伊曲康唑分散片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究伊曲康唑分散片和伊曲康唑胶囊在正常人体的药动学与生物等效性.方法:18名健康男性志愿受试者随机交叉口服0.2g单剂量伊曲康唑分散片受试制荆和伊曲康唑胶囊参比制剂后,采用高效液相色谱法测定伊曲康唑的血浆药物浓度,采用方差分析及t检验判定其生物等效性.结果:两种制剂均符合一级吸收开放性一室模型,伊曲康唑分散片和伊曲康唑胶囊主要药代动力学参数AUC0→72分别为(2 221.9±762.9)和(2 311.9±844.4)ng/(h·mL),AUC0→∞分别为(2 374.2±790.8)和(2 473.3±878.9)ng/(h·mL),Cmax分别为(179.8±56.8)和(174.1±64.1)ng/mL,Tmax分别为(3.6±1.0)和(4.1±1.3)h,t1/2分别为(16.5±4.2)和(17.5±3.1)h.伊曲康唑分散片的相对生物利用度为(97.8±14.0)%.结论:伊曲康唑分散片和伊曲康唑胶囊为生物等效制剂.     

伊曲康唑分散片/胶囊人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究伊曲康唑分散片/胶囊在健康志愿者的药代动力学,评价两制剂的生物等效性。方法20例健康志愿者随机单剂量交叉口服伊曲康唑分散片或胶囊200mg,按设定时间采集肘静脉血;采用高效液相色谱法,测定伊曲康唑经时血浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,进行双单侧t-检验和(1-2α)置信区间分析,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果伊曲康唑最低定量限为5ng.mL-1,在5~600ng.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,回收率、日内、日间差符合生物样品分析要求。伊曲康唑试验制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数t1/2为29.0±6.9h和31.9±8.4h,Tmax为4.8±0.4h和4.8±0.4h,Cmax为301.6±117.3 ng.mL-1和316.4±141.3 ng.mL-1,AUC0~120为6088.64±1780.59ng.mL-1.h和6077.71±1744.69 ng.mL-1.h,AUC0-∞为6403.92±1782.97 ng.mL-1.h和6483.91±1713.40ng.mL-1.h。试验制剂伊曲康唑分散片相对生物利用度F为100.53%±9.58%,双单侧t-检验和(1-2α)置信区间分析显示,两制剂为生物等效制剂。结论HPLC方法测定伊曲康唑血浓度,方法简单,准确,灵敏,适于伊曲康唑血药浓度测定及其药代动力学研究;伊曲康唑试验制剂和参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

伊曲康唑分散片人体生物等效性研究

目的研究伊曲康唑分散片在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法对20个健康受试者采用对照试验设计,分别口服伊曲康唑分散片（受试制剂T）和伊曲康唑胶囊（参比制剂R）200mg后应用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中伊曲康唑浓度,以其药动学参数评价生物等效性。结果伊曲康唑与内标及血浆杂质分离良好,在4.97～496.50μg/L范围内线性良好,相对回收率大于96.48%,日内和日间RSD〈7.09%,伊曲康唑受试制剂（T）和参比制剂（R）的主要药动学参数：tmax分别为（2.83±0.71）和（3.56±0.78）h,Cmax分别为（105.519±14.806）和（106.504±18.081）μg/L;t1/2分别为（19.91±3.48）和（19.83±4.67）h;AUC0→t分别为（1695.499±381.040）和（1803.281±372.540）μg/（h·L）,用面积法（AUC0→t）估算的伊曲康唑分散片相对生物利用度为（94.1＋8.9）%。结论2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

扎鲁司特胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片(均平喘药)在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 20名健康男性志愿受试者随机分为2组,用双周期自身交叉、单剂量口服扎鲁司特胶囊(受试制剂)和扎鲁司特片(参比制剂)各20 mg后,用HPLC/MS-MS法测定扎鲁司特的血浆浓度,并计算药代动力学参数。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.50±0.76),(1.63±0.48)h;Cmax分别为(505.34±208.73),(449.62±191.80)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(7.60±4.87),(7.36±4.50)h;AUC0-48分别为(1362±534),(1260±581)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(1371±537),(1268±588)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.6±29.7)%。结论扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片具有生物等效性。     

佐米曲普坦片及胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较受试佐米曲普坦片和胶囊与阿斯利康公司生产的参比佐米曲普坦片在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价其生物等效性.方法:24名健康男性志愿者按体重配对、随机三交叉单剂量口服佐米曲普坦 5 mg,用高效液相色谱质谱选择性离子检测的内标法,测定血浆中药物浓度.结果:单剂量口服佐米曲普坦参比制剂和2种受试制剂 5 mg 后,三者的主要药代动力学参数:参比制剂、受试片剂、受试胶囊的AUC0-14分别为46.13±15.41 ng·h·mL-1,45.94±17.56 ng·h·mL-1,45.73±15.24 ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为48.30±15.93 ng·h·mL-1,47.85±18.22 ng·h·mL-1,47.91±16.10 ng·h·mL-1;cmax分别为8.84±2.86 ng·mL-1,8.90±3.23 ng·mL-1,8.42±2.53 ng·mL-1;tmax分别为2.2±1.4 h,2.3±1.0 h,2.7±1.2 h;t1/2(Kel)分别为2.92±0.62 h,2.85±0.61 h,2.88±0.38 h;MRT分别为4.94±0.72 h,4.88±0.67 h,4.97±0.54 h.由AUC0-14计算2种受试制剂相对生物利用度分别为99.6%±17.5%,100.8%±15.9%.结论:2种受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

氯诺昔康片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的研究氯诺昔康片(非甾体抗炎镇痛药)片在健康人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法用随机交叉给药方案,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服氯诺昔康受试片和参比片8mg,用HPLC-UV法检测血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数并评价其生物等效性。结果受试和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(669.50±141.76)和(657.47±146.98)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.85±0.75)和(1.85±0.88)h;t1/2(Kel)分别为(5.09±0.99)和(5.05±1.11)h;AUC0-24分别为(3276.50±650.33)和(3461.64±850.73)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(3442.18±597.72)和(3612.05±857.13)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度分别为F0-24=(97.49±21.16)%,以F0-∞=(98.10±19.75)%。结论国产与进口氯诺昔康片生物等效。     

亮菌甲素片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的 研究亮菌甲素片(利胆药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度.方法 用随机交叉给药自身为对照法,20名健康受试者单次口服亮菌甲素参比和受试制剂各40 mg;用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中亮菌甲素的浓度,计算两种制剂的药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数,tmax分别为(0.35±0.09)、(0.36±0.08)h;Cmax分别为(32.94±11.52)、(31.15±8.23)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(0.42±0.19)、(0.37±0.11)h;AUC0-t分别为(12.92±3.91)、(12.80±4.03)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(13.10±3.93)、(12.95±4.07)ng·h·mL-1.受试制剂与参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(102.00±16.19)%.结论 亮菌甲素片参比制剂与受试制剂生物等效.     

洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:考察两种洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂,采用LC/MS/MS法测定全血中药物浓度,用DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.67±2.34),(5.30±2.62)h;tmax分别为(1.90±0.50),(2.13±0.39)h;Cmax分别为(8.37±0.84),(8.29±1.00)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(32.25±6.49),(32.71±7.59)ng.h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(33.62±6.94),(34.71±8.62)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F=(99.60±8.30)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口阿那曲唑片在健康人体生物等效性研究

目的：研究国产阿那曲唑片在人体内的生物利用度,并与参比制剂比较,评价两者生物等效性。方法20名健康男性志愿者随机口服国产阿那曲唑片（受试制剂）或进口阿那曲唑片（参比制剂）1 mg后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定不同时刻血浆中阿那曲唑的浓度,用WinNonlin 5.2.1数据统计软件计算药代动力学参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果单次口服国产阿那曲唑片1 mg或参比制剂1 mg后,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为（1.45±0.5） h和（1.50±0.63） h,Cmax分别为（16.962±4.291） ng·mL-1和（15.928±3.799） ng·mL-1,T1/2分别为（40.00±7.27） h和（42.50±10.81） h,用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为（722.7±139.6） ng·h·mL-1和（730.3±138.6） ng·h·mL-1, AUC0-∞分别为（791.8±149.3） ng·h·mL-1和（807.5±156.6） ng·h·mL-1。经方差分析、双单侧t检验和[1-2α]%置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果表明,受试制剂与参比制剂间各药动学参数的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论国产与进口阿那曲唑片在人体内具有生物等效性。     

2种国产辛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究2种国产辛伐他汀胶囊(调血脂药)在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 对入选的20名男性健康受试者随机交叉给药,分别单剂量口服辛伐他汀试验制剂和参比制剂各40 mg;用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血药浓度,用DAS 2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 试验和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数,tmax分别为(1.7±0.6)和(1.8±0.7)h;Cmax分别为(12.23±4.62)和(12.73±4.31)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(4.2±1.6)和(4.1±1.4)h;AUC0-t分别为(42.27±27.61)和(41.81±27.75)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(43.99±28.60)和(43.32±28.47)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂中辛伐他汀的平均相对生物利用度为(101.8±15.8)%.结论 2种辛伐他汀制剂为生物等效制剂.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.