输尿管结石三种治疗方法的疗效比较

目的:探讨对输尿管结石治疗方法如何进行选择.方法:对经ESWL、输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术(URSL)及输尿管切开取石术3种方法、治疗的360例输尿管结石患者的疗效进行比较.结果:ESWL174例,碎石率为90.3%,URSL150例,一次碎石率为92.2%,手术切开输尿管取石36例,取石成功率100%.输尿管镜失败改切开取石12例(8%);ESWL失败改切开取石或输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石56例(32.2%).结论:URSL治疗输尿管结石可以避免开放手术对患者造成的痛苦,减少术后并发症,但也不能盲目采用;对于复杂性输尿管结石,开放手术仍是可供选择的重要的治疗手段.     

输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管膀胱尿道结石(附152例报告)

目的：探讨输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管、膀胱、尿道结石的疗效与安全性。方法：回顾性分析经尿道输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗的152例尿道、膀胱、输尿管结石患者的临床资料。结果：4例男性尿道结石和20例膀胱结石均碎石成功，输尿管中下段结石109例，107例成功，2例输尿管口狭窄改用ESWL碎石成功；输尿管上段结石19例，12例原位碎石成功，2例输尿管镜插至输尿管中段上行受阻插管改ESWL碎石成功，5例部分碎石冲入或推入肾内置引流管后行ESWL碎石成功。结论：输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管及其以下尿路结石，具有安全可靠、损伤小、术后恢复快等优点，是微创治疗的有效方法之一。对于输尿管上段结石，将该手术配合ESWL也能取得满意疗效。     

输尿管镜辅助开放性肾盂切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石(附16例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石在开放性肾盂切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石中的临床价值。方法:2009年11月~2013年8月采用输尿管镜辅助开放性肾盂切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石16例。结果:16例患者均顺利完成手术,无严重并发症。一次性取净率87.5%(14/16)、2例残余结石经ESWL治疗后排净。结论:输尿管镜气压弹道碎石辅助开放性肾盂切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石具有损伤小、出血少、并发症少,最大程度地保护肾功能,结石取净率高等优点,值得在基层医院推广应用。     

泌尿外科

肾脏、输尿管：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术与ESWL治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗小儿复杂性肾结石；钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角状结石；采用微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石……     

ESWL与腔内技术联合处理复杂性上尿路结石(附编者按)

目的　探讨复杂性上尿路结石的治疗方法。　方法　对近期 138例复杂性上尿路结石患者 ,采用体外冲击波碎石 (ESWL)与输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石 ,经皮肾微穿刺造瘘碎石、取石等腔内技术联合治疗。其中复杂性输尿管结石 110例 ,复杂性肾结石 2 8例 ,均有不同程度肾积水。对输尿管结石先行ESWL ,2 4h内再行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石 ;对肾结石及输尿管镜碎石困难的输尿管上段结石 ,先一期行经皮肾微穿刺造瘘术 ,5～ 7d后行ESWL ,2 4h内再经肾造瘘通道行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石、取石。　结果　结石总排净率为 97.1% (134/138) ,其中输尿管结石排净率为10 0 .0 % (110 /110 ) ,肾结石排净率为 85 .7% (2 4 /2 8)。无治疗失败病例。　结论　ESWL与腔内技术联合处理复杂性上尿路结石 ,降低了腔内手术难度 ,缩短了腔内操作时间 ,提高了结石排净率 ,患者创伤小 ,恢复快 ,并发症少 ,是治疗复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法。     

膀胱结石232例分析

1992年 10月至 2 0 0 2年 10月我们收治膀胱结石 2 32例 ,现报告如下。材料与方法　本组 2 32例。男 2 14例 ,女 18例。年龄 12～ 76岁 ,平均 4 6岁。其中 12岁和 17岁各 1例 ,为男性 ,均采用膀胱切开取石术。异物、缝线及T形节育环导致者 18例采用膀胱切开取石术。双J管导致者 4例 ,1例合并上尿路结石 ,先行肾盂内结石的体外冲击波碎石术 (ESWL) ,配合输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石术击碎输尿管内附着于双J管的结石 ,松解双J管后将其拔除 ,再次置放双J管 ,多次配合ESWL逐步清除残余结石 ;余 3例仅有膀胱结石 ,经尿道机械碎石治疗。长期留置…     

体外冲击波碎石治疗输尿管结石失败原因与处理

目的 探讨体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)原位治疗输尿管结石失败的原因与处理措施.方法 分析25例输尿管结石ESWL原位治疗失败的临床资料.结果 25例中,6例改腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,16例改输尿管镜弹道碎石术,3例改弹道术后因少量碎石滑至肾脏又补充行ESWL治疗,均治愈.术中证实输尿管炎性狭窄3例,息肉18例,肉芽组织包裹4例.结论 ESWL治疗输尿管结石疗效可靠,但要正确掌握好适应证.ESWL治疗失败后,输尿管上段结石首选腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,输尿管下段结石首选输尿管镜下弹道碎石术.     

体外冲击波碎石治疗输尿管结石失败原因与处理

目的 探讨体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)原位治疗输尿管结石失败的原因与处理措施.方法 分析25例输尿管结石ESWL原位治疗失败的临床资料.结果 25例中,6例改腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,16例改输尿管镜弹道碎石术,3例改弹道术后因少量碎石滑至肾脏又补充行ESWL治疗,均治愈.术中证实输尿管炎性狭窄3例,息肉18例,肉芽组织包裹4例.结论 ESWL治疗输尿管结石疗效可靠,但要正确掌握好适应证.ESWL治疗失败后,输尿管上段结石首选腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,输尿管下段结石首选输尿管镜下弹道碎石术.     

孤立肾上尿路结石30例治疗探讨

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路结石处理方法及疗效,提高治疗的有效性和安全性。方法总结30例孤立肾上尿路结石患者的治疗经验。其中10例采用微通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术(MPCNL),12例采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),5例采用输尿管镜碎石术(URL),2例采用腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,1例开放手术。对治疗结果与并发症进行总结。结果 10例采用PCNL患者,Ⅰ期结石取净7例,Ⅱ期结石取净2例,1例有结石残留。12例采用ESWL的患者,9例结石全部击碎,4周后7例结石排净,2例残留小结石,3例改微创手术治疗。5例采用URL的患者,5例结石全部击碎,4周后结石均排净,无输尿管石街等严重并发症。2例采用腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术患者,结石均成功取出。1例肾盂切开取石患者,成功取出全部结石。结论孤立肾上尿路结石治疗风险大,处理此类患者较为棘手,但根据患者具体病情,选择合适的治疗方案,仍可获得满意的治疗效果。     

输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗前尿道结石38例

目的　探讨应用输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗前尿道结石的效果。方法　应用输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术对38例前尿道结石患者进行治疗。结果　33例顺利取出结石,成功率86.8%。5例因结石上移至膀胱,改用经尿道膀胱碎石术取出结石,随访6个月,97%(37/38)患者术后未出现尿道狭窄。结论　输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术可作为前尿道结石的首选治疗方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.