优良率95．40％,结论：先天性马蹄内翻足的外科治疗,应根据其年龄大小,足畸形程序特点,综合选择术式即挛缩软组织松解,建立动态平衡,骨性手术可取得满意效果。     

Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of club foot: outcome and recommendations for counselling and follow-up

Club foot was diagnosed by ultrasonography in 91 feet (52 fetuses) at a mean gestational age of 22.1 weeks (14 to 35.6). Outcome was obtained by chart review in 26 women or telephone interview in 26. Feet were classified as normal, positional deformity, isolated club foot or complex club foot.At initial diagnosis, 69 feet (40 fetuses) were classified as isolated club foot and 22 feet (12 fetuses) as complex club foot. The diagnosis was changed after follow-up ultrasound scan in 13 fetuses (25%), and the final ultrasound diagnosis was normal in one fetus, isolated club foot in 31 fetuses, and complex club foot in 20 fetuses.At birth, club foot was found in 79 feet in 43 infants for a positive predictive value of 83%. Accuracy of the specific diagnosis of isolated club foot or complex club foot was lower; 63% at the initial ultrasound scan and 73% at the final scan. The difference in diagnostic accuracy between isolated and complex club foot was not statistically significant. In no case was postnatal complex club foot undiagnosed on fetal ultrasound and all inaccuracies were overdiagnoses. Karyotyping was performed in 25 cases. Abnormalities were noted in three fetuses, all with complex club foot and with additional findings on ultrasound.     

改良手术治疗脑瘫痉挛性双侧下肢瘫

[目的]2004年以来对重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫治疗方法进行改进,探索提高其治疗效果的方法.[方法]23例重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫.男14例,女9例;年龄3～12岁,平均5.7岁;主要症状不能独自站立和行走,双下肢肌紧张,家长扶持站立,双下肢呈剪刀步态,双髋、膝关节屈曲,踝关节跖屈,双足马蹄内翻畸形,足尖着地行走.体格检查双髂腰肌、内收肌、腘绳肌、小腿三头肌、胫前肌、胫后肌、(足母)长屈肌、趾长屈肌部分或多数不同程度肌张力增高.依Ashworth分级,为3～4级.治疗方法对动态性肌痉挛,采用肌内肌腱切断或肌筋膜切断;对静态性肌痉挛行肌腱滑动延长,胫前肌腱劈开外侧1/2移位.然后用自制外固定器矫形固定,保持膝关节伸直,双踝、足中立位,双下肢外展30°,6周后去除外固定康复训练.[结果]本组病例随访1～3年,平均2.2年.优良21例,有效2例.[结论]严重脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫,一期多关节软组织松解,肌力平衡,外固定矫形,术后配合家庭长期康复训练,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

The use of the Ilizarov method in management of relapsed club foot

The aim of this article was to evaluate the results of relapsed club foot management using a simple frame construct of Ilizarov external fixator. Between 2003 and 2008, 18 feet in 13 patients with relapsed club feet were treated by Ilizarov external fixator. All patients underwent previous surgery (1-3 operations). Average patient age at the time of the operation was 5.5 years and the average follow-up period was 15.8 months. Midtarsal osteotomy was undertaken in 3 feet and soft tissue distraction was undertaken in 15 feet with no soft tissue release except in 3 feet that needed tendoachillis lengthening. The average time of fixator application was 4.5 months. Out of 18 feet, 2 (11.1%) were rated as excellent, 11 (61.1%) as good, 4 (22.2%) as fair, and 1 (5.6%) as poor. Excellent and good results (72.2%) were considered satisfactory, while fair and poor results (27.8%) were considered unsatisfactory. Thus, the Ilizarov technique gave satisfactory results in cases of relapsed club foot that were difficult to treat by conventional methods. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the achieved correction and to detect any recurrence of the deformity.     

Mirror foot: treatment of three cases and review of the literature

Purpose  To describe three cases of mirror foot and to develop a new classification of the mirror feet with an emphasis on their treatment. Methods  Surgical treatment was performed on three patients with mirror foot. Mirror feet in the English literature were surveyed and cases found in PubMed as well as our three cases were classified according to a new classification that was an analogy of the mirror hand classification proposed by Al-Qattan et al. (J Hand Surg Br 23:534–536, 1998). Results  All three cases obtained satisfactory outcome after the treatment. In addition to these cases, 28 mirror feet were well described in the English literature, among which only seven cases have been documented for their treatment. All of the cases could be assigned to one of the categories of the proposed classification. Conclusion  Mirror foot is a very rare congenital deformity of the foot. We successfully treated three novel cases of mirror feet. A classification of the mirror feet proposed in this article was useful in order to understand its nature and obtain a guideline for its treatment.     

The influence of treatment on the pathology of club foot. CT study at maturity

We performed CT to investigate how treatment may modify the basic skeletal pathology of congenital club foot. Two homogenous groups of patients treated by one of the authors (EI) or under his supervision were studied. The first included 32 patients with 47 club feet reviewed at a mean age of 25 years and treated by manipulation, application of toe-to-groin plaster casts and an extensive posteromedial release. The second included 32 patients with 49 club feet reviewed at a mean age of 19 years and treated by the Ponseti manipulation technique, application of toe-to-groin plaster casts and a limited posterior release. At follow-up the shape of the subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints was found to be altered in many feet in both groups. This did not appear to be influenced significantly by the type of treatment performed. Correction of the heel varus and the increased declination angle of the neck of the talus was better in the club feet of the second group, whereas reduction of the medial subluxation of the navicular was better in the first. There was a marked increase in the external ankle torsion angle in the first group and a moderate increase of this angle in the second group, in which medial subluxation of the cuboid on the anterior apophysis of the calcaneum was always corrected. Equinus was corrected in both groups but three-dimensional CT reconstruction of the whole foot showed that cavus, supination and adduction deformities were corrected much better in the second group.